• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.81-89
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• 1982

동지나해.황해의 저층에 서식하는 강달이 어장의 형성구조와 그 변동에 미치는 해양환경의 영향을 구명하기 위해 안강망에 의한 어획통계자료(1970~1979)와 해양관측재료를 이용하여 어장의 계절별, 경년별 변동을 검사한 결과 다음과 같다. 강달이 어획율의 약 70%가 집중하고 있는 중요어장은 대흑산도와 Sokotra Rock 주변해역이었다. 또한 이들 해역은 CPUE가 비교적 크고, C. V.가 0.9~1.4로서 작게 나타나 어황이 안정된 좋은 어장을 형성하고 있었다. 주어기는 2~3월과 6~7월이었으며, 1974~1976년의 주어기 CPUE는 평년의 약 2배 이상이었다. 중심어장의 분포역은 평균수심 50m 내외의 황해저층냉수와 대마난류와의 사이에 형성되는 조경역이었으며, 수온 및 염분은 각각 10~13$^{\circ}C$, 32.5~34.4$\textperthousand$ 이었다. 주어장은 주로 황해 저층 냉수괴의 연변에서 형성되고, 이 수괴의 소장에 따라 계절변동을 하고 있었다.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.357-366
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• 2015

This study was conducted to estimate carbon stocks of Quercus serrata with drawing volume of trees in each tree height and DBH applying the suitable stem taper equation and tree specific carbon emission factors, using collected growth data from all over the country. Information on distribution area, tree number per hectare, tree volume and volume stocks were obtained from the $5^{th}$ National Forest Inventory (2006~2010), and method provided in IPCC GPG was applied to estimate carbon storage and removals. Performance in predicting stem diameter at a specific point along a stem in Quercus serrata by applying Kozak's model,$d=a_1DBH^{a_2}a_3^{DBH}X^{b_1Z^2+b_2ln(Z+0.001)+b_3{\sqrt{Z}}+b_4e^Z+b_5({\frac{DBH}{H}})}$, which is well known equation in stem taper estimation, was evaluated with validations statistics, Fitness Index, Bias and Standard Error of Bias. Consequently, Kozak's model turned out to be suitable in all validations statistics. Stem volume tables of Quercus serrata were derived by applying Kozak's model and carbon stock tables in each tree height and DBH were developed with country-specific carbon emission factors ($WD=0.65t/m^3$, BEF=1.55, R=0.43) of Quercus serrata. As a result of carbon stock analysis by age class in Quercus serrata, carbon stocks of IV age class (11,358 ha, 36.5%) and V age class (10,432; 33.5%) which take up the largest area in distribution of age class were 957,000 tC and 1,312,000 tC. Total carbon stocks of Quercus serrata were 3,191,000 tC which is 3% compared with total percentage of broad-leaved forest and carbon sequestration per hectare(ha) was 3.8 tC/ha/yr, $13.9tCO_2/ha/yr$, respectively.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-32
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• 1972

본연구(本硏究)는 주요조림수종(主要造林樹種)인 송백류중(松柏類中) 특(特)히 Sub-genus Diploxylon내(內)의 종간교잡(種間交雜)에 의(依)하여 생산(生産)된 일대잡종(一代雜種) ${\times}$P. rigielliottii, ${\times}$P. rigiradiata, ${\times}$P. rigiserotina 및 ${\times}$P. densithunbergii의 임성종자확득율(稔性種字穫得率)을 기준(基準)으로한 교배친화력(交配親和力)과 분류학상(分類學上)의 유연관계(類緣關係)를 검토(檢討)하는 동시(同時)에 조림지(造林地)에 있어서의 생장비교(生長比較), 침엽(針葉)의 외부(外部) 및 해부형태비교(解剖形態比較), phenol성물질(性物質)에 의(依)한 특성비교(特性比較) 및 천연적송림(天然赤松林)에 대(對)한 이입교잡현상등(移入交雜現象等)을 구명(究明)하여 금후계획적조림(今後計劃的造林)에 공헌(貢獻)할 잡종채종림조성(雜種採種林造成) 여부(與否)와 일대잡종(一代雜種)과 그 양친종간(兩親種間)의 차이점(差異點)을 분별관찰(分別觀察)한 결과(結果) 다음과 같은 성적(成績)을 얻었다. 1. 각공시수종(各供試樹種)을 Shaw, Pilger 및 Duffield 등(等)의 분류식(分類式)에 준(準)하여 각조합별(各組合別) 임성종자확득율(稔性種字穫得率)을 기준(基準)으로 교배친화력(交配親和力)과 유연관계(類緣關係)를 검토(檢討)한 바 각조합(各組合)의 양친종간(兩親種間)에는 상당(相當)한 교배친화력(交配親和力)이 있었고, 근연간(近緣間)임을 알수 있었으며, 각조합별(各組合別) 최고임성종자확득율(最高稔性種字穫得率)은 28~58%이었다(표(表) 13). 2. 조림지(稠林地)에 있어서 각일대잡종송(各一代雜種松)의 생장비교(生長比較)에서 특(特)히 ${\times}$P. rigiserotina는 수고(樹高)와 근원경(根元徑)에서 수종간(樹種間)에 1% 수준(水準)으로 고도(高度)의 유의성(有意性)이 있었으므로 재적비(材積比)에서도 종자모수(種字母樹) 보다 109~155%의 보다 월등(越等)한 생장(生長)을 보여 조림상(造林上) 유용성(有用性) 가치(價値)가 있는 우수(優秀)한 일대잡종(一代雜種)으로 기대(期待)되었다(표(表) 16, 17). 3. 각일대잡종송(各一代雜種松)은 내한성(耐寒性)에 있어서 종자모수(種字母樹)의 형질(形質)을 받어 전연(全然) 동해(凍害)를 받지 않았으므로 내한력(耐寒力)이 강(强)함을 알수있었다. 4. 침엽장비교(針葉長比較)에서 일대잡종(一代雜種)의 양친종간(兩親種間)에는 현저(顯著)히 식별(識別)되었으며, 화분모수(花粉母樹)의 형질(形質)을 받은 ${\times}$P. rigiserotina는 종자모수(種字母樹) 보다 65%의 보다큰치(値)를 보여 현저(顯著)하게 식별(識別)되었으나 타일대잡종송(他一代雜種松)은 종자모수(種字母樹)의 형질(形質)을 받어 엽장(葉長)만으로는 잡종성(雜種性)을 용이(容易)하게 식별(識別)하기 어려웠다(표(表) 21). 5. 침엽(針葉)의 해부형태(解剖形態)에 있어서 제형질중(諸形質中) 일부(一部) 예외(例外)도 있었으나 각일대잡종송(各一代雜種松)은 대부분(大部分)이 hypoderm에서 강화(强化)되었고, resin canal에서는 조합(組合)에 따라 종자모수(種字母樹) 또는 화분모수(花粉母樹)의 우성형질(優性形質)을 나타냈으며, fibrovascular bundle에서는 종자모수(種字母樹)와 같이 상이(相離)된 형질(形質)을 나타냈으므로 각일대잡종(各一代雜種)과 그 양친종간(兩親種間)의 식별(識別)이 어느정도(程度) 가능(可能)함을 보았다. 특(特)히 ${\times}$P. densithunbergii에서는 RDI 0.73으로 화분모수(花粉母樹)에 가까운 형질(形質)을 보였다(그림 1, 표(表) 22). 6. Phenol 성물질(性物質)에 의(依)한 특성비교(特性比較)에서 공시일대잡종중(供試一代雜種中) 특(特)히 ${\times}$P. rigielliottii, ${\times}$P. rigiradiata 및 ${\times}$P. rigitaeda는 공(共)히 Rf-0.46인 phenol 물질(物質) 7번(番)이 P. rigida와 동일(同一)하게 담황색(淡黃色)으로 반응(反應)되었으나 화분모수(花粉母樹)에는 반응(反應)이 나타나지 않았으므로 양친간(兩親間)에는 현저(顯著)한 식별(識別)을 할수있었다. 이 결과(結果)는 장차(將次) 차대검정(次代檢定)은 물론(勿論) 교잡육종(交雜育種)에 있어서 잡종성조기식별(雜種性早期識別)의 가능성(可能性)을 보았고, ${\times}$P. rigiserotina와 ${\times}$P. densithunbergii는 양친종(兩親種)과 동일(同一)한 반응(反應)을 나타내어 식별(識別)을 할수없었음을 보아 양친종(兩親種)이 근연간(近緣間)임을 알수있었다(그림 2, 표(表) 23). 7. TLC에 의(依)한 phenol성물질(性物質)의 분리(分離) 및 반응현상(反應現象)은 동일수종내(同一樹種內)에서는 개체별(個體別), 채취부위별(採取部位別), 수령별(樹齡別) 및 화분산지별(花粉産地別)에 관계(關係)없이 동일(同一)한 분리(分離) 및 반응현상(反應現象)을 보였으며, 전개용매(展開溶媒)에 있어서도 Aceton-Chloroform(3:7v/v)을 사용(使用)하였을때나 Benzene-Methanol-Acetic acid(90:16:8 v/v)를 사용(使用)했을때나 동일(同一)한 반응(反應)을 볼수있었다. 8. 천연적송림(天然赤松林)에 있어서의 이입교잡현상(移入交雜現象)은 조사지(調査地) 범위내(範圍內)에서는 동해(東海) 및 서해안지방(西海岸地方)의 각조사임분(各調査林分)의 대부분(大部分)이 잡종성(雜種性)인 사실(事實)과 동해안(東海岸) 보다 서해안지방(西海岸地方)의 조사임분(調査林分)이 월등(越等)히 높은 잡종성(雜種性)임을 알수있었다(표(表) 24, 25). 9. 한국(韓國) 및 일본(日本)에서 선발(選拔)된 수형목(秀型木)은 RDI에 있어서 순수(純粹)한 적송개체(赤松個體)를 발견(發見)할수 없었으며, 본공시목(本供試木)의 전부(全部)가 흑송(黑松)의 형질(形質)을 가진 잡종성(雜種性)임을 알수있었으므로 이러한 수형목(秀型木)은 잡종성(雜種性)에 기인(起因)한 것이라 사료(思料)된다. (그림 3,4, 표(表) 26,27).

• 식물분류학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.59-76
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• 2014

강원도 양구군에 위치한 도솔산 일대의 식물상을 2012년 4월부터 2013년 9월까지 총 15회에 걸쳐 조사하였다. 그 결과 증거표본에 의해 확인된 관속식물은 89과 281속 438종 3아종 61변종 8품종으로 총 510분류군이었다. 조사된 식물 중 한국특산식물은 21분류군, 희귀식물은 24분류군, 그리고 멸종위기야생식물은 2등급에 1분류군이 확인되었다. 식물구계학적 특정식물종은 V등급 4분류군, IV등급 16분류군, III등급 30분류군, II등급 37분류군, 그리고 I등급 35분류군으로 총 122분류군이 조사되었다. 귀화식물은 27분류군이 확인되었으며 귀화율은 5.3%, 도시화지수는 8.4%로 산출되었다. 식물의 용도는 식용이 201분류군(39.4%)으로 가장 많았고, 다음으로는 목초용 186분류군(36.5%), 약용 144분류군(28.2%), 관상용 56분류군(11.0%), 목재용 16분류군(3.1%), 다용도 8분류군(1.6%), 그리고 섬유용 4분류군(0.8%) 등의 순으로 확인되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.1443-1450
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• 2003

Crossbred (Bos taurus${\times}$Bos indicus) calves were used from birth till 14 weeks of age to evaluate three sources of protein that differed in ruminal degradability viz. groundnut cake alone (HD) or in combination with cottonseed meal (MD) and meat and bone meal (LD), when fed along with two sources of non-structural carbohydrates viz. raw (R) and thermally processed (P) maize. Twenty four new born calves were arranged in six groups in a $3{\times}2$ factorial design and fed on whole milk up to 56 d of age. All the different calves received calf startes along with green oats (Avena sativa) from 14 d of age onwards free-choice. A metabolism trial of 6d starters duration, conducted after 90 d of experimental feeding, revealed greater (p<0.05) digestibility of DM, OM, total carbohydrates, NDF and ADF in calves fed on the P diets than on the R diets promoting greater (p<0.05) metabolizable energy intake. The digestibility of NDF was higher (p<0.01) on LD diets where as calves on MD diets exhibited significantly lower digestibility of ADF (p<0.01). The retention of nitrogen per unit metabolic body size was significantly (p<0.05) higher on the LD-P diet than on the diet HD-P which, in turn, was higher (p<0.05) than that of HD-R. Nitrogen retention as percentage of intake was significantly greater (p<0.05) on LD-P than on LD-R diets (52.2 vs. 36.4%). Also, P fed calves utilized nitrogen more efficiently than the R fed as shown by retention of significantly greater proportions of intake (47.4 vs. 40.9%) and absorbed (65.8 vs. 59.5%) nitrogen. Calorimetric evaluation of the diets through open-circuit respiration chamber revealed that the dietary treatments had no impact on methane production by calves. The intake of DE and ME was improved (p<0.01) because of maize processing resulting in greater (p<0.01) retention of energy. The protein degradability exerted no influence on the partitioning or retention of energy. A significant interaction between cereal and protein types was evident with respect to retention of both nitrogen (p<0.01) and energy (p<0.05). In conclusion, no discernible trend in the influence of cereal processing was apparent on the dietary protein degradability, but the positive effect of cereal processing on energy retention diminished with the increase in dietary undegradability.

• 천문학논총
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.213-217
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• 2017

The recent updates of the North Ecliptic Pole deep ($0.5deg^2$, NEP-Deep) multi-wavelength survey covering from X-ray to radio-wave is presented. The NEP-Deep provides us with several thousands of $15{\mu}m$ or $18{\mu}m$ selected galaxies, which is the largest sample ever made at these wavelengths. A continuous filter coverage in the mid-infrared wavelength (7, 9, 11, 15, 18, and 24 µm) is unique and vital to diagnose the contributions from starbursts and AGNs in the galaxies out to z=2. The new goal of the project is to resolve the nature of the cosmic star formation history at the violent epoch (e.g. z=1-2), and to find a clue to understand its decline from z=1 to present universe by utilizing the unique power of the multiwavelength survey. The progress in this context is briefly mentioned.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.309-314
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• 2006

The present investigation was undertaken to study the milkability characteristics of Holstein cows. Out of 6,660 initial records 4,607 records were finally included in the analysis after deleting some records with an abnormal range of values for the traits considered. These 4,607 Holstein cows belonged to a total of 122 herds located in a province in Korea. The 'LactoCorder' instrument was used to electronically record the milkability traits at the milking parlor. A total of 19 traits were studied which were broadly classified into milk yield, milking speed, milking time and the electrical conductivity related traits. The SAS 9.1 statistical software was used to carry out analyses. The average maximum milk flow per minute was 3.21 kg/min, while the average milking speed during the main milking process (DMHG) had a mean value of 2.30 kg/min. The total milk yield was 14.14 kg, 62% of which was milked during the first three minutes of the milking. The average total milking time was 8.23 min. Among the three phases of the main milking process, the time of stable milk flow had the longest time (2.97 min) followed by the time at the decline phase (2.62 min). The average time taken to reach the plateau phase was 1.08 min, which can still be reduced further through improved managemental practices. Among milk yield traits, milk yield during the first two (MG2) and three (MG3) minutes of milking had high positive correlation with milking speed traits and negative correlations with almost all the milking time traits except time of incline in milk flow from 0.5 kg/min till the attainment of the plateau phase (tAN). Milking speed traits had negative correlations with total milking time, time at main milking process, time at plateau and with the time at decline. Since there was medium to high negative correlation between the milking speed and the time at plateau, there is a need for selection of cows which have intermediate milking speed so that it could require less milking time and also the optimum (higher and longer) plateau time. Proper pre-stimulation and avoiding over milking will help in further reducing the milking time and thus will add to the net profit of the farmer.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.286-290
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• 2011

Ginsenoside Rg3 was reported to have important biological activities. We demonstrate conjugation and quantification procedures of ginsenoside Rg3 to gold nanoparticles for future biological and medical applications. Ginsenoside Rg3 was conjugated to spherical gold nanoparticles using a bifunctional heptaethylene glycol linker. The sulfhydryl group of heptaethylene glycol was adsorbed onto gold nanoparticles, and carboxylic acid end of heptaethylene glycol was bonded through a hydroxyl group of Rg3 via ester bond formation. The conjugation of Rg3 was characterized with various spectroscopic techniques, high resolution-transmission electron microscopy, and using Rg3 monoclonal antibody. The Rg3- functionalized gold nanoparticles were $4.7{\pm}1.0$ nm in diameter with a surface charge of -4.12 mV. The total number of Rg3 molecules conjugated to a 3.6 mL solution of gold nanoparticle was determined to be $9.5{\times}10^{14}$ corresponding to ~6 molecules of Rg3/gold nanoparticle. These results suggest that ginsenoside Rg3 is successfully conjugated to gold nanoparticles via heptaethylene glycol linker. The quantification was performed by using Rg3 monoclonal antibody without interference of gold's intrinsic color.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.255-263
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• 2011

Projected increases in atmospheric $CO_2$ concentration ([$CO_2$]) and temperature ($T_a$) have the potential to alter in rice growth and yield. However, little is known about whether $T_a$ warming with elevated [$CO_2$] modify plant architecture. To better understand the vertical profiles of leaf area index (LAI) and the flag leaf morphology of rice grown under elevated $T_a$ and [$CO_2$], we conducted a temperature gradient field chamber (TGC) experiment at Gwangju, Korea. Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Dongjin1ho) was grown at two [$CO_2$] [386 (ambient) vs 592 ppmV (elevated)] and three $T_a$ regimes [26.8 ($\approx$ambient), 28.1 and $29.8^{\circ}C$] in six independent field TGCs. While elevated $T_a$ did not alter total LAI, elevated [$CO_2$] tended to reduce (c. 6.6%) the LAI. At a given canopy layer, the LAI was affected neither by elevated [$CO_2$] nor by elevated $T_a$, allocating the largest LAI in the middle part of the canopy. However, the fraction of LAI distributed in a higher and in a lower layer was strongly affected by elevated $T_a$; on average, the LAI distributed in the 75-90 cm (and 45-60 cm) layer of total LAI was 9.4% (and 35.0%), 18.8% (25.9%) and 18.6% (29.2%) in ambient $T_a$, $1.3^{\circ}C$ and $3.0^{\circ}C$ above ambient $T_a$, respectively. Most of the parameters related to flag leaf morphology was negated with elevated [$CO_2$]; there were about 12%, 5%, 7.5%, 15% and 21% decreases in length (L), width (W), L:W ratio, area and mass of the flag leaf, respectively, at elevated [$CO_2$]. However, the negative effect of elevated [$CO_2$] was offset to some extent by $T_a$ warming. All modifications observed were directly or indirectly associated with either stimulated leaf expansion or crop phenology under $T_a$ warming with elevated [$CO_2$]. We conclude that plant architecture and flag leaf morphology of rice can be modified both by $T_a$ warming and elevated [$CO_2$] via altering crop phenology and the extent of leaf expansion.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.172-179
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• 2017

Purpose: To evaluate the outcomes of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for patients with liver oligo-recurrence and oligo-progression from various primary tumors. Materials and Methods: Between 2002 and 2013, 72 patients with liver oligo-recurrence (oligo-metastasis with a controlled primary tumor) and oligo-progression (contradictory progression of a few sites of disease despite an overall tumor burden response to therapy) underwent SBRT. Of these, 9 and 8 patients with uncontrollable distant metastases and patients immediate loss to follow-up, respectively, were excluded. The total planning target volume was used to select the SBRT dose (median, 48 Gy; range, 30 to 60 Gy, 3-4 fractions). Toxicity was evaluated using the Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Events v4.0. Results: We evaluated 55 patients (77 lesions) treated with SBRT for liver metastases. All patients had controlled primary lesions, and 28 patients had stable lesions at another site (oligo-progression). The most common primary site was the colon (36 patients), followed by the stomach (6 patients) and other sites (13 patients). The 2-year local control and progression-free survival rates were 68% and 22%, respectively. The 2- and 5-year overall survival rates were 56% and 20%, respectively. The most common adverse events were grade 1-2 fatigue, nausea, and vomiting; no grade ${\geq}3$ toxicities were observed. Univariate analysis revealed that oligo-progression associated with poor survival. Conclusion: SBRT for liver oligo-recurrence and oligo-progression appears safe, with similar local control rates. For liver oligo-progression, criteria are needed to select patients in whom improved overall survival can be expected through SBRT.