• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.2216-2222
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• 2014

A recent trend of increasing container traffic volume using reefer container demands continuous management of reefer container in transit. However, reefer containers can only be monitored at terminal or in ship during marine transportation instead of throughout entire section. In the case of inland transportation section using truck or train, monitoring is not possible currently. The reason is because the reefer container monitoring method using PCT recommended by IMO and conventional monitoring methods using TCP/IP, RFID communication require establishing additional communication infrastructure. This paper will propose a new reefer container control device that not only solves these problems and monitors during inland transportation section but also controls reefer container. Using data port attached to every reefer container, the proposed device collects the information of reefer container and using M2M communication technology, it transmits information to server without the need to establish additional communication infrastructure. In addition, it can control the operational status of reefer container upon receiving control information set in server such as temperature of reefer container.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 2009

This paper describes empirical approach methodology for the quantitative risk assessment of maritime transportation accident (MTA) of a merchant ship. The principal aim of this project is to estimate the risk of MTA that could degrade the ship safety by analyzing the underlying factors contributing to MTA based on the IMO's Formal Safety Assessment techniques and, by assessing the probabilistic risk level of MTA based on the quantitative risk assessment methodology. The probabilistic risk level of MTA to Risk Index (RI) composed with Probability Index (PI) and Severity Index (SI) can be estimated from proposed Maritime Transportation Accident Model (MTAM) based on Bayesian Network with Bayesian theorem Then the applicability of the proposed MTAM can be evaluated using the scenario group with 355 core damaged accident history. As evaluation results, the correction rate of estimated PI, $r_{Acc}$ is shown as 82.8%, the over ranged rate of PI variable sensitivity with $S_p{\gg}1.0$ and $S_p{\ll}1.0$ is shown within 10%, the averaged error of estimated SI, $\bar{d_{SI}}$ is shown as 0.0195 and, the correction rate of estimated RI, $r_{Acc}$(%), is shown as 91.8%. These results clearly shown that the proposed accident model and methodology can be use in the practical maritime transportation field.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2010

Nautical Publications is a special purpose book, or a specially compiled database, that is issued officially by or on the authority of a Government, authorized Hydrographic Office and is designed to meet the requirements of marine navigation such as SOLAS and PSC. Nautical publications include List of Lights, Sailing directions. The SNPWG(Standardization Nautical Publications Working Group) from the IHO is working to implement in computer systems all those elements of interest for Hydrography and Navigation Concerning nautical publications' digitization process, the SNPWG has defined three types of nautical publications: Type 1 : Hard copy(NP1), Type 2 : Digital version, A slight modification of type 1(NP2), Type 3 : Digital version for ECDIS(NP3). Nautical Publications is essential with nautical charts as reference information to navigate. Development of digital nautical publications is needed for liaison with the chart production system, up-to-dateness of hydrographic information, improvement of service. But, Korean status is positioned in NP1. In our study, we surveyed the present status of nautical publications for development strategy of digital nautical publications. We build database of south coast of sailing direction, develop a manager program, convert the contents to KML( Keyhole Markup Language), develop a user program.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.398-407
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• 2018

Standard guidelines for marine accident investigation have been prepared through the enforcement of the Casualty Investigation code as of January 2010. In addition, as the International Maritime Organization (IMO) recommended contracting the state to manage a marine incident system established under this code, Korea also has newly established provisions for a marine incident system in the 'Act on the Investigation of and Inquiry into Marine Accidents' also as of 2010. The Korean Maritime Safety Tribunal (KMST) has made a multilateral effort to prevent marine accidents through the efficient operation of a marine incident system, but this system has not been properly activated. This study examines the operational status and problems of a marine incident system and analyzes the marine incident systems of foreign countries and similar transportation agencies such as railroads and aviation. Options include switching to voluntary reporting of marine incidents, transferring responsibility to a non judicial private organization, expanding incentive systems for a marine incidents, revising regulation and preparing detailed implementation guidelines.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.503-513
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• 2016

In order to reduce the green-house gas exhaustion, International Maritime Organization (IMO) has been reinforcing carbon gas regulations. Due to the regulations, a lot of competitions for designing Eco ship in the shipbuilding industry are progressing now. It is faced with the necessity of reducing hull weight by combining automated systems for optimal compartment arrangement with hull structural design. Most researches on optimum structural design method have been consistently in progress and applied to minimize weight and cost of mid-ship section in preliminary ship design stage based on analytical structural analysis method on fixed compartment arrangement. In order to reduce design period and to improve international technical competitiveness by shortening the period of hull structural design and enhancing design accuracy, it has been felt necessity to combine optimized compartment arrangement with optimum design of ship structure based on the international regulations and rules. So in this study, the automated design algorithm for longitudinal members has been developed to combine automated algorithm of compartment arrangement with hull structural design system for oil tanker. The SeaTrust-Hullscan software developed by Korean Register is used to perform ship structural design for mother ship and selected design cases. The effect of weight reduction is verified with comparison of ship weight between mother ship and the cases suggested in this study.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.143-157
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• 2021

International organizations such as the World Health Organization, the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation, and major developed countries recognize the seriousness of air pollution. International organizations such as the International Maritime Organization have also implemented various regulations to reduce air pollution from ships. In line with this international trend, the government has also enacted a special law on improving air quality in port areas, and is making efforts to reduce air pollution caused by ports. The purpose of the Special Act is to implement comprehensive policies to improve air quality in port areas. This study sought to identify the emissions of each source of air pollutants originating from the port and prepare basic data on setting the policy priorities. To this end, the analysis was conducted in six categories: ships, vehicles, loading and unloading equipment, railways, unloading/wild ash dust, road ash dust, and the methodology presented by the European Environment Agency(EEA) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). The pollutants subject to analysis were analyzed for carbon monoxide(CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX), sulfur oxides(SOX), total airborne materials(TSP), particulate matter(PM10, PM2.5), and ammonia(NH3). The analysis showed a total of 7,122 tons of emissions. By substance, NOX accounted for the largest portion of 5,084 tons, followed by CO (984 tons), SOX (530 tons), and TSP (335 tons). By source of emissions, ships accounted for the largest portion with 4,107 tons, followed by vehicles with 2,622 tons, showing high emissions. This proved to be the main cause of port air pollution, with 57.6% and 36.8% of total emissions, respectively, suggesting the need for countermeasures against these sources.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.415-420
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• 2018

The Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) introduced by the Marine Environment P rotection Committee(MEPC) in International Maritime Organization(IMO) has significantly assisted in regulating CO2 emissions. However, in adverse weather conditions, it can lead to accidents due to slow steaming of vessels and low engine propulsion power. In response to this issue, the MEPC presented guidelines for the minimum propulsion power of the main engine for maintaining the course of vessels in adverse weather conditions. However, the guidelines are only applicable for vessels with a deadweight of 20,000 tons, leaving out small and medium ships. This study evaluated vessels subject to the guidelines of minimum propulsion power and proposed revised guidelines. In addition, relevant cases of marine accidents were investigated with the aim of investigating the minimum propulsion power of main engine for medium and small ships not covered by the guidelines. In order to achieve this, engine propulsion power was analyzed according to the size of the affected vessels. The results obtained from this study could be used as a minimum power criterion that can be considered for ship building to reduce marine accidents in adverse weather for small and medium ships.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.847-857
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• 2017

The present situations of the education and training systems for the response to marine HNS spill incidents in domestic and foreign countries were reviewed and the plans to improve domestic system were suggested on the basis of the comparison between domestic and foreign education systems. There were almost no private education and training institutions in Korea, and they have not been activated, compared with those of foreign countries such as USA, Canada, Australia and UK. The domestic marine HNS-related education has been implemented uniformly under Korean government initiative. In addition, there were differences in the targets and duration of the education offered by Korea Coast Guard Academy (KCGA) and Marine Environment Research & Training Institute (MERTI) in Korea. Domestic HNS-related curriculum was relatively simple, compared with the curricula of foreign countries, and has not accepted two levels (operational level and manager level) required in HNS model courses of International Maritime Organization (IMO). The domestic education and training period was short relatively to those of foreign countries. The following suggestions were made to improve the education and training system for the response to domestic marine chemical incidents. In the short term, an HNS education and training management consultation body (tentative name) should be established, with both KCGA and MERTI participating jointly while maintaining the current system of the two institutions (KCGA and MERTI) simultaneously. In the more distant and long term, the HNS-related departments of KCGA and MERTI should be incorporated into a National Marine HNS Response Academy (tentative name) as unified system to enable international competitiveness.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.203-208
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• 2022

Recently, various digital technology issues such as e-Navigation, Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship (MASS) and Smart ships have constantly emerged in the maritime industry, based on the fourth industrial revolution. The International Maritime Organization is gradually tightening regulations for marine safety and marine environmental protection, and these strengthened regulations are leading to new maritime industries. Thus, the purpose of this study was to design a suitable model to analyze the industrial competitiveness of domestic autonomous operation technology industry, based on the Porter's diamond model. Based on a total of five evaluation factors and 13 detailed factors, the industrial competitiveness of the domestic autonomous operation technology industry was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. This industry, which is in the early stage of industrial development, was evaluated as 16.9 points relative to indexing industrial competitiveness. Currently, it is characterized by the simultaneous development of related regulations and core technologies, from the establishment of the scope of the industry. The industrial competitiveness evaluation considering these industrial characteristics is expected to serve as the basis for strategic support and new industrial policy, and impact a wide range of related industries such as shipping, logistics, ports, and shipbuilding and equipment industries.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1086-1091
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• 2022

The International Maritime Organization is establishing international agreements on maritime safety and security to prepare for the introduction of autonomous ships. In Korea, the industry is focusing on autonomous navigation system technology development, and to reduce accidents involving coastal ships, research on autonomous ship technology application plans for coastal ships is in progress. Interest in autonomously operated ships is increasing worldwide, and maritime demonstrations for verification of developed technologies are being pursued. In this study, a basic investigation was conducted on the design of a demonstration ship and an onshore platform (remote support center) using digital twin technology for application to coastal ships. To apply digital twin technology, an 8-m small battery-powered electric propulsion ship was selected as the target. The basic design of the twin-integrated platform was developed. The ship navigation and operation data were stored on a server system, and remote-control commands of the electric propulsion ship was achieved through communication between the ship and the onshore platform. Ship performance management, operation and operation optimization, and predictive control are possible using this digital twin technology. This safe and economical digital twin technology is applicable to ships responding to crisis scenarios.