• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.25-50
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• 2001

Using Fourier transformation and wavelet analysis, we compared the auditory event-related potentials of the patients with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorders(abbr. ADHD, 13 boys) and normal control children(8 boys). Amplitudes of the event-related potentials which were calculated via Fourier transformation were compared between the groups and between conditions(non-target versus target) in each group. To the non-target stimuli, the patients with ADHD showed significantly greater amplitudes across almost all of the electrode sites and frequencies. To the target stimuli, the incidents which ADHD patients showed much higher amplitudes than normal controls significantly decreased, while those of the reverse results increased significantly. These results were consistent with the comparison results about negative difference wave(abbr. Nd wave) using Fourier transformation. In summary, it was proved that non-target stimulus which should be ignored elicited more robust electrical response from the patients with ADHD than normal children, but the target stimulus which reguired active processing did much less electrical activity in the patients. For the patients, they showed much inhibited electrical response to the target stimuli in some electrodes and frequency ranges. Normal children were more strongly stimulated by the target stimuli in almost all electrodes and frequency ranges than the patients, but less in prefrontal leads and frontal leads. Wavelet analysis results proved that early responses(0-300msec) to the nontarget stimuli of the patients were significantly greater than the normal controls in prefrontal, anterior frontal, some parts of temporal, and occipital lobes and that late response(300-370msec) were significantly lesser than normal children in parietal and central electrodes. Target stimuli elicited significantly higher electrical activity in both group than non-target stimuli did. Prefrontal and frontal lobes showed stronger responses in the patients than normal children irrespective of stimulus condition, but parietal and temporal lobes did higher activities in normal children than the patients only to the target stimuli. In conclusion, the patients with ADHD showed much greater responses to the stimuli which should be ignored, but failed to activated the necessary processes to the target stimuli. Also, we found that the frequency-dimension analysis and wavelet analysis were useful for the signal processing such as event related potentials.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.4402-4411
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to identify the effects of chiropractic treatment using Sacro Occipital Technique (SOT) on low back pain (LBP) and physical functions in patients with chronic LBP. Forty-five women with chronic LBP were randomly assigned to the Diversified Technique (DT), SOT or DT+SOT group and received chiropractic treatment two times a week for 8 weeks. LBP was measured using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. Physical functions were evaluated using lumbar strength, flexibility, and body symmetries. After 4 and 8 weeks, VAS, ODI, and RMDQ were significantly decreased in all 3 groups (all p<.001). Lumbar strength, flexibility, and shoulder and pelvic balances were significantly improved in all 3 groups (all p<.05). In conclusion, our results suggest that SOT and DT both may be effective for reducing LBP and improving physical functions.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.153-165
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• 2017

Objectives : Recent neuroimaging studies focus on dysfunctions in connectivity between cognitive circuits and emotional circuits: anterior cingulate cortex that connects dorsolateral orbitofrontal cortex and prefrontal cortex to limbic system. Previous studies on pediatric depression using DTI have reported decreased neural connectivity in several brain regions, including the amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, superior longitudinal fasciculus. We compared the neural connectivity of psychotropic drug naïve adolescent patients with a first onset of major depressive episode with healthy controls using DTI. Methods : Adolescent psychotropic drug naïve patients(n=26, 10 men, 16 women; age range, 13-18 years) who visited the Korea University Guro Hospital and were diagnosed with first onset major depressive disorder were registered. Healthy controls(n=27, 5 males, 22 females; age range, 12-17 years) were recruited. Psychiatric interviews, complete psychometrics including IQ and HAM-D, MRI including diffusion weighted image acquisition were conducted prior to antidepressant administration to the patients. Fractional anisotropy(FA), radial, mean, and axial diffusivity were estimated using DTI. FMRIB Software Library-Tract Based Spatial Statistics was used for statistical analysis. Results : We did not observe any significant difference in whole brain analysis. However, ROI analysis on right superior longitudinal fasciculus resulted in 3 clusters with significant decrease of FA in patients group. Conclusions : The patients with adolescent major depressive disorder showed statistically significant FA decrease in the DTI-based structure compared with healthy control. Therefore we suppose DTI can be used as a bio-marker in psychotropic drug-naïve adolescent patients with first onset major depressive disorder.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1983.05a
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• pp.11.2-11
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• 1983

Vocal nodules and polyps are much more frequent in singers, public speakers, teachers and actors. Voice trauma and voice misuse, at times associated with mild inflammatory reaction, appear to be important in their etiology. It is generally agreed that vocal cord nodules and polyps are inflammatory in nature and they arise in the subepithelial layer of loose connective tissue of the vocal cord. Since the junction of anterior and middle thirds of the membranous cord and has the greatest amplitude of vibration. This is the site of predilection for vocal cord nodules. The author performed laryngomicrosurgery for 70 cases of vocal nodules and polyps at Ewha Womans University Hospital during the period of 5 years. The result obtained were as follows ; 1) Surgical excision is not necessarily the best approach because vocal nodules in the early stages will resolve with the simplest voice therapy. 2) In children, surgery is rarely indicated because most nodules in children regress during adolescence. 3) For patients who use their voices professionally, voice therapy is indicated for three months. 4) If after three month of conservative treatment the cord lesion does not improve and the patient it still dissatisfied with his voice, laryngomicrosurgery can then be considered. 5) The small cuffed endotracheal tube in the interarytenoid space helps to keep the cords immobile and in an abducted position. 6) Removal of the nodule shoule be started by gentle retraction posteriorly and as soon as a tear appears anterior to the nodule. 7) On occasion it is preferable to start the dissection with a siccle knife while the nodule is held on the stretch. 8) Voice rest should be maintained for a week following which the free edges of the cords are usually healed.

• The Journal of Korea Assosiation for Disability and Oral Health
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.88-91
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• 2008

A female patient (14 years-old) with mental retardation was scheduled for ambulatory general anesthesia to treat peri-apical abscess and multiple dental caries. She had got cleft palate plasty at 5 years, but there was no past history of difficulty airway during general anesthesia or airway obstruction. Following induction of anesthesia using an inhalational anesthetic technique, conventional naso-tracheal intubation was tried. However, with conventional intubation technique we could not insert tube. And following several trial of intubation with laryngoscope, she developed an upper airway obstruction. Her lungs could not be ventilated using a facial mask and oxygen saturation was decreased. A #3 laryngeal mask airway (LMA) was inserted immediately, which allowed us to ventilate her lungs and restore the oxygen saturation. And dental treatment was carried out under LMA insertion successfully.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.3-12
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• 2014

Larynx plays an important role in phonation and protection of the respiratory tract during swallowing. The reduced anatomical and physiological function in elevation of larynx and glottis closure can cause problems in voice and swallowing. The present study investigated the Korean version of handicap index of dysphagia in elderly Koreans. Therefore, 60 normal elderly Koreans ranged from 65 to 95 and 20 normal Korean young adults aged from 20 to 25 were participated in this study to compare total (T), physical (P), functional (F), and emotional (E) index scores between two groups as well as among sub groups (60s, 70s, 80s) in elderly. For swallowing, total and sub dysphagia handicap index (DHI) scores, voice quality during /a/phonation following swallowing (saliva and water), intensity of coughing, and L-DDK were measured. The results showed that functional (P), physical (P), emotional (E) scores as well as total (T) score were significantly different between young adults and old adults in DHI(p<.05). Additionally, there was a negative correlation between total DHI score and intensity of coughing (r=-.51) as well as L-DDK (r=-.70). These findings suggest that a slow rate in vocal fold adduction and reduced intensity of coughing in the elderly affect swallowing function. Thus, recently translated Korean version of DHI may be useful as supplement in evaluating the swallowing problems in elderly people.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.183-191
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• 2015

This study evaluated the effect of the therapeutic methods between vocal function exercise(VFE), which has been used for the patients with presbyphonia in the precedent studies and laryngeal calibration technique($SKLCT^{(R)}$), which is designed by the author. We identified 58 patients who was been diagnosed as presbylaryngis by laryngoscopic examinations. 21 patients were underwent voice therapy using $SKLCT^{(R)}$, 20 patients were taken VFE, and the control group of 17 patients were not taken any voice therapy. All subjects received the therapy, ranging from seven to nine sessions, and were evaluated the voice change on pretherapy and posttherapy. The grade of hoarseness, roughness, and breathiness voice were reduced on perceptual judgments after $SKLCT^{(R)}$, but only grade of hoarseness was reduced after the VFE. Jitter, Shimmer, NHR were reduced and MPT were increased after the $SKLCT^{(R)}$(p<.05), while Jitter and SFF were reduced after the VFE. Frequency and intensity range were increased significantly on the posttest performance after taking voice therapy by the $SKLCT^{(R)}$, on the other hand only intensity range was increased after VFE. Especially, we can find the significant change that glottic gap and supraglottic compressions was reduced in most of patients after the $SKLCT^{(R)}$, but there's no changes in the group of VFE and control group. In the study, we can suggest that the $SKLCT^{(R)}$ may be useful in improving the voice qualities and laryngeal function of presbyphonia.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.121-128
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• 2001

Objectives: In narcoleptic patients diagnosed with ICSD (international classification of sleep disorders, 1990) criteria, nocturnal polysomnography, and MSLT (multiple sleep latency test), we tried to find characteristic features of quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) in a wakeful state. Methods: We compared eight drug-free narcoleptic patients with sex- and age-matched normal controls, using computerized electroencephalographic mapping technique and spectral analysis. Absolute power, relative power, interhemispheric asymmetry, interhemispheric and intrahemispheric coherence, and mean frequency in each frequency band (delta, theta, alpha and beta) were measured and analyzed. Results: Compared with normal controls, narcoleptic patients showed decrease in monopolar interhemispheric coherence of alpha frequency bands in occipital ($O_1/O_2$), parietal ($P_3/P_4$), and temporal ($T_5/T_6$) areas and beta frequency band in the occipital ($O_1/O_2$) area. Monopolar intrahemispheric coherences of alpha frequency bands in left hemispheric areas ($T_3/T_5$, $C_3/P_3$ & $F_3/O_1$) decreased. Decrease of monopolar interhemispheric asymmetry of delta frequency band in the occipital ($O_1/O_2$) area was also noted. The monopolar absolute powers of beta frequency bands decreased in occipital ($O_2,\;O_z$) areas. Conclusion: Decreases in coherences of narcoleptic patients compared with normal controls may indicate fewer posterior neocortical interhemispheric neuronal connections, and fewer left intrahemispheric neuronal connections than normal controls in a wakeful state. Therefore, we suggest that abnormal neurophysiological sites of narcolepsy may involve complex areas such as neocortex and subcortex as well as the brainstem.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1983.05a
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• pp.8.2-9
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• 1983

Recently, the laryngomicrosurgery has been done for the removal of benign laryngeal mass and for the improvement of voice. For the evaluation of the effect of the treatment, there must be any objective method such as aerodynamic study, vocal fold vibration study, acoustic analysis, psycho-acoustic evaluation and the neuro-muscular study. The authors evaluated the phoniatric effect of the laryngomicrosurgery for the patients of 15 laryngeal polyps and 9 laryngeal nodules, who received pre-op. and post-op. vocal function study from Jun. 1981 to Mar. 1983. The results obtained were as follows ; 1) The post-op. mean value of the maximum phonation time was increased 40 % in the unilateral polyps, 62 % in the bilateral nodules and 18 % in the unilateral nodules. 2) The post-op. mean value of the phonation quotient was decreased 25 % in comparison with pre-op. value in the case of the bilateral polyps, 26 % in the unilateral polyps, 55 % in the bilateral nodules and 12 % in the unilateral nodules. 3) The post-op. mean value of the mean air flow rate was decreased 27 % in comparison with the pre-op. value in the case of the bilateral polyps, 25 % in the unilateral polyps, 65 % in the bilateral nodules, 25 % in the unilateral nodules. 4) The glottic chink of the 10 cases of polyps among the 11 cases were disappeared, and the glottic chink of the 5 cases of nodules among 7 cases were also disappeared after surgery. 5) The pre-op. hoarseness of the 10 cases of polyps among the pre-op. hoarseness of the 11 cases of polyps were changed to clear and the 3 cases of nodules were also changed to clear.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.218-226
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• 1998

This study aims at investigating the effects of psychostimulant on functional cerebral localization during the attentional tasks in ADHD. Inclusional subjects were 13 boy between 6-12 years old who met the DSM-IV criteria for ADHD. In each patient, there was a drugfree period(without methyphenidate) and a drug-loaded period(with oral methylphenidate administration), and within each period there was a resting state and a stimulated state with TOVA. Comparisons were made by measuring the amplitudes of four bands(${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$, ${\delta}$, ${\theta}$) of quantitative EEG to see if there were any differences between the drug-free period(resting and stimulated) and the drug-loaded period(resting and stimulated). In the resting state, there was no difference between the drug-free and drug-loaded periods. In the stimulated state with TOVA, the presence of methylphenidate induced significant changes in the theta to beta ratio(${\theta}/{\beta}$) in the right frontal, right parieto-occipital, and left temporal-parietal areas in contrast to the drugf-ree period. These data suggest that methylphenidate shows electrophysiological influences on cerebral topographical activities during the attentional tasks in ADHD.