• Toxicological Research
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.331-339
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• 2002

Phenoxy compounds, 2,4-Dichlorophenol acetoxy acid (2,4-D) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP), are widely used as a hormonal herbicide and intermediate for pesticide manufacturing, respectively. In order to assess the potential of these compounds as endocrine disruptors, we studied the androgenicity of them wing in vivo and in vitro androgenicity assay system. Administration of 2,4-D (50 mg/kg/day, p.o.) or DCP (100 mg/kg/day, p.o.) to rats caused an increase in the tissue weight of ventral prostate, Cowpers gland and glands penis. These increase of androgen-dependent tissues were additively potentiated when rats were simultaneously treated with low dose of testosterone (1 g/kg, s.c.). 2,4-D increased about 350% of the luciferase activity in the PC cells transiently cotransfected phAR and pMMTV-Luc at concentration of $10^{-9}$ M. In 2,4-D or DCP-treated castrated rats, testosterone 6$\beta$-hydroxylase activity was not significantly modulated even when rats were co-treated with testosterone. In vitro incubation of 2,4-D and DCP with microsomes at 50 $\mu$M inhibited testosterone 6$\beta$-hydroxylase activity about 27% and 66% in rat liver microsomes, about 44% and 54% in human liver microsomes and about 50% and 45% in recombinant CYP3A4 system, respectively. The amounts of total testosterone metabolites were reduced about 33% and 75% in rat liver microsomes, 69% and 73% in human liver microsomes and 54% and 64% in recombinant CYP3A4 by 2,4-D or DCP, respectively. Therefore, the additive androgenic effect of 2,4-D or DCP by the co-administration of the low dose of testosterone may be due to the increased plasma level of testosterone by inhibiting the cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of testosterone. These results collectively suggested that 2,4-D and DCP may act as androgenic endocrine disrupter by binding to the androgen receptor as well as by inhibiting the metabolism of testosterone.

• 분석과학
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.543-552
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• 2008

식품 중 클로로프로판올 화합물인 3-MCPD (3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol, $C_3H_7ClO_2$, MW. 110) 및 1,3-DCP (1,3-dichloropropan-2-ol, $C_3H_6Cl_2O$, MW. 128)를 분석하는 효과적인 방법을 확립하였다. 시료를 5M NaCl용액으로 균질화 한 후 알루미늄옥사이드와 섞어 유리컬럼에 충진하고 디클로로메탄으로 시료 중 클로로프로판올 화합물을 용출하였다. 용출된 클로로프로판올 화합물은 감압증류장치와 질소가스로 농축한 뒤 HFBA (Heptafluorobutyric anhydride, $C_8F_{14}O_3$, MW. 410)로 유도체화하여 GC/MS로 분석하였다. 3-MCPD-HFBA 유도체화 화합물(MW. 502)은 m/z 253, 275, 289, 291, 453를 선택이온으로 하고 1,3-DCP-HFBA 유도체화 화합물(MW. 325)은 110, 275, 277를 선택이온으로 설정하여 정성 정량 하였다. 확립된 분석법의 정량한계는 3-MCPD 및 1,3-DCP 모두 0.01 mg/kg이었고, 0.01~1.00 mg/kg의 농도범위에서 직선성($R^2{\geq}0.999$)이 좋았으며 평균회수율은 약 97%내외였다. 확립된 분석법을 이용하여 다양한 식품 중 클로로프로판올 화합물을 조사한 결과, 0.0~0.3 mg/kg (n=56/157) 수준으로 3-MCPD로 검출되었다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.361-369
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• 2019

1,2-Dichloropropane (1,2-DCP) has been used as an industrial solvent and a chemical intermediate, as well as in soil fumigants. Human exposure may occur during its production and industrial use. The target organs of 1,2-DCP are the eyes, respiratory system, liver, kidneys, central nervous system, and skin. Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. In this study, 1,2-DCP was dissolved in corn oil at 0, 2.73, 5.75, and 8.75 mL/kg. The skin of mice treated with 1,2-DCP was investigated using western blotting, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and immunohistochemistry. 1,2-DCP was applied to the dorsal skin and both ears of C57BL/6J mice. The thickness of ears and the epidermis increased significantly following treatment, and the appearance of blood vessels was observed in the dorsal skin. Additionally, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, which is tightly associated with neovascularization, increased significantly. The levels of protein kinase-B (PKB), phosphorylated PKB, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and phosphorylated mTOR, all of which are key components of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/PKB/mTOR signaling pathway, were also enhanced. Taken together, 1,2-DCP induced angiogenesis in dermatitis through the PI3K/PKB/mTOR pathway in the skin.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2024

본 연구에서는 PBAT의 가교 개질을 위해 DCP를 도입하였고 화학발포제인 ADC를 PBAT에 분산시킨 후 압축 성형 공정으로 발포제의 분해를 통해 셀을 형성하여 시트형태의 PBAT 발포체를 제작하였다. FT-IR 분석을 통해 DCP의 분해를 확인하였으며 DCP 함량에 따른 PBAT의 용융 흐름 지수를 비교하여 가교로 인한 용융 점도의 향상을 확인할 수 있었다. DSC 분석을 통해 열적 특성을 비교한 결과 T_c의 변화를 확인할 수 있었고 이를 통해 DCP 첨가로 인한 가교 반응의 결과를 확인할 수 있었다. TGA 분석 결과를 통해 DCP의 첨가가 열 안정성의 유의미한 차이를 야기시키지 않는 것을 확인하였다. 발포 시트의 DCP 함량 별 기계적 물성은 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않았으나 PB_D3에서 다소 낮은 인장강도를 보였으며 PB_D3의 큰 셀 사이즈로 인해 응력 전달에 부정적으로 작용하여 인장강도 및 연신율이 감소하였을 것으로 판단하였다. DCP 함량 증가에 따라 발포 셀의 개수는 감소하였으나 평균 셀 사이즈는 증가하였고 가장 큰 PB_D3의 평균 셀 사이즈로 인해 발포 시트의 밀도가 가장 낮게 나타났다. 반면 이러한 큰 셀의 사이즈와 낮은 밀도는 열전도도를 감소시키는 요인으로 작용하여 PB_D3 발포 시트의 경우 최대 0.066 W/mk 까지 감소시킬 수 있었기에, 단열 특성을 지닌 생분해성 발포 시트로의 활용에 대한 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.141-150
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• 2005

1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP) is known as chloride chemicals and causes severe hepatotoxic agent. The Ito cells and Kupffer's cells of the liver in the 5 old F344 Rats were exposed to 1,3-DCP gas chamber for 6 hours/ a day, 5 days/ a week, and 13 weeks, in the 0, 5, 20, 80 ppm, respectively. After then the body weights, liver weights, and relative liver weight to body weight were measured, and the hepatic tissues were prepared by the routine and Immunostain method, and observed by the LM, and EM. In the results, there were severe body weight decrease (p<0.05) in the 80 ppm of the male and female rats. The relative liver weights to the body weight were increased relate with exposed 1,3-DCP concentration (P<0.001). Inflammatory cells, infiltration was observed at the perivascular area in the 20 ppm exposed group, and bilirubin pigment infiltration, bile duct hyperplasia, inflammation hepatocytic necrosis, fibrosis were observed in the 80 ppm exposure group. In the 80 ppm exposure group, disarrangement of the endothelial cells, erythrocytes and hepatic cell fragment in the Disse space and numerous migration macrophages were observed in the necrotic area by EM observation. In the immunostained hepatic tissues positive stained ED1 cells were extremely increased (P<0.05) in central vein area, but ED2 was weakly positive immunostained in the 80 ppm exposed group. Immunostained desmin was observed in the Ito cell. It was no difference in the low and medium exposed group but it was typical increase in the necrotic area. In conclusion, These results suggest that NOAEL of 1,3-DCP may be 5 ppm in rats and the Immunostained of desmin, ED1 and ED2 positive cells activated in the inflammatory liver were related to the exposure volume and density. The increase of the Ito cells were related to the severe phagocytosis of the Kupffer's cells.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.69-77
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• 2020

Oxidative degradation of phenol, three monochlorophenols (2-chlorophenol, 2-CP; 3-chlorophenol, 3-CP; 4-chlorophenol, 4-CP), four dichlorophenols (2,3-dichlorophenol, 2,3-DCP; 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4-DCP; 2,5-dichlorophenol, 2,5-DCP; 2,6-dichlorophenol, 2,6-DCP), and two trichlorophenols (2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,4,5-TCP; 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,4,6-TCP) was conducted with heat activated persulfate. As the number of chlorinations increased, the reaction rate also increased. The reaction rate was relatively well fitted to the zero-order kinetic model, rather than the pseudo-first order kinetic model for the reactions at 60 ℃, which can be explained by insufficient activation of the persulfate at 60 ℃, and the oxidation reaction of 2,4,6-TCP at 70 ℃ was relatively well fitted to the pseudo-first order kinetic model. The oxidation reaction rate generally increased with increase of persulfate concentration in the solution. 2,6-dichloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione was found as a degradation product in a GC/MS analysis. This compound is a non-aromatic compound, and one chlorine was removed. This result is similar to the result of previous studies. The current study proved that heat activated persulfate activation could be an alternative remediation technology for phenol and chlorophenols in soil and groundwater.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2015

본 연구는 노상토의 다짐특성 평가를 위해 특성이 다른 세 가지 강성측정 시험법으로 측정한 탄성계수의 상관관계 및 연관성에 대해 논의하였다. 미소변형률(${\approx}0.001%$) 범위의 흙강성측정기(SSG), 중변형률(${\approx}0.01{\sim}0.1%$) 범위의 정적 평판재하시험(PLT), 관입저항을 이용하는 동적콘관입시험기(DCP)가 탄성계수 측정에 이용되었다. 변형률 범위가 다른 시험방법에 의해 측정한 탄성계수를 실무에 적용하기 위해서는, 각각의 측정치에 대한 상관관계 및 연관성에 대해 사전에 파악되어야 한다. 국내 외 여러 조건의 노상토에 대해서 세 가지 방법을 이용하여 측정한 탄성계수($E_{SSG}$, $E_{PLT}$, $E_{DCP}$)를 비교 분석한 결과에 따르면, 흙의 종류 및 응력 조건에 따라 각 방법에 의해 측정된 탄성계수가 상이한 결과를 나타내었다. 전체 수집된 데이터 중 시멘트 처리토를 제외한 일반적인 노상토를 대상으로 한 상관성 분석결과, 정적 탄성계수($E_{PLT}$)는 동적 탄성계수($E_{SSG}$) 대비 60~80%의 크기를 나타나는 것으로 평가되었다. 시멘트 처리토와 같은 특이 토질은 정적 탄성계수($E_{PLT}$) 측정 시 구속압의 영향을 크게 받기 때문에, 다른 일반 토질과 상관관계 비교시 응력보정을 수행하여야 한다. 또한, 동적콘관입시험 결과를 이용하여 탄성계수($E_{DCP}$) 예측 시, 200MPa 이내의 범위에서 탄성계수 데이터가 좀더 신뢰도 높은 상관관계를 나타내었다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.228-233
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• 2000

Peroxidase 활성이 높은 식물체로 선발된 냉이와 순무를 이용하여 제지, 염료, 전자회사 등에서 배출되고 있는 폐수에 포함된 다양한 종류의 phenol 및 aniline 관련화합물들의 제거 가능성과 식물체의 재사용 가능성을 평가하였다. 식물체로서 냉이 뿌리를 처리하였을 경우 phenol성 물질들이 90%이상 제거되었으며, aniline성 화합물들은 2-CA의 42.2%에서 3,4-DCA의 78.7% 정도였다. 순무의 경우에는 phenol성 화합물들의 제거율은 2,6-DMP의 53.1%에서 2,4-DCP 및 2,4,6-TCP의 99% 이상의 범위였고, aniline성 화합물의 제거율은 2-CA의 31.5%에서 2,4-DCA의 90% 범위였다. 식물체의 재사용 실험에 있어서는 회분식뿐만 아니라 column을 이용한 연속식으로도 재사용이 가능함을 확인하였다. 100ppm의 2,4-DCP 용액에서 냉이 뿌리는 30회 반복 사용한 경우에도 활성을 잃지 않고 2,4-DCP에 대한 제거율 100%를 유지하였으나 상대적으로 고농도인 800ppm의 2,4-DCP를 이용한 실험에서 사용횟수가 증가함에 따라 제거율이 점차적으로 감소되는 경향을 나타내어 phenol 및 aniline성 폐수를 처리하는데 있어서 식물체의 재사용 횟수는 오염물질의 초기농도에 의존함을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.6-16
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• 2023

To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of submerged culture using Cordyceps militaris mycelium, culture-including mycelia was extracted and lyophilized into postbiotics (hot-water extract; CM-HW). HW was fractionated into crude polysaccharide (CM-CP) by ethanol precipitation, and CM-CP was further dialyzed into CM-DCP by dialysis with running water using 12~14 kDa dialysis tube. When the cytotoxicity of subfractions against cells was assessed, no subfraction had a cytotoxic impact that was substantially different from the control groups. In an inflammatory model using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, CM-DCP significantly decreased IL-6 and MCP-1 production levels compared to the LPS-control group. CM-DCP also inhibited IL-6 and IL-8 secretion in HaCaT keratinocytes stimulated with TNF-α and IFN-γ. In the meanwhile, the neutral sugar content and mannose ratio of anti-inflammatory CM-DCP were higher than the other fractions, and CM-DCP contained β-1,3/1,6-glucan of 216.1 mg/g. High pressure size exclusion chromatography revealed that CM-DCP contained molecules with a molecular weight range of 5.6 to 144.0 kDa. In conclusion, postbiotics of C. militaris mycelium significantly promoted anti-inflammatory activity, suggesting that neutral polysaccharides including Glc and Man contribute to the anti-inflammation in RAW 264.7 or HaCaT cells.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.979-985
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• 2001

Two experiments on commercial broiler chickens (3-37 d) and WL layers (252-364 d) were conducted to study the relative bioavailability of phosphorus (P) from different P supplements in comparison to tricalcium phosphate (TCP), at constant dietary calcium (Ca):P ratio. The P sources tested were dicalcium phosphate (DCP), steam sterilized bone meal (SSBM), commercial mineral mixture (CMM), phosphoric acid (PA) and a combination of CMM + PA. Fluorine (F) content in CMM and SSBM was 13.12 and 0.14 g/kg, respectively. In commercial broiler diets, DCP, SSBM or PA could be used as supplemental P sources without affecting (p<0.05) weight gain, feed intake, tibia ash and, P and Ca contents in tibia ash when compared to TCP. Severity of leg abnormality and deposition of F in bone were higher (p<0.05) in group fed CMM. P retention and serum inorganic P content was significantly reduced (p<0.05) in CMM fed birds compared to those fed TCP, SSBM, PA or CMM+PA. Among other P sources (TCP, SSBM, PA and CMM+PA) the serum inorganic P levels did not vary significantly (p<0.05). The P retention also significantly reduced in CMM fed groups compared to those fed DCP or PA. The P retention significantly increased from 0.183 to 0.216 units by supplementation of PA to CMM diet. In layers, egg production was not affected by replacing TCP with DCP, SSBM, PA or CMM+PA, but significantly (p<0.05) reduced with CMM. Feed (kg)/kg egg mass, egg weight, shell quality (shell weight and shell thickness) and serum Ca levels were not influenced by dietary variation in P source. The poor performance of both broilers and layers fed on CMM based diets could be attributed to the presence of hlgher levels of F (647.8 and 630.1 mg/kg, respectively) and low P utilization. Based on growth, bone mineralization and P retention it is concluded that DCP, SSBM or PA can be used as alternatives to TCP in broiler diets. In WL layer diets, in addition to above P sources, CMM can also be used as supplemental P source by replacing one half of P from CMM with PA without affecting egg production and shell quality.