• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.340-343
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• 2006

This study was conducted to find out the effect of rainfall time on growth and seed quality in safflower. Rainfall was done artificially and the treatment of rainfall time was divided into 6 parts. Each rainfall treatment was done from the first day of flowering up to the fifth day after flowering, from sixth day after flowering to the tenth day after flowering, from the eleventh day after flowering to the fifteenth day after flowering, from sixteenth day after flowering to twentith day after flowering, from the twenty first day after flowering to the twenty fifth day after flowering and from twenty sixth day after flowering to thirtith day after flowering. Rainfall time after flowering did not affect disease occurrence on the upper part and flower bud of safflower, which were infected at were 3.3 and 1, respectively. Ripened grain found on the main stem and primary branch was 37.4% and 65.0% at first day to the fifth day and sixth day to the tenth day rainfall periods after flowering, respectively. Yield was decreased by 14% in the sixth day up to the tenth day and eleventh day up to the fifteenth day rainfall periods (282-281kg/10a) compared to the one under control (327kg/10a). Hunter's L value was 73.5 and 69.9 in twenty first up to the twenty fifth day and twenty sixth up to the thirtith day rainfall periods after flowering, which decreased significantly to 79.3 under non-rainfall period. Therefore, it can be concluded that the optimum harvest time is twenty fifth day after flowering to maintain seed quality at rainfall time and before harvesting period.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.867-873
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• 2015

The potential of nitrogen mineralization was studied by applying organic fertilizer to soil and incubating at $25^{\circ}C$ for 28 weeks. The organic fertilizers used in this experiment were oil-cake (CF-I, CF-II) and amino acid fertilizer (AAF-I, AAF-II). Accumulated mineralized nitrogen (N) fits the frist-order kinetics during incubation. The N mineralization potential ($N_0$) for organic fertilizers treated soil was highest at AAF-II treatment with a value of 27.71 N mg/100g, then followed by CF-II, AAF-I, CF-I. The pure N mineralization potential ($N_0$ treatment - $N_0$ control) for CF-I, CF-II, AAF-I, AAF-II were 2.55, 5.83, 3.66, 8.57 N mg/100g, respectively. The amount of N mineralized from organic fertilizers applied soil ranged from 46% to 61% of the total N content in organic fertilizer. The half-life ($t_{1/2}$) of organic nitrogen in soil treated with oil-cake and amino acid fertilizer was 17-21 days. Therefore, half of nitrogen contained in oil-cake and amino acid fertilizer was mineralized after 3 weeks application.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.90-103
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• 2016

This research was aimed to analyze load sharing ratios between cortical shell and trabecular bone of a degraded lumbar vertebra with aging, and also evaluate elastic moduli assigned into an FE model, using finite element method. For the better analysis of trabecular bone, effective elastic moduli, that is, nominal elastic moduli divided by the volumetric porosities was used. The elastic moduli of the cortical shell suitable for the trabecular bone were obtained from the equations on the basis of idealized stress-strain relations, including areal porosities. To minimize numerical errors, p-element was used. Using eight parameters that refer to some published papers, the geometry of L3 with a removed posterior part. After the constant compressive displacement was applied, the load sharing ratios were obtained by using both every elastic strain energy and every vertical force between two bones in each 8-volume. As results, 1) according to an increase in age from 20-year to 80-year, load sharing ratios of trabecular bone decreased from 55% to 49%; 2) the maximal ratios of each bone were occurred in the mid-plane of centrums and the endplate of cortical shells, respectively; 3) effective elastic moduli assigned into a porous centrum/cortex were found to be adequate; 4) for load sharing ratios, the difference of two methods showed that the total ratios were almost same within less than 1% but the partial ratios at every depth were more or less different each other.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.474-481
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• 1985

Radurization effects on fried fish meat paste with Co-60 gamma irradiation at 0-5 kGy and physicochemical aspects of the stored samples at low ($3{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, LT) and room ($10-20^{\circ}C$, RT) temperatures were investigated. The initial microbial loads of the samples were $2.2{\times}10^3/g$ in total bacterial count, $2.8{\times}10^2/g$ in yeasts & molds, and $1.0{\times}10^2/g$ in coliform group, respectively. An irradiation dose of more than 3 kGy was shown to be effective for the radurization of stored samples and there is no apparent difference between air and vacuum packaging groups. The chemical components related to the quality underwent similar changes in the nonirradiated and irradiated groups; however, as the storage time was prolonged the quality of nonirradiated samples rapidly deteriorated. Textural parameters of the samples were little affected by the applied doses, and sensory evaluations showed that 3 kGy irradiation was the optimum dose level to extend the shelf-life of fried fish meat paste up to 2 times at RT and 3 to 4 times at LT, respectively compared with the nonirradiated control.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.123-128
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• 2016

The object of this study was to obtain accurate information about the co-administration effects of cardiotonic pills on the pharmacokinetics of cilostazol were observed as a process of the comprehensive and integrative medicine. Cilostazol is a synthetic anti-platelet and vasodilator agent developed for the treatment of intermittent claudication resulting from peripheral arterial disease. By increasing intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), cilostazol induces the activation of protein kinase A, which activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase. In order to evaluate the effect of a single or repeated cardiotonic pill dose on the pharmacokinetics of cilostazol, a single dose of pure_distilled water or a colloidal suspension of distilled water and cardiotonic pills were administered to the control and test groups, respectively. After 30 min, both groups were administered cilostazol. Plasma was collected 30min before administration, and 0.25, 0.5, 0.45, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24h after the end of cilostazol treatment. We then evaluated the pharmacokinetic changes observed with cilostazol between the control and test groups. No statistically significant differences were observed. These findings demonstrated that a single dose of cardiotonic pills did not affect the pharmacokinetics of cilostazol. The results obtained in this study suggest that co-administration of cardiotonic pills and cilostazol may not affect the bioavailability of cilostazol as a potential drug interaction.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.161-169
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• 2011

Methane production during anaerobic fermentation in the rumen represents an energy loss to the host animal and induces emissions of greenhouse gases in the environment. Our study focused on comparison in methane production from growing Korean native steers fed different grain sources. Six Hanwoo steers (BW = $180.6{\pm}3.1$ kg) were fed, on a DM basis (TDN 2.80 kg), 40% timothy and 60% barley concentrate (Barley) or corn concentrate (Corn), respectively, based on the Korean Feeding Standards. Each period lasted 18 days including a 14-day adaptation and a 4-day measuring times. The steers were in the head hood chamber system (one cattle per chamber) during each measuring time to measure heat and methane production per day. Different grain sources did not affect digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, NDF, ADF and nitrogen-free extract. The mean methane concentrations per day were 202.0 and 177.1 ppm for Barley and Corn, respectively. Methane emission averaged 86.8 and 77.7 g/day for Barley and Corn, respectively. Methane emission factor by maintenance energy requirement for the growing steers fed barley based concentrate was higher than the steers fed corn based concentrate (Barley vs. Corn, 31.7 kg $CH_4\;head^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ vs. 28.4 kg $CH_4\;head^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$). Thus, methane conversion rate was 0.065 (6.5%) and 0.055 (5.5%) for Barley and Corn, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.182-191
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• 1999

A study was conducted for the determination of application rate of pig-dung composted with sawdust (referred as pig manure hereafter) for wetland rice. The study involved the field experiments with the cultivation of rice under different rates of application of pig manure in combination of different rates of chemical fertilizers, in a wetland rice soil. The field experiment involved following treatments : (I) Without fertilizer, (II) Standard rate of chemical fertilizers based on soil testing($98-73-71kg\;ha^{-1}$ as $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$), (III) $2.1Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of pig manure $>+80-37kg\;ha^{-1}$ of $N- K_2O$ as chemical fertilizer(Less $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ contained in the compost), (IV) $4.2Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of pig manure+ $62-3kg\;ha^{-1}$ of $N-K_2O$as chemical fertilizer(Less $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ contained in the compost), (V) $10Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of pig manure+ Treatment(II), (VI) $20Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of pig manure +Treatment(II). Number of tillers in treatment (I) were higher than other treatments in tillering and panicle formation stage. After heading stage, treatments (V) and (VI) have higher number of tillers, but treatment (III) and (IV) have fewer number of tillers during all growing stage. Uptake of NPK in rice plants was higher in treatment (VI), but the efficiency of N, P and K was higher in treatment (I), (III) and (IV). The yield of unhulled rice were in order of tretments (VI)>(V)>(IV)>(II)>(III), although the difference was not statistically significant. Inorganic nitrogen, available P and exchangable K contents in soil were highest at tillering stage in all treatments and became low from panicle formation to harvest stage. Available P in soil was increased by the application of pig manure upto 20 cm depth. Exchangeable cation contents in 40 to 60 cm soil depth was much higher in treatment (VI) than in other treatments. Treatment (V) and (VI) showed much higher losses of N. $P_2O_5 $ and $K_2O$ than other treatment. Though treatment (VI) tended yield higher than in other treatments, showed lodging and occurrence of leaf and neck blast in this treatment. Yield of unhulled rice in treatment (IV) was not significant statistically and reduced nutritional losses. It is conclude that treatment (IV) seems to be the most reasonable one for the application of pig manure in combination of chemical fertilizers.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.105-113
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• 2013

The present study was performed to assess the worth of using the by products for seaweed (Eucheuma spinosum) ethanol production process (SEPPB) as broiler feeds. For this purpose, 225 broiler chicks (white mini broilers) were used as experimental animals. The control (Control group) was fed with the broiler feeds. 5% mixture (5% SEPPB group) was fed with a 5% SEPPB mixture feeds, and the 10% mixture (10% SEPPB group) was fed with a 10% SEPPB group mixture feeds. The experiment was repeated for five times and 15 birds were assigned in each experiment and the experimental period was five weeks. There was no difference in the rate of weight gain until the second week of the 5% SEPPB group and 10% SEPPB group. However, the weight gain rate was increased to 6.2% for the 5% SEPPB group and 11.4% for the 10% SEPPB group as compared to the Control group at the third weeks of the experimental period. There was no statistical significant difference in terms of feed FCR and feed intake. Analyses of the quality of chicken breasts showed that pH was 2.5% higher in the 5% SEPPB group and 2.3% higher in the 10% SEPPB group. Shearing force was 31.3% lower in the 5% SEPPB group and 14.7% lower in the 10% SEPPB group, while heating loss was 14.4% lower for 5% SEPPB group and 10% SEPPB group when compared to the Control group. No significant differences were observed in terms of moisture, protein, and crude ash components in chicken breast analyses. However, crude fat was 36.8% higher in the 5% SEPPB group when compared to the Control group (P<0.05). Analyses of fatty acid in chicken breast meat showed that stearic acid was significantly higher in the 10% SEPPB group (P<0.05) and linolenic acid was significantly higher in 5% SEPPB group and 10% SEPPB group in comparison to the Control group (P<0.05). Interleukin-2 (IL-2) in blood serum was 44% higher in the 5% SEPPB group and 36% higher in the 10% SEPPB group (P<0.05). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was similar in both the Control and the 5% SEPPB group, but it was 62% higher in the 10% SEPPB group in comparison to the Control group (P<0.05). Analyses of serum chemical values revealed that albumin was the highest in the 5% SEPPB group, followed by the Control group and then 10% SEPPB group.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.296-302
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• 1990

This study was conducted to investigate the interaction of aflatoxin B$_1$($AFB_1$) and vitamin D$_3$($VD_3$) in broiler chicks. The 336 broiler chicks(Hubbard line) of equally mixed sex were allocated to triplicate 8(2$\times$4 factorial) treatment groups. The 0 or 1ppm of AFB$_1$and 0, 500, 1,000 or 1,500IU/kg of VD$_3$ were supplemented to the basal diet Fourteen broilers of equally mixed sex were allocated to each replica and 24 groups were arranged in a randomized block design After 3 weeks of feeding the metatarsus were collected from the right and left legs of 4 chicks (2 for each sex) per group. The bone ash and minerals were measured. 1. In respect to the fresh weight of metatarsus bone no significant difference was found between 0 and 1ppm $AFB_1$ treatments, however, decreasing trend was recognized when fed increasing level of $VD_3$(P＜.01). 2. The ash content in non－fat dry metatarsus bone decreased when fed 1ppm $AFB_1$(P＜.01). However, that increased according to the increasing amount of $VD_3$(P＜.01). Although there was no interaction between $AFB_1$ and $VD_3$ it was shown that the 1500IU/kg of $VD_3$ was neccessary to cover the decrease in ash content of metatarsus. when fed 1ppm of $AFB_1$. 3. The Ca contents in metatarsus were not influenced by feeding $AFB_1$ but an increasing trend was verified by feeding increasing levels of $VD_3$(P＜.05). 4. The P content decreased as $AFB_1$ was fed(P＜.01), while no response was found when fed'different levels of $VD_3$ 5. The Cu content decreased when fed $AFB_1$(P＜.05). 6. The Na, Mg, K, Zn, Fe and Mn contents were not affected by feeding $AFB_1$ and /or $VD_3$.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.61-70
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• 2004

Silage additives are needed to increase the quality of whole crop rice silage which seldom produce without the additives due to both high pH and butyric acid concentrations. Little information, however, is available about the silage fermentation of whole crop rice added with silage additives in Korea. This study was conducted to determine the optimum levels of silage additives by evaluating the effects of latic acid bacteria (LAB) and formic acid concentrations on the silage quality of whole crop rice harvested at different mature stages. Field study was established early in May until October 7th on a rice field at Yupori, Sinbuk-yeup, Chunchon, Kangwon-Do. "Ilpum" mutant rice was harvested at six different mature stages; booting stage (17 Aug.), milk-ripe stage (27 Aug.), dough stage (7 Sep.), yellow ripe stage (17 Sep.), dead ripe stage (27 Sep.) and full ripe stage (7 Oct.). Each sample was ensiled in three different ways; with 1) LAB (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2% of sample wt), 2) formic acids (0.2, 0.3 and 0.4% of sample wt.) and 3) no additive. The additive levels did not affect dry matter content, crude protein, fiber and total digestable neutriant concentrations at all stages. Addition of additives significantly decreased the silage pH and butyric acid concentrations which tended to be more decreased with higher levels of additives. Latic acid concentrations were higher with the use of additives, especially with LAB. The lower concentrations of ammonia-N were observed in additive treatments at all stages, but the concentrations of ammonia-N did not differ according to the additve levels after yellow ripe stage (0.69, 0.60 and 0.71% of DM in 0.05, 01 and 0.2% of LAB, respectively; 0.64 0.59 and 0.75% of DM in 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4% of formic acid, respectively). These results indicate that the optimum addition levels of LAB and formic acid are 0.5∼0.1% and 0.2∼0.3%, respectively, on which the high quality of rice whole crop silage was produced. produced.