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Monitoring of Pesticides in the Yeongsan and Seomjin River Basin (영산강 및 섬진강 수계 중 농약 분포 조사)

  • Lee, Young-Jun;Choi, Jeong-Heui;Kim, Sang Don;Jung, Hee-Jung;Lee, Hyung-Jin;Shim, Jae-Han
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.34 no.4
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    • pp.274-281
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    • 2015
  • BACKGROUND: A lasting release of low levels of persistence chemicals including pesticides and pharmaceuticals into river has a bad influence on aquatic ecosystems and humans. The present study monitored pesticide residues in the Yeongsan and Seomjin river basins and their tributaries as a fundamental study for water quality standard of pesticides.METHODS AND RESULTS: Nine pesticides(aldicarb, carbaryl, carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, 2,4-D, MCPA, methomyl, metolachlor, and molinate) were determined from water samples using SPE-Oasis HLB(pH 2) and LC/MS/MS. Validation of the method was conducted through matrix-matched internal calibration curve, method detection limit(MDL), limit of quantification(LOQ), accuracy, precision, and recovery. MDLs of all pesticides satisfied the GV/10 values. Linearity(r2) was 0.9965- 0.9999, and a percentage of accuracy, precision, and recovery was 89.4-113.6%, 3.1-14.0%, and 90.8-106.2%, respectively. All pesticides exclusive of aldicarb were determined in the river samples, and there was a connection between the positive monitoring results and agricultural use of the pesticides.CONCLUSION: Monitoring outcomes of the present study implied that pesticides were a possible non-point pollutant source in the Yeongsan and Seomjin river basins and tributaries. Therefore, it is required to produce and accumulate more monitoring results on pesticides in river waters to set water quality standards, finally to preserve aquatic ecosystems.

Studies on Takju Brewing with Potatoes (감자를 이용(利用)한 탁주제조(濁酒製造)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Kim, S.Y.;Oh, M.J.;Kim, C.J.
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.17 no.2
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    • pp.81-92
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    • 1974
  • In order to prepare the mashing materials for 'Takju', Korean wine, with potatoes, theywere steamed, dryed, and pulverized, and their chemical components were analyzed. As a brewing method of Takju with potatoes, general 2nd stage process with Ipkuk and Bunkuk (enzyme sources), commonly used now, was carried out and the effects of preparing conditions of Ipkuk(koji) with potato flour, mashing materials and brewing conditions on the contents of Takju mash, and of storing time on the contents of Takju, were investigated and the results obtained were summarized as follows, 1. Chemical components of steamed potatoes and potato flour were Moisture; 76.2, 10.8%, Total sugar; 16.1, 69.8%, Reducing sugar; 3.45, 13.4%, Crude protein; 2.1, 11.3%, Total acid; 0.012, 0.023% and Volatile acid; 0.0012, 0.0025% respectively. 2. The most effective preparing conditions of Ipkuk with potato flour were to incubate the potato flour added 40-50% of water for 48 hours by general preparing process of Koji, and liquefying and saccharogenic amylase activities of Ipkuk incubated at above conditions were $D40^{\circ}$ 30' 128 W.V. and 13.2 A.U.. 3. The effects of various brewing conditions on the contents of Takju mashes were as follows; 1) Optimum ratio of mashing water and materials for Takju brewing with potato flour was 140ml of water to 60g of flour in 1st stage and 260ml to 140g in 2nd stage. 2) Optimum fermentating times and temperatures for Takju brewing were at $25^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours in 1st stage and at $30^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours in 2nd stage. 3) Optimum amounts of enzyme sources for Takju brewing were 20-30% of Ipkuk and 0.5% of Bunkuk in 1st stage and 1.0% of Bunkuk in 2nd stage. 4) Methanol content of the Takju mash brewed with raw potato flour was much more than that with steamed potato flour. 5) Alcohol, fusel oil and Formol nitrogen contents of the Takju mash brewed with potato flour were less than that with wheat flour, on the contrary, methanol contents and total acidifies of them were showed conversely above. 4. The changes of chemical components and microflora in the mashes during the brewing potato flour Takju were as follows; 1) The accumulation of ethanol followed rapidly in early stage, being the highest at 72 hours (11.9%). 2) Total sugar content of the mash was decreased considerably within 48-72 hours, being 2.62% at 72 hours, and thereafter slowly. 3) Reducing sugar of the mash had a tendency of decreasing, being 0.29% at 48 hours. 4) Total acidity, volatile acidity and Formol nitrogen content of the mash were increased slowly, being 7.30, 0.20, 2.55 at 48 hours. 5) Total cells of yeast appeared the highest in 72 hours ($2.1{\times}10^8$) and thereafter decreased slowly. 6) Total cells of bacteria appeared the highest in 48 hours ($2.4{\times}10^8$) and thereafter decreased or increased slightly. 5. Takju was made from the fermented mash mixed with water to be 6% of alcohol content, and the change of alcohol content, total acidity, total cells of yeast and bacteria during the storing at $30^{\circ}C$ were as follows; 1) Alcohol content of Takju was increased slightly at 24 hours (6.2%), and thereafter decreased slowly. 2) Total acidity of Takju was increased gradually, being 6.1 at 72 hours 3) Total cells of yeast and bacteria appeared the highest at 48 hours ($2.3{\times}10^8,\;1.5{\times}10^8$), and thereafter decreased slowly. 6. Alcohol content, total acidity and Formol nitrogen content of the Takju brewed with potato flour Ipkuk or wheat flour Ipkuk and steamed potatoes(1:5) were 9.8-11.3%, 5.8-7.4, 2.5-3.3 respectively, and the color of the Takju. was similar to commercial Takju. 7. The results of sensory test for various experimental Takju, showed that the Takjues brewed with the materials combined with wheat flour and steamed potatoes(4:5 or 3.5:7.5) were not significantly different in color, taste and flavor from commercial Takju, However, those with potato flour and wheat flour (1:1 or 7:3) were significantly different from commercial Takju.

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Comparison of Milk Yield and Milk Composition Between Before and After Auto Milking System (AMS) Use in Dairy Cow (국내 자동착유시스템 이용농가의 설치 전·후 산유량 및 유성분 비교)

  • Ki, Kwang-Seok;Jeong, Young-Hun;Park, Sung-Jai;Kim, Sang-Bum;Lee, Wang-Shik;Lee, Hyun-June;Lim, Dong-Hyun;Kim, Hyeon Shup;Kwon, Eung-Gi;Cho, Mi-Yea;Yeo, Joon-Mo
    • Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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    • v.17 no.3
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    • pp.189-196
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    • 2011
  • The present study was conducted to investigate effects of auto milking system (AMS) on milk yield and milk composition in dairy cow using dairy herd improvement (DHI) record. DHI records for 147 cows were compared between a year before and after AMS use. AMS significantly increased daily milk yield compared with the conventional milking system (30.4kg vs 34.3 kg for CMS and AMS, respectively). There were no significant differences in the contents of milk fat (3.7% vs 3.8% for CMS and AMS) and milk protein (3.2% vs 3.2% for CMS and AMS) between CMS and AMS. But the yields of milk fat and milk protein were significantly higher for AMS than for CMS. Average somatic cell counts were 169,400/ml (1st grade) before AMS use but increased by 314,400/ml (2nd grade) after AMS use. Overall, AMS increased milk yield and the yields of milk fat and protein without affecting milk composition but also increased somatic cell count.

Effects of Herbs and Green Tea on the Sensory and the Antioxidative Qualities of Beef-Yukwonjeon (서양 향신료 및 녹차를 첨가한 쇠고기 육원전의 관능적 특성과 항산화 효과)

  • Lee, Joo-Hee;An, Lee-Hwa
    • Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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    • v.17 no.6
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    • pp.808-815
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    • 2007
  • Four different herbs, including rosemary, oregano, basil and sage, along with green tea were individually added to ground beef at different percentages: 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5, respectively. The sensory qualities of the five natural herbs and their antioxidant effects were evaluated using Beef-Yukwonjeon. For the sensory evaluation results, the 0.5% herb addition and the control group generally showed higher acceptability scores than the 1.0% or 1.5% herb addition groups. In particular, the Yukwonjeon made with 0.5% green tea showed higher preferences in the acceptance tests and ranking tests. However, the sensory differences among samples were reduced after 3 days of storage at $6^{\circ}C$. For the results of lipid oxidation without storage, the TBARS values of the herb addition groups were slightly lower than the value of the control group, but not significantly(p>0.05). However, the antioxidant effects of each herb showed higher values over a longer storage period as well as at the higher herb concentrations. The antioxidant effects of the herbs during 7 days' of storage at $6^{\circ}C$ were evaluated as $10.0{\sim}38.5%$ reductions in TBARS values as compared to the group without herbs. Furthermore, the antioxidant effects of the herbs during 30 days' of storage at $-20^{\circ}C$ were shown as $16.8{\sim}27.8%$ reductions in the TBARS value. The green tea showed the highest antioxidant activity against lipid oxidation, because it was acceptable at higher concentrations in the sensory evaluation. These results indicate the potential to produce better quality beef-Yukwonjeon, with herbs, especially green tea.

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Root-zone Application of Insecticides in Gelatin Capsules for the Control of Rice Insect Pests (살충제(gelatin capsule 입)의 수도근부처리에 의한 수도해충 방제효과)

  • Choi S. Y.;Heu M. H.;Chung K. Y.;Kang Y. S.;Kim H. K.
    • Korean journal of applied entomology
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    • v.14 no.3 s.24
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    • pp.147-153
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    • 1975
  • During 1973 a field experiment was carried out to evaluate effectiveness of the root zone application of insecticides in medical gelatin capsules for control of several rice insect pests and dwarf virus disease. At three days after transplanting the capsules were pushed by hand about 2.5cm into the soil, near roots of Tongil rice plants. At the given day intervals number of leaf-and plant-hoppers on the hills were recorded by direct count, and dead hearts and white heads by stem borers and dwarf virus infected hills were observed in the experiment plots. Finally grain yields were measured. The percentages of dead hearts and white heads in all the plots were too low for evaluating the effectiveness of insecticides against the striped rice borers. Carbofuran of the insecticides tested was relatively effective against green rice leafhopper (Nephotettixcincticeps) and small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus), although small number of insects on the hills were recorded. Relatively small number of white-backed planthopper (Sogatella furcifera) was occured in the BPMC and Diazinon treated plots. BPMC and Carbofuran were highly effective against the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) to 80 days after treatment. Incidence of dwarf virus disease was least in the plots of Carbofuran treatment. The highest grain yield was recorded in the plots treated with Carbofuran, and it seemed to be related with good protection from the dwarf virus disease and leaf-and plant-hoppers.

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Changes of Biological and Chemical Properties during Composting of Livestock Manure with Isolated Native Microbe (토착미생물별 가축분 퇴비화 과정중 생물화학적 특성 변화)

  • Han, Hyo-Shim;Lee, Kyung-Dong
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.45 no.6
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    • pp.1126-1135
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    • 2012
  • In order to produce high-quality fermenting composts, bacteria strains with high activities of extracellular enzymes (cellulase, chitinase, amylase, protease and lipase) were isolated from the soils in 6 provinces of Korea, and characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and properties. The selected 7 stains inoculated to livestock manure for 2' fermenting time, and experimental treatment divided into 3 groups, B1, B2 and B3, according to microbial activity and enzyme type. Our results showed that microbe applications (B1, B2 and B3) can increase (p<0.05) both rhizomes (17-38%) and enzyme activities (50-81%) in compost after fermenting time, respectively, compared to non-microbe treatment (control). The microbe application also decreased significantly (p<0.05) the $NH_3$ and $H_2S$ gas contents 13.4 and 27.3% compared with control, and the Propionic acid and Butyric acid gas contents 14.5 and 19.6%, respectively, as compared to the control. The microbial degradation rate (%) of pesticides and heavy metals increased significantly (p<0.05) after fermenting time, respectively, as compared to the control. Especially, microbe applications were more effective in total rhizomes yields and bioactivities than non-microbe treatment. Thus the results of this study could help in development of potential bioinoculants and composting techniques that maybe suitable for crop production, and protectable for earth environment under various conditions.

Effect of the Hopper of the Plug Transplanter and Moisture Content, Compaction Method, and Initial Irrigation of the Soil on the Seedling Survival rate at Transplant of Plug Seedling (플러그묘 정식시 정식기의 호퍼 크기, 토양수분, 초기관수량 및 진압방법이 작물에 미치는 영향)

  • 문성동;민영봉;박중춘
    • Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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    • v.6 no.4
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    • pp.258-263
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    • 1997
  • The result was summarized of basic test and field test to find what quantity of irrigation, what state of compaction and what size of transplanting hopper could induce the optimum taking root in the transplantation of plug seedling by transplanters, and thus acquired the basic data for the development of the related transplanters and the optimum growth and development control. Livability of vegetables after transplanting had no significant difference with respect to for the size of hopper, but was greatly affected by the length of seedlings. The longest possible length of seedling for transplanting and optimal length were found to be 30cm and 28cm, respectively. For irrigation when transplanting red pepper or Chinese cabbage it was thought that large-sized hopper was appropriate. The livability of plug seedling 10 days after transplantation was mainly affected by soil moisture content. Consequently it was thought no irrigation would be needed when transplanting at the soil moisture content of more than 18% ; irrigation of more than 50cc would be needed at the soil moisture content of 13% : initial irrigation of more than 100cc and subsequent irrigation would be needed at the soil moisture content of less than 3.8%. The improvement of soil compaction method (left and right side compaction) with conventional semi-automatic transplanter was not necessary, since there was no difference in livability depending on the compaction methods, left-right side compaction or back-forth-left-right side compaction.

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Some Considerations on the Population Regulation of the Green Rice Leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler (끝동매미충 개체군의 밀도조절에 관여하는 몇가지 요인에 관한 연구)

  • Kim S.S.;Hyun J.S.
    • Korean journal of applied entomology
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    • v.18 no.1 s.38
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    • pp.15-21
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    • 1979
  • To determine the population regulation mechanism of the Green rice leafhopper (Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler), the responses of the population increase to initial densities and the effect of host conditions and temperatures during developmental period were investigated. In the out door experiment, the increasing ratio of population density of this pest was reduced as initial density increased and this density-dependent effect was differ in accordance with host condition. Host conditioning through feeding resulted in reduction in numbers of eggs produced and it seemed to be affected by some inhibiting materials secreted by the pest during feeding. though the direct effect of feeding can't be excluded. The population growth was related with population density and host stage. Thus in late planted units, the host stage was favourable to the growth of population at low initial insect density but unfavourable at relatively high initial insect density and in early planted units, vice versa. The temperature during developmental stages definitely affected the determination of sex ratio of adult population and reduced numbers of eggs produced. The most favourable temperature to the population increase was $290^{\circ}C$, and at high temperature, $33^{\circ}C$, severe reduction of fecundity was shown ana it seemed to be caused by the simple reduction in numbers of eggs produced.

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Effect of the Soil Physicochemistry Property and Plant Growth and Components of Chinese Cabbage after Application Organic Farming Materials (유기농 자재의 시용이 토양의 이화학적 특성과 배추의 생육 및 체내성분에 미치는 영향)

  • 정순재;정원복;김회태;강경희;이종성;오주성
    • Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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    • v.8 no.3
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    • pp.131-146
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    • 2000
  • This experiment was focused on finding out the potential problems in organic farming system, which is recently emphasized on the produce of horticultural crops due to the serious environmental deterioration. Thus, in this study, the effect of the application of organic farming materials in soil on plant growth and components of chinese cabbage and the soil Physicochemistry property were compared with conventional culture. The results were summarized as follows : 1. The effect of soil chemical properties after application of organic farming materials, The amounts of pH and O.,M. in N, P, K treated plot were few of change, To the contray, fermentation compost and microorganisms fermentation compost treated plot were some increase, Amount of P$_2$O$_{5}$ , Ca and increase in comparison with the N, P, K treated plot, Specially chicken manure+ microorganisms fermentation compost treated plot was the highest. 2. Change of soil microbial after application of organic farming materials, The number of bacteria and actinomycetes in N, P, K treated plot were appeared definite direction, to the fermentation compost and microorganisms fermentation compost treated plot showed the increased tendency, specially, chicken manure+ microorganisms fermentation compost treated plot was the highest, 3. The growth characteristic of chinese cabbage after application of organic farming materials was superior in order of chemical fertilizers plot> microorganisms fermentation compost plot> fermentation compost plot. It shows the NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ accumulation in chinese cabbage was higher in the outer leaves than in the inner leavess. It was some lower in the microorganisms fermentation compost plot, it was the highest at chemical fertilizers plot , all inner and outer leaves.

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Insecticide Susceptibility of Field-Collected Populations of the Spiraea Aphid, Aphis citricola(van der Goot)(Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Apple Orchards (사과 과수원에서 조팝나무진딧물의 살충제 감수성)

  • ;;Naoki Motoyama
    • Korean journal of applied entomology
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    • v.32 no.3
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    • pp.259-264
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    • 1993
  • The experiment was carried out to investigate Insecticide susceptibility of the spiraea aphid (Aphis citricola) in apple orchards In Korea, using dipping method. Although insecticIde susceptibility vaned with local and seasonal populations, the susceptibility to demeLon S-rnethyl and phosphamidons was different from that Lo the other insecticides. The LCso values were 10 ppm for deltamethrin and chloropyrifos, 103 ~ 629 ppm for demeton S-methy1, acephate, phosphamidon, monocrotophos and vamldothion, 12,200 ppm for EPN, and 1,745 ppm for pirimicarb. 'When Insecticide susceptibility was compared between the S-clone selected from a population on the host plant spiraea and the R-clone selected from a population on the apple tree, the resistance ratio as expressed by RIS ratio of $LC_{50}$ was 78 for phosphamidon and 546 for pirimicarb. Esterase zymogram determined by the agar gel electrophoresIs revealed a significant difference between the clones. The activity of the E2, E5, E6 and E7 of the R-clone was higher than that of the S-clone, It is suggesLed that the Increased esterase activity may be involved in the mechanism of insecticide resistance in the spiraea aphid, although the involvement of other factor(s) may not be ruled out.

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