• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.83-91
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• 1988

The effects of tipping paper permeability and plugwrap porosity on the ventilation and the pressure drop of cigarettes have been studied and the results obtained were as follows. 1. The single and the multiple regression equation to estimate tip ventilation were establised. In the equations, the observed values of the tip ventilation with the varieties the plugwrap porosity were content with them by the single regression equation. 2. As based on the statistical consideration of the above equation, the deviation of the observed tip ventilation versus the tipping paper permeability were higher than them to the plugwrap porosity. 3. The regression equations to calculate pressure drop ratio and the total ventilation rate in filter tip from the tea ventilation were obtained. According to the equation, the observed values of the pressure drop ratio were significantly similar to them calculated. 4. It was found that the equations could be applied to the calculation of the ventilation of cigarettes using the mechanical and micro laser perforation tipping paper as well as the electrically perforated tipping paper of this Study.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.39-44
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• 2005

Recently according to the fashion of well-being, it is increasing that heat recovery ventilator is applied to the apartment housing, But the uniform locations of inlet and outlet in each room may provide better indoor air quality than ununiform locations of inlet and outlet. Proper design of air supply system requires information concerning the gas concentration difference between the ventilation effectiveness at the breathing line. This paper presents models to predict the gas concentration difference and the ventilation effectiveness, based on the two cases with proper number of outlets. As one of the results it is desirable to set the outlet location near the furniture which produce the contamination gas so much.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.77-82
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• 1983

The ventilation of cigarette samples made by the combination of various acetate tow denier and porous plug wrapping paper have been investigated The ventilation rate increased no longer in the acetate tow with high mono denier and low total denier but changed slightly in that with low mono denier and high total denier when the porosity of plug wrapping paper was more than 6500cm/min. cbar. Tip pressure drop ratio, Y, was significantly influenced by tip ventilation rate, X. i. e., Y = 1.0880-0.0042x The relationships of ventilation rate, $X_v$. and smoke delivery, Y, were as follows; Tar : $Y_r$= -14.0458-0.1650$X_v$ Nicotine : $Y_N$= - 1.1045-0.0125$X_v$ CO : $Y_{co}$=17.2806-0.2090$X_v$

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.79-82
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• 1984

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of porous plug wrapping and perforated tipping paper on tip ventilation rate of cigarettes. The wider perforated width of tipping paper was and the more rows Perforation were given, the more increased the effort on the tip ventilation rate, and the high porous plug wrap also had a influence on the tip ventilation rate. Tip ventilation rate purposed would be obtained by adjusting the permeability of tipping papers with high porous plug wrap. To keep the cigarette quality uniform, the high porous plug wrapping paper and the tipping paper of small pore and many rows of perforation must be combined.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.238-243
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• 2005

Succinic acid has recently been drawing much interest as a raw material for biodegradable polymer. In this study acetic acid was removed by reactive extraction with various amines dissolved in various diluents. Distribution coefficients were determined as the kind of amines, diluents, and pHs of continuous phase. The extraction capacity increased with the polarity of diluent and the decrease of pH from the artificial binary solution. Based on the different extractability for succinic acid and acetic acid from the artificial binary solution, the removal of acetic acid from fermentation broth was investigated using various amines and diluents. In addition, the extractability and selectivity of CLA for succinic acid and acetic acid from fermentation broth were higher than that of straight solvent extraction.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.142-148
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• 2005

Succinic acid is an important material in industries producing biodegradable polymers, food and pharmaceutical products, and green solvents. Furthermore, succinate fermentation is a novel process due to the fixation of $CO_2$ into succinate during fermentation. However, the impurities in fermentation broth make the separation process of succinic acid be difficult. Reactive extraction has been proposed to be an effective primary separation step of succinic acid from dilute fermentation broth. This article presents the principles of reactive extraction along with the characteristics of tertiary amino extractants. A brief overview on the current research on reactive extraction of succinic acid is presented. Finally, for the succinic acid separation, reactive extraction as a primary step is suggested in the whole downstream process for succinic acid from fermentation broth.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.66-66
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• 2011

중위도 이북의 건물에서 고층건물의 혹한기 연돌효과는 건물의 여러 가지 기능에 큰 영향을 미치며, 승강기 승강로는 화재시 차압 때문에 연기의 주된 전파통로가 된다. 외피의 밀폐성능을 높여 건물 내부의 연도효과를 줄일 수 있으나, 외피의 밀폐기능은 비상시 피난을 위해 피난경로를 개방하는 순간 일시에 무력화된다. 또한 건물 외피의 밀폐성능이 우수할수록 연돌효과 그 자체로써 건물외피에 미치는 구조적 영향이 커진다. 고층부의 연돌효과는 외피를 밖으로 밀어내는 작용이므로 풍하측에서는 마이너스 풍압에 더하여 건물 외피에 부담을 증가시킨다. 그러므로 고층건물에 발생하는 혹한기 연돌효과의 영향을 정리하자면 다음과 같다. ${\bullet}$ 건물 외벽 및 창문에 미치는 구조적 영향 ${\bullet}$ 제연 시스템의 기능 저해 ${\bullet}$ 승강기 문 개폐 장애와 소음 등 설비 기능의 부정적 영향 ${\bullet}$ 공조기능 장애 ${\bullet}$ 화재시 승강기 승강로 등 수직 샤프트를 통한 연기 전파 혹한기 건물 안팎의 온도차가 40K일 때 높이 600m인 초고층 건물 최상층에 발생하는 연돌효과에 의한 차압은 풍속으로 환산할 때 32m/s에 달한다. 그러므로 초고층 건물 설계시에는 최상층의 풍하측에 설계상의 예상 최대풍속에다 이러한 환산풍속을 더한 고속 풍력이 창문을 밖으로 밀어내는 것으로 보아야 한다. 또한 공조 및 환기시스템에서는 이러한 차압을 고려하지 않으면 고층부에서 환기 성능이 무력화될 수 있다. 다음과 같은 방법들을 이용하여 고층건물의 연돌효과를 효과적으로 줄일 수 있다. 1) 계단실의 연돌효과 저감 방법 계단실에 발생하는 연돌효과에 의한 차압은 계단실에 상승기류를 발생시킨다. 이러한 차압과 상승기류는 계단실 상하부를 개방하면 자연적으로 평형을 이루게 되므로 별도의 제어가 필요 없게 된다. 또한 화재감지기와 연동하여 상하부 외벽의 개구부를 열어두게 되면 피난상황에 따라 문이 여닫힘으로써 발생하는 압력상태의 변화를 고려할 필요가 없게 된다. 2) 승강기 승강로의 연돌효과 승강로의 상하부에 대규모 개구를 두면 대규모의 외기가 도입되어 상승 유동 후 배출되므로 승강로 내부 온도 저하로 연돌효과가 저감되고, 승강로로 유입된 연기는 대규모의 외기에 희석되어 농도가 낮아지고 대부분 외부로 배출된다. 3) 샤프트 복합효과를 이용하는 방법 거실 평면적에 비해 승강기나 계단이 아주 많고 누설틈새 등 개구의 면적 합계가 크면 샤프트들이 서로 복합효과를 이루어 연돌효과에 의한 차압이 줄어든다. 연돌효과 제어용 샤프트를 하나 더 보조적으로 설치함으로써, 보조샤프트에 의해 발생하는 차압으로 거실을 가압 혹은 감압하여 문제가 되는 차압을 어느 정도 상쇄할 수 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.179-188
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• 1985

From the combination of cigarette papers, tipping papers and plug wrapping papers, whose physical properties and effect of cigarette smoke dilution were studied. The result obtained from this study are as follows. Envelop ventilation (Env-V'R) cigarettes used high porous cigarette papers showed less changes of unencapsulated pressure drop VPD) compared to tip ventilation (Tip-VR) cigarettes. Higher cigarette paper porosity increased, more decreased the WD of cigarette by Tip-VR. With cigarette length shortening, the UPD or VR changed a little in Tip-VR cigarette, while changed very much in Env-VR cigarettes. The ratio of nicotine/tar was higher in Env-VB cigarettes than in Tip-VR cigarettes, and CO/nicotine value of the former was lower than those of the later. The effect of Tip-VR cigarettes on the delivery reduction of tar and nicotine was more effective compared to Env-VR cigarettes and the reduction prefer Env-VR cigarettes to Tip-VR cigarettes in CO delivery. From the results investigated above it was noted that each defect appeared in the Tip-VR and the Env-VR cigarettes could be complemented by the combination of them.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.79-90
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• 1997

The world-wide cigarette market is becoming increasingly regulated. This involves restrictions on the freedom to advertise, restrictions on where people can smoke, and in some ways of most importance, limits on cigarette smoke deliveries. In particular, in an increasingly large number of countries maximum tar legislation is being enacted. In many cases, such as the European Union, this type of legislation is progressive and over time it is entirely conceivable that maximum permitted tar deliveries will be reduced to as low as 5 mg, possibly with additional restrictions on smoke nicotine deliveries. In addition, the pace of change is increasing as more and more countries embark on tar reduction programmes. The key challenge facing the cigarette industry is to manage these changes in such a way which ensures that product acceptability is maintained at as high a level as is possible in these circumstances. There are a number of ways of achieving this involving filter ventilation, modifying blends and using different filter constructions The real innovation comes when combining these in a way that gives the most acceptable balance of all these competing variables as far as the smoker is concerned. Undoubtedly, the nature of the filter is of crucial importance in designing the most acceptable low tar products, and this paper will discuss some of the filter types which are currently in use in the various low tar markets around the world. Also, some thoughts about the future in terms of new filter developments will be presented.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.103-108
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• 2008

The application of RECON(Reconstituted tobacco sheet) and the ventilation technology has been considered as very useful methods for controlling the tar and nicotine deliveries in modern blended tobacco. In this study, the effects of RECON contents in simulated blends on the smoke delivery and burning temperature were evaluated in three different ventilation levels. The ventilation showed a great influence on the burning temperature and smoke deliveries. The nicotine, tar and CO deliveries was greatly reduced by the ventilation. The amount of RECON showed the minor impacts on the smoke delivery. In high ventilation level such as 85 % ventilation, there was no distinct change in smoke deliveries by the amount of RECON.