• Proceedings of the KSEEG Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.306-308
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• 2002

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.71-74
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• 2006

석조문화재 표면에는 다양한 형태의 흑색오염물질이 형성되어 있다. 흑화 현상은 일반적으로 수많은 공기오염물질과 유기물 그리고 유색광물들의 쌓임과 이동에 의해 생성될 수 있다. 흑화현상을 크게 대기오염이 심한 도시에서 나타나는 도시형과 대기오염이 적은 곳에서 발생하는 농촌형으로 나눌 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 흑색의 원인물질의 하나로 거론되고 있는 탄소물질을 열분해탄소분석기를 이용하여 분석하였다. 탄소는 유기탄소와 원소탄소로 나누어 측정되었으며, 흑색을 띄게 하는 원소탄소의 량이 도심의 흑색부위와 농촌의 흑색부위에서 차이를 보이며 검출되었다. 그러나 측정된 탄소량은 탄소 한 요소만으로 암석 표면의 흑화 현상을 설명하기에는 불충분하다. 소량이 검출되기는 했지만 두 시료에서 보여주는 탄소량의 차이는 의미가 있다. 농촌형 흑색시료에서는 도심형 시료에서 보다 유기탄소가 원소탄소보다 약간 더 검출되었다.

• Proceedings of the Mineralogical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.77-79
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• 2002

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.231-241
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• 2005

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.96-96
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• 2010

HID램프의 한 종류인 세라믹 메탈할라이드 램프는 높은 광효율과 뛰어난 연색성으로 인해 가로등, 보안등이나 대형 산업체의 공장 내부 조명용 등 다앙한 분야에 폭넓게 사용되고 있다. 이렇게 사용범위가 확대됨에 따라 램프의 신뢰성 또한 중요한 요소로 여겨지게 됨으로 본 논문에서는 세라믹 메탈할라이드 램프의 열화특성 중 일부분인 흑화현상을 알아보기 위해 램프를 신뢰성기문 'RSC 0085'에 기초하여 5000시간의 열화 테스트 후 흑화현상 및 냉점부 온도변화를 분석하였고 이로 인한 광속저하를 확인하였다. 실험 후 플라즈마 대류에 의한 냉점 부 온도 변화의 차이로 인해 광속은 구형의 경우 약 9.3[%]가 감소한데 반해 원통형의 경우 29.4[%]의 감소를 확인하였다.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.75-83
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• 2004

Blackening on stone monuments is serious problem, because it is not only aesthetically unattractive, but also an important process in stone deterioration. Black surface layers contain often a large amounts of iron compound. Therefore it is assumed that besides another elements the iron have influence on blackening of surface. After the samples of black surface layers were collected from the stone monuments (Museumsinsel) in Berlin, Germany, especially in this study has been used Mossbauer spectroscopy in order to determine the valence and chemical composition of iron. Mineralogical and chemical analyses were carried out X-ray diffractormetry and X-ray fluorescence method on the black surface layer's samples and original stone samples. The origin of Iron compound in the black surface provides the important clue for the conservation work of stone monuments, like removing of black surface. To find it, black surface layer on white sandstone -it contains very small amount of iron compound- was compared with that on the red sandstone (Fe contains very small amount of iron compound- was compared with that on the red sandstone (Fe abundant). As a results, it is assumed that the iron in black layer on white sandstone is originated mainly from a surrounding environmental material and for the iron in black layer on the red sandstone is responsible the original stone. Even if black surface layer was removed from the red sandstone, some other conservation method should be studied beyond removing of black surface layer, because the iron can move continuously from the inner zone of original stone to surface area.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.03a
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• pp.22-26
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• 2003

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.40
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• pp.413-430
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• 2007

This study analyzed the foreign substances in waterlogged archaeological woods and compounds in soil where waterlogged archaeological wood was buried, in order to examine the relationship between burial environment and foreign substances in waterlogged archaeological wood. The XRF(X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy) and EDX(Energy Dispersive X-ray) analysis were conducted to examine the effect of iron(Fe) to blacken the waterlogged wood. The XRF results showed that investigated soil contained Si, Al, and Fe. Wood ash contained more sulfur and Fe than any other elements in the EDX analysis. Cellulose and hemicellulose were significantly reduced at the surface of wood, which is the blackened part of waterlogged wood. Foreign substances changed the surface color. These problems could be solved by removal of foreign substances in waterlogged archaeological wood using EDTA(Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid). The optimum condition to remove Fe from waterlogged wood by EDTA was investigated. To do this, the concentration of Fe removed was measured with various concentration of EDTA-2Na. The optimum pH of EDTA-2Na was figured to be 4.1 to 4.3. As the concentration of EDTA increased, the extracted concentration of Fe also increased. In the case of 0.4 wt% of EDTA-2Na, about 60ppm of Fe was eliminated and was stabilized after 48 hours. In the case of EDTA-3Na, the optimum pH was 7 to 8, and about 10 ppm of Fe was eliminated at 0.4 wt% of EDTA-3Na. In the case of EDTA-4Na, the optimum pH was 10 to 11, and about 20 ppm of Fe was eliminated at 0.4 wt% of EDTA-4Na. In conclusion, the iron(Fe) in waterlogged archaeological wood was removed by EDTA treatment and it increased the whiteness of the surface.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.58-63
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• 2011

pH control-precipitation method is used for recovery of EDTA from waste fluid of archeological waterlogged wood conservation treatment. EDTA has been used for eliminating of blacken effect in archeological waterlogged wood which was buried in the ground for long period of time. The black substance is generated by Fe$^{3+}$ in the soil reacted with tannin in the archeological waterlogged wood. In order to remove the black substance in archeological waterlogged wood, EDTA was used. The black substance is eliminated from wood as Fe-EDTA complex are formed, and EDTA is separated and precipitated from Fe-EDTA complexes at pH 2.68 or less. The result of analysis of the precipitated products and the commercial EDTA by FT-IR and FE-SEM showed that precipitated product by pH adjusted was not a type of Fe-EDTA complex, but pure EDTA. In this study, Fe$^{3+}$ from waste fluid of EDTA can be separated by HCl added. EDTA can be recycled by using the method of precipitation of EDTA in a strong acid.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.20
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• pp.55-65
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• 2007

Black surface layers collected from stone pagodas were analyzed to study the effects of carbon compounds on the blackening of stone surface layer. The total amounts of carbon was measured through elemental analyser. Organic and elemental carbon were measured by combustion ihrornatographic $CO_2$ determination after elimination of carbonates carbon with acid treatment. The elemental carbon concentration in the black surface layer measured 0.52wt.%. This value is not sufficient to explain the complete blackening of stone surface. To trace the origin of carbon in black surface layer on the stone pagoda, aerosol samples for PM 10 were collected at the near sites of the pagoda. The major components of them were soluble ions(42.8wt.%), carbon(38.4 wt.%) and crustal matter(16wt.%). From the high content(13wt.%) of elemental carbon in aerosol ran be deduced that it may be a prime origin for the elemental carbon in the black surface layer on the stone pagoda. The crustal matter in aerosol can be also a origin of silicate mineral in black surface layer and plays a important role in the darkening of black surface layer.