• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.126-139
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• 2014

In order to estimate the influence of sources on $PM_{2.5}$ in the industrial area of Japan, we carried out a source analysis using chemical component data of $PM_{2.5}$. $PM_{2.5}$ samples were collected intermittently at an industrial area in Japan from July 2010 to November 2012. Water soluble ions ($Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$, $SO{_4}^{2-}$, $Na^+$,$NH_4{^+}$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$), elements (Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sb, Pb), and carbonaceous species (OC, EC) of the $PM_{2.5}$ (a total of 198 samples) were analyzed. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model was applied to the data of those chemical components to identify the source of $PM_{2.5}$. At this observation site, nine factors were extracted. The major contributors of $PM_{2.5}$ were secondary sulfate 1, in which loading factors of $SO{_4}^{2-}$ and $NH_4{^+}$ were large (percentage source contribution: 20.9%), traffic, in which loading factors of OC (organic carbon) and EC (elemental carbon) were large (20.8%), secondary sulfate 2, in which loading factors of K and $SO{_4}^{2-}$ were large (8.0%), steel mills (7.8%), secondary chloride and nitrate (7.0%), soil (5.0%), heavy oil combustion (3.8%), sea salt (3.8%), and coal combustion (2.3%). The conditional probability function (CPF) and the potential source contribution function (PSCF) were carried out to examine the influence of a regional source and a broad-based source, respectively. CPF results supported local source influences such as steel mills, sea salt, traffic, coal combustion, and heavy oil combustion. PSCF results suggested that ships in the East China Sea, an industrial area of the east coastal region of China, and an active volcano in the Kyushu region of Japan were potential regional sources of secondary sulfate 1. Secondary sulfate 2 was affected by the burning of biomass fields and by coal combustion in Chinese urban areas such as Beijing, Hebei, and western Inner Mongolia. Source characterization using continuous data from one site showed a potential source representing fossil fuel combustion is affected both by regional and broad-based sources.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.97-104
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• 2002

Protein hydrolysate was prepared as a natural flavor stock from the sharp toothed eel (Muraenesox cinereus) mince using com-mercially available proteolytic enzymes, Alcalase, Neutrase, Protamex, and Flavourzyme. A 6 hr hydrolysis of mince, to which water of the equal weight of the mince was added, with $2\%$ (w/w, protein weight) Elavourzyme at $50^{\circ}$ yielded a hydrolysate of the highest acceptability. Removing the access lipid in liquified hydrolysate (not dehydrated) after enzyme hydrolysis, five times repetitive extraction using n-hexane (liquified hydrolysate : n-hexane=4 : 1, v/v) was effective, resulting in less than $1\%$ lipid content of the dehydrated-hydrolysate. The amino acid composition of the hydrolysate (prepared with Flavourzyme) was similar to that of the starting material. Hydrolysis led to an increase in concentration of not only total free amino acid but also free amino acid such as serine, glutamic acid, alanine, and methionine responsible for umami taste, especially up to about 40 times for methionine. Major free amino acids in amount were leucine, phenylalanine, valine, alanine, and isoleucine and they comprised about half of the total free amino acids, Moisture adsorption, fat adsorption, emulsifying capacity, and foaming capacity of the hydrolysate were 870.1 $\pm$ $7.9\%$, 352.0$\pm$ $5.3\%$, 50.3 $\pm$ $1.2\%$, and $87.5\pm$ $2.5\%$, respectively, and solubility was 83$\~$$84\%$ at acid pH range of 2$\~$4.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.422-430
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• 2015

The present study announces that the pH value of seed coating solution makes a significant effect on the microstructure of silicalite-1 zeolite layer formed on ${\alpha}$-alumina support. Seed with an average diameter of 75 nm was dispersed in ethanol to prepare three kinds of seed coating solutions with different pH values, and dip-coated on the support. The pH value was controlled to be 2.2, 7.0, and 9.3, respectively. In the secondary growth process, pH 7 seed solution resulted an uniform, 3 to $4{\mu}m$ thick, completely covered, and 100 nm grained silicalite-1 zeolite separation layer. The uniformity and completeness were explained by a uniform, closely packed, multi-layered, and completely covered seed coating in the pH 7 condition. In the condition, ${\alpha}$-alumina support and seed are oppositely charged: support is positively charged (8.4 mV) and seed, negatively (-1.7 mV). The opposite charging induced a strong electrostatic attraction between seed and support, which made the good seed coating state. On the other hand, pH 2.2 and pH 9.3 seed solutions resulted non-uniform, partially covered, and around $1{\mu}m$ grained zeolite separation layer, since seed and support are the same sign charged in the conditions. The same sign charging induced a strong electrostatic repulsion between seed and support which caused a low coverage of seed. It could be concluded that the pH value of seed coating solution is a key parameter to determine the microstructure of silicalite-1 zeolite separation layer.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.360-367
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• 2022

Research on food sources through DNA metabarcoding is being used for various organisms based on high resolution and reproducibility. In the study, we investigated the difference in food sources between pre and post-starving in the three bivalve species (Anemina acaeformis, Anodonta woodiana, and Unio douglasiae) through DNA metabarcoding using 18S rRNA V9 primer. The food source of pre-starving appeared in 87 genera, 71 families, 51 orders, 35 classes, and 22 phyla. The primary food sources were the zoo and phytoplankton, including Chlamydomonadales, Euglenales, Ploima, Sphaeropleales, and Stephanodiscales. However, all zoo and phytoplankton were not observed after starving except Schizopyrenida and Rotifera. In Levin's niche breadth analysis, the Bi index of A. woodiana is 0.3, which was higher than A. acaeformis(0.14) and U. douglasiae (0.21), indicating that they feed on various food sources. The niche overlap of A. acaeformis was measured as 0.78 in A. woodiana, 0.7 in U. douglasiae showing a relative high value compared to other bivalves. The trophic level of A. acaeformis, A. woodiana, and U. douglasiae based on the food source information were investigated as 2.0, 2.0, and 2.5, respectively. The results of the previous study on the trophic level using stable isotopes showed 1.8 to 2.4 values were similar to the results of this study. These results suggest that DNA metabarcoding can be an effective analyzing tool for the gut content in the bivalves.

• BMB Reports
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.684-690
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• 2004

Heparin lyase I was purified to homogeneity from Bacteroides stercoris HJ-15 isolated from human intestine, by a combination of DEAE-Sepharose, gel-filtration, hydroxyapatite, and CM-Sephadex C-50 column chromatography. This enzyme preferred heparin to heparan sulfate, but was inactive at cleaving acharan sulfate. The apparent molecular mass of heparin lyase I was estimated as 48,000 daltons by SDS-PAGE and its isoelectric point was determined as 9.0 by IEF. The purified enzyme required 500 mM NaCl in the reaction mixture for maximal activity and the optimal activity was obtained at pH 7.0 and $50^{\circ}C$. It was rather stable within the range of 25 to $50^{\circ}C$ but lost activity rapidly above $50^{\circ}C$. The enzyme was activated by $Co^{2+}$ or EDTA and stabilized by dithiothreitol. The kinetic constants, $K_m$ and $V_{max}$ for heparin were $1.3{\times}10^{-5}\;M$ and $8.8\;{\mu}mol/min{\cdot}mg$. The purified heparin lyase I was an eliminase that acted best on porcine intestinal heparin, and to a lesser extent on porcine intestinal mucosa heparan sulfate. It was inactive in the cleavage of N-desulfated heparin and acharan sulfate. In conclusion, heparin lyase I from Bacteroides stercoris was specific to heparin rather than heparan sulfate and its biochemical properties showed a substrate specificity similar to that of Flavobacterial heparin lyase I.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.122-132
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• 1998

SB-31 which contains Pursatilla, Licoris and Ginseng extracts was recently proved as an anticancer agent. In a preclinical effort to be applied this drug to human, pharmacokinetics of SB-31 was carried out in rats and rabbits. Glycyrrhizin(GZ), a saponin of Licoris was used as a standard ingradient for the pharmacokinetics of SB-31. The rat's blood, bile and urine samples were serially collected in femoral vein, common bile duct and bladder, respectively, after bolus i.v. injection at a dose of 1 or 1/5 ampul/rat and rabbit's blood samples from the marginal ear vein at a dose of 1 or 3 amp./rabbit. GZ and glycyrrhetic acid(GA), a major metabolite of GZ in the physiological samples were analysed by HPLC with UV detection. The decline of GZ in plasma concentration was generally biexponential at each dose. GZ was almost completely recovered in bile within 18 hour. GA wasn't detected in the samples with UV detector. In the rat, Vss and Kel at a dose of 1 and 1/5 ampul of SB-31 were $98.06\pm6.07\;ml,\;0.33\pm0.05\;hr^{-1}\;and\;65.46\pm11.19\;ml,\;0.68\pm0.25\;hr^{-1}$, respectively. Those in rabbits at a dose of 3 and 1 ampul of SB-31 were $235.24\pm30.72\;ml,\;0.13\pm0.36\;hr^{-1}\;and\;341.32\pm28.58\;ml,\;0.27\pm0.04\;hr^{-1}$, respectively. 'WinNonlin' was utilized for the compartmental analysis. A two-compartment model was chosen as the most appropriate pbarmaco-kinetic model. The data were best described by using a weighting factor of $1/y^2$. To evaluate the effect of SB-31 on cardiovascular system, serially diluted SB-31 was directly injected into coronary artery in the isolated perfused rat heart and the effect of PSF, PSH, saponins of Pursatilla, and SB-31 on PT, APTT of healthy human plasma was examined. Except the positive inotropic effect of ten times diluted solution of SB-31, there was no significant effect on LVDP, (- dp/dt)/(+dp/dt), heart rate and coronary flow in comparision with that of vehicle. SB-31 had no effect on PT but slightly delayed APTT about $6.9{\sim}11.5\%$. There was no significant effect of PSF and PSH on PT & APTT. Conclusively, SB-31 did not show any notable toxic effects on cardiovascular system.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.74-78
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• 2007

A new blue phosphorescent material for organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), Iridium(III)bis[2-(4-fIuoro-3-benzonitrile)-pyridinato-N,C2'] picolinate (Firpic-CN), was synthesized and studied. We compared characteristics of Firpic-CN and Bis(3,5-Difluoro-2-(2-pyridyl)phenyl-(2-carboxypyridyl) iridium III (FIrpic) which has been used for blue dopant materials frequently. The devices structure were indium tin oxide (ITO) (1000 ${\AA}$)/N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-(2-napthyl)-(1,1'-phenyl)-4,4'-diamine (NPB) (500 ${\AA}$)/4,4'-N,N'-dicarbazole-biphyenyl (CBP) : FIrpic and FIrpic-CN (X wt%)/4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BPhen) (300 ${\AA}$)/lithum quinolate (Liq) (20 ${\AA}$)/Al (1000 ${\AA}$). 15 wt% FIrpic-CN doped device exhibits a luminance of $1450\;cd/m^2$ at 12.4 V, luminous efficiency of 1.31 cd/A at $3.58mA/cm^2$, and Commission Internationale d'Eclairage $(CIE_{x,y})$ coordinates of (0.15, 0.12) at 12 V which shows a very deep blue emission. We also measured lifetime of devices and was presented definite difference between devices of FIrpic and FIrpic-CN. Device with FIrpic-CN as a dopant presented lower longevity due to chemical effect of CN ligand.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.537-554
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• 2006

This study aims to investigate the distribution of the useful economic plants and the flora of Maninsan. The flora of Maninsan was investigated from March to November in 2003. Vascular plants of this area consist of total 450 taxa; 5 forma, 53 varieties, 392 species, 279 genera, 95 families. It corresponds to 11.1% of totally 4,071 taxa appeared in Korea. Useful plants of this area were investigated 373 taxa. It corresponds to 82.7% of collected plants in this area under our study. Among the useful plants, there are 191 taxa of edible source, 181 taxa of pasture source, 153 taxa of medicinal source, 54 taxa of ornamental source, 18 taxa of timber. Korean endemic plants were composed 10 families, 13 genera, 9 species, 4 varieties and totaling 13 taxa.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.218-218
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• 2012

Nanocrystalline $SnO_2$ colloids are synthesized by hydrolysis of $SnCl_4{\cdot}5H_2O$ in aqueous ammonia solution. The synthesized $SnO_2$ nanoparticles with ca. 15 nm in diameter are coated on a fluorinedoped thin oxide (FTO) conductive substrate and heated at $550^{\circ}C$. The annealed $SnO_2$ film is treated with aqueous $TiCl_4$ solution, which is sensitzied with MK-2 dye (2-cyano-3-[5'''-(9-ethyl- 9H-carbazol-3-yl)-3',3'',3''',4-tetra-n-hexyl-[2,2',5',2'',5'',2''']-quater thiophen-5-yl]). Compared to bare $SnO_2$ film, the conversion efficiency is significantly improved from 0.22% to 3.13% after surface treatment of $SnO_2$ with $TiCl_4$, which is mainly due to the large increases in both photocurrent density from 1.33 to $9.46mA/cm^2$ and voltage from 315 to 634 mV. It is noted that little change in the amount of the adsorbed dye is detected from 1.21 for the bare $SnO_2$ to $1.28{\mu}mol/cm^2$ for the $TiCl_{4-}$ treated $SnO_2$. This indicates that the photocurrent density increased by more than 6 times is not closely related to the dye loading concentration. From the photocurrent and voltage transient spectroscopic studies, electron life time increases by about 13 order of magnitude, whereas electron diffusion coefficient decreases by about 3.6 times after $TiCl_4$ treatment. Slow electron diffusion rate offers sufficient time for regeneration kinetics. As a result, charge collection efficiency of about 40% before $TiCl_4$ treatment is improved to 95% after $TiCl_4$ treatment. The large increase in voltage is due to the significant increase in electron life time, associated with upward shift of fermi energy.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.102-109
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• 2018

In the present study, a variety of polylactide (PLA) articles (n = 211) were tested for migration of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) into the food simulant (4% v/v acetic acid). Pb, Cd, and As were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Migration tests were performed at $70^{\circ}C$ and $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. The amounts of Pb, Cd, and As increased at $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min compared with levels at $70^{\circ}C$. However, the migration at both conditions was very low. The maximum level of Pb at $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min corresponded to 1% of the migration limit. The estimated daily intakes (EDI) based on safety evaluation ranged from $2.5{\times}10^{-5}$ to $2.0{\times}10^{-3}{\mu}g/kg\;bw/day$ for Pb, Cd, and As. The EDI calculated from migration of Pb at $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min in PLA was the maximum value, $2.0{\times}10^{-3}{\mu}g/kg\;bw/day$, which corresponded to 0.055% of provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI, $25{\mu}g/kg\;bw/week$). The data from this study represent a valuable source for science-based safety control and management of hazardous heavy metals migrating from polylactide food contact materials.