• 대한수의학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.207-213
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• 1975

Skimmed goat milk heated at $92^{\circ}C$ for 10 minutes was used as a basal extender for bull semen. The extenders for liquid semen were prepared by adding simultaneously at various ratio of 5% dextrose solution and egg yolk to skimmed goat milk. After bull seven was diluted with the extenders at the rate of 20 million spermatozoa per ml of the extenders. The extenders were stored at $5^{\circ}C$ and the survival rates of spermatozoa were examined at 4 and 24 hours, and 3, 5 and 7 days after dilution. The extenders for frozen semen were prepared by adding various ratlo of glycerol to skimmed goat milk containing 20 parts of 5% dextrose solution and 3 parts of egg folk to 77 parts of skimmed goat milk. After bull semen was diluted with the extenders at the rate of 40 million spermatozoa per ml of the extenders, the extenders were frozen in liquid nitrogen tank. The frozen extenders were thawed at $40^{\circ}C$ for 2 minutes, and the revival rates of the spermatozoa in the extenders were examined. These thawed extenders were stored at $5^{\circ}C$ and the survival rates of the spermatozoa were examined at 10 minutes and 24 hours and 3 and 5 days after thawing. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Among the extenders stored at $5^{\circ}C$, the survival rate of the sperm was the highest in the extender including 20 parts of 5% dextrose solution and 3 parts of egg yolk to 77 parts of skimmed goat milk, and the survival rate was significantly higher that of the spermatozoa in egg folk-2.9% sodium citrate (1 : 4) extender. (P<0.05) 2.Among the extenders frozen in liquid nitrogen tank, the revival rate of the spermatozoa was the highest in the extender containing 7ml of glycerol per 100ml of the extender with consisted of 77 parts of skimmed goat milk, 20hparts of 5% dextrose solution and 3 parts of egg yolk, and the revival rate was significantly higher than that of the spermatozoa in egg yolk-2.9% sodium citrate (1 : 4) extender containing 8ml of glycerol per 100ml of the extender (p<0.01). 3. Among the extenders stored at $5^{\circ}C$ after thawing, the survival rate of the spermatozoa was the highest in the extender containing 7ml of glycerol per 100ml of extender which consisted of 77 parts of skimmed goat milk, 20 parts of 5% dextrose solution and 3 parts of egg yolk, and the survival rate was significantly higher than that of the spermatozoa in egg yolk -2.9% sodium citrate (1 : 4) extender containing 8ml of glycerol per 100ml of the extender (p<0.01).

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.11-19
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• 1998

This study was to determine the effect of ionomycin and 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) and/or elcetrical stimulation on the oocyte activation and production of rabbit nuclear transplant embryos. The oocytes were collected from the oviduct of superovulated rabbits at 14 h post hCG injection and cultured in TCM-199 containing 10% FBS until 19 h post hCG injection. To determine the optimum concentration and exposure time of 6-DMAP, some oocytes were activated with 5 $\mu$M ionomycin for 5 min and then in 2.0 mM 6-DMAP for 0.5 to 3.0 h, or in 1.0 to 3.0 mM 6-DMAP for 2.0 h. Other control oocytes were stimulated electrically(3X, 1.25 kV/cm, 60 $\mu$sec) in 0.3 M mannitol solution supplemented with 100 $\mu$M CaCl$_2$ and MgCl$_2$. The nuclear donor embryos of 8-cell stage were synchronized to G$_1$ phase of 16-cell stage, and the recipient cytoplasms were obtained from removal of the first polar body and a portion of membrane bound cytoplasm of the oocytes collected at 15 h post hCG injection. A separated blastomere was injected into the perivitelline space of the enucleated oocytes. The oocytes injected with nucleus were cultured until 19 h post hCG and then electrofused and activated by electrical stimulation with or without ionomycin and 6-DMAP. These nuclear transplant embryos were cultured in TCM-199 containing 10% FBS in 39˚C, 5% CO2 incubator for 120 h. For the oncytes activated parthenogenetically with electrical stimulation with or with-out ionomycin and the various concentration of exposure time of 6-DMAP, the highest cleavage(92.3%) and development to blastocyst stage(41.0%) were resulted from the oocytes activated by ionomycin and 2.0 mM 6-DMAP for 2.0 h, which were found to be significantly(P<0.05) higher than the cleavage(45.2%) and developement to blastocyst stage(14.3%) from the oocytes activated with electrical stimulation. The significantly(P<0.05) more oocytes(71.4%) developed to 4 cell stage at 24 h post activation by ionomycin and 6-DMAP than those by electrical stimulation(18.9%). For the nuclear transplant embryos, the cleavage rate was similarly high in oocyte activation by electrical stimulation with(79.4%) or without ionomycin and 6-DMAP(70.5%). However, the embryo development to blastocyst stage was significantly(P<0.05) higher in oocyte activation by electrical stimulation with ionomycin and 6-DMAP(44.4%) than by electrical stimulation only(25.0%). The significantly(P<0.05) more nuclear transplant embryos(45.6%) developed to 4 cell stage at 18 h post activation by electrical stimulation with ionomycin and 6-DMAP than those by electrical stimulation only(10.6%). These results indicated that the supplemental oocyte activation by ionomycin and 6-DMAP with electrical stimulation enhanced and accelerated the preimplanted in vitro development of the rabbit nuclear transplant embryos.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.246-258
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• 2009

This study was conducted for behavioral characteristic analysis of the Asiatic Black Bear in a limited space. Behaviors of eight Asiatic Black Bears were classified into 13 normal stances and locomotor activities, 15 normal maintenance behaviors, 9 locomotory compulsive behaviors, 2 non-locomotory compulsive behaviors through the 3 years of monitoring. The bears had originally been released into the Jiri National Park for Asiatic Black Bear Restoration Project and were withdrawn again because of several reasons such as habituation to humans, and apiary damage. Through the monitoring of 6 hours per day during 3 months, classified behaviors were analyzed based on sex, age, observing month, observing timing, captivity period, and captive form. The total rate of stereotypic behaviors was $26.51{\pm}13.38%$. Among these, RA(Rest_A) was rated high as $47.32{\pm}18.32%$. In addition, SP(Standard pace), HR(Head rear), EP(Extended pace) were most frequently observed behaviors. The time budget of TFS(Two feet stand), SA(Sniff_A) and SB(Sniff_B) on females and younger individuals were relatively higher than male and older individuals. So we confirmed that females and younger individuals had more wariness and curiosity. As the period of captivity took longer, the rate of stereotypic behaviors was higher and more stereotypic behaviors were observed in the afternoon. At night, behaviors related with resting like Rest-A, Rest-B, Lying down, Lying on abdomen, Sitting were more frequently observed. We concluded that the captive state could affect the behaviors of Asiatic Black Bear and long term research should be necessary.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.205-211
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• 2009

Perioperative pain relief is essential in veterinary practice. However, the cat is one of the most poorly understood species regarding pain control management. Ovariohysterectomy(OHE) produces considerable postoperative pain in cats. Practitioners are often reluctant to administer analgesics due to lack of familiarity with available drugs, concern about side effects, or frustration with the need for record keeping of controlled substances. The purpose of this study was to determine if intraperitoneal administration of bupivacaine can provide relief of pain following OHE in cats. Twelve healthy female cats were randomly divided into two groups. OHE was performed under general inhalation anesthesia. Just prior to complete closure of the linea alba, 6 cats in SAL group received 0.88 ml/kg 0.9% saline, 6 cats in BUP group received 4.4 mg/kg 0.75% bupivacaine diluted to an equivalent volume with saline in the intraperitoneal space. Cats were scored at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours post-extubation by one observer. Cats were evaluated using a visual analogue scale(VAS) and composite pain scale(CPS) that included physiologic variables. There were no significant differences in body weight, anesthesia time, surgery time, and incision length between the two groups. Cats in the BUP group had significantly(p<0.05) lower VAS-pain scores than cats in the SAL group at 4, 8, 12 hours after surgery. Cats in the BUP group had significantly lower CPS scores than cats in the SAL group at 8, 12 hours after surgery. No adverse side effects were observed. These results support that the intraperitoneal administration of bupivacaine following OHE can be used for the prevention of postoperative pain and pain-induced behavioral changes in cats.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.245-250
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• 2005

This study was carried out to find out how space allowance affect the social behavior of Korean native cattle (Bos taurus coreanae) steers. Twelve Korean native cattle (Bos taurus coreanae) steers were used as subjects, each of which was 30-month-old and observation period was from June to July 2003. Five (T1) and seven (T2) steers were allotted to two pens of $5m{\times}10m$ in a building with slate roof and open sides respectively. They were fed at 09:00 h and 16:00 h, twice a day. The behaviors of steers were recorded from 06:00 h to 17:00 h, using two color CCD cameras (Samsung SDC-411, Korea), one B/W CCD cameras (Samsung SBC-340, Korea), one multiplexer (Samsung SDM-081, Korea) and a time lapse VCR (Samsung SRV-30, Korea). The behaviors of each steer were recorded every 2 min using an instantaneous point sampling method. While the mean percentage of time budget in WA of T1 was lower than that of T2 (p<0.05), the mean percentage of time budget in SF of T1 was higher than that of T2 (p<0.05). When it gets hot, steers in T1 rested from 10:00 h to 14:00 h when it gets cool, showing 40~80% of LD rate while steers in T2 rested from 12:00 h, when it very hot to 17:00 h, showing 20~50% of LD rate, which is relatively low. Steers in T1 were fed from 06:00 h to 08:00 h when it was cool and from 16:00 h to 18:00 h, showing 20~45% of EA rate while steers in T2 were fed from 08:00 h to 14:00 h when it was hot, showing 25~50% of EA rate. In conclusion, it turned out that the number of steers affected their social behavior, and T1 was better environment than T2 in terms of welfare.

• 정보처리학회논문지D
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• 제11D권6호
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• pp.1259-1268
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• 2004

제한된 훈련장안에서 실전에 대비한 훈련이 되려면, 다양한 전투상황이 부여된 현실감 있는 모의훈련이 필수적이다. 본 논문에서는 현실감 있는 모의훈련을 위해 가상영상이 아닌 지상기반 CCD 카메라영상에 지정된 시나리오대로 가상표적을 전시하는 방법을 제안한다. 이를 위해 고해상도 GeoTIFF(Geographic Tag Image File Format) 위성 영상과 DTED(Digital Terrain Elevation Data)를 이용하여 현실감 있는 3차원 모델을 생성(운용자용)하고, 입력된 CCD 영상(운용자, 훈련자용)으로부터 도로를 추출하였다. 위성영상과 지상기반 센서영상은 관측위치, 분해능, 스케일 등에 많은 차이가 있어 특징기반 정합이 어렵다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 영상 워핑함수인 TPS(Thin-Plate Spline) 보간 함수를 일치하는 두개의 제어점 집합에 적용하여 3차원 모델에 표시된 이동경로를 따라 CCD 영상에서도 표적이 전시되는 이동 동기화 방법을 제안하였다. 실험환경은 Pentium4 1.8MHz(RAM 512M)의 PC 2대를 사용하였으며, 실험 영상은 대전지역의 위성영상과 CCD 영상을 이용, 제안한 알고리즘의 유효성을 입증하였다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.11-20
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• 1997

The influence of cryopreservation of donor embryos on the in vitro developmental potential in the nuclear transplant rabbit embryos was evaluated. The embryos of 16-cell stage were collected and cryopreserved with EFS solution by vitrification method. The frozen embryos were thawed and synchronized to S and G$_1$ phase of 32-cell stage. The recipient/ cytoplasms were obtained by removing the first polar body and chromosome mass from the oocytes collected by non-disruptive microsurgery procedure. The separated S and G$_1$ phase blastomeres of 32-cell stage were injected into enucleated recipient cytoplasms by micromanipulation. After culture until 20 hrs post-hCG injection, the nuclear transplant oocytes were electrofused and activated by electrical stimulation. The fused nuclear transplant embryos were co-cultured with rabbit oviduct epithelial cells. After in vitro culture for 120 hrs, the nuclear transplant embryos developed to blastocyst stage were stained with Hoechst 33342 dye and their blastomeres were counted. The electrofusion rate was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in the frozen nuclear donor,compared with fresh donor nuclei as 80.0 vs 62.8% in S phase and 81.7 vs 64.8% in G$_1$phase, respectivley. The in vitro developmental rate to blastocyst stage with the S and G$_1$phase of fresh embryos(26.3 and 61.1%, respectively) was found significantly (P<0.05) higher, compared to the S and G]phase of frozen embryos(11.9 and 34.6%, respectively). When frozen as well as fresh donor embryos were synchronized to G$_1$ phase, the in vitro developmental rate to blastocyst stage was significantly (P<0.05) higher, compared with S phase donor nuclei. The cell counts of nuclear transplant embryos developed to blastosyst stage were significantly (P<0.05) more in G$_1$ phase of fresh or frozen embryos (180.1 and 125.7 cells, respectively), compared with S phase nuclear donor (145.1 and 103.7 cells, respectively). From the above results it was concluded that the rabbit embryos cryo- preserved by vitrification might be available as nuclear donor, though the developmentalpotential and cell counts of nuclear transplant rabbit embryos were decreased significantly.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.259-267
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• 1997

To improve the efficiency of production of cloned embryos and animals by nuclear transplantation in the rabbit, the effect of cell cycle of donor nuclei and type of recipient cytoplasm on the in vitro developmental potential and production efficiency of offspring was determined. The embryos of 16-cell stage were collected from the mated does at 48h post-hCG injection and they were synchronized to G$_1$ phase of 32-cell stage. The oocytes collected at 14h post-hCG injection were freed from cumulus cells and then enucleated. One group of the enucleated cytoplasms was activated by electrical stimulation prior to injection of donor nucleus, and the other group was not pre-activated. The separated G$_1$phase blastomeres of 32-cell stage embryos were injected into the perivitelline space of recipient cytoplasms. After culture for 20h post-hCG injection, the nuclear transplant oocytes were electrofused and activated by electrical stimulation and the fused nuclear transplant embryos were co-cultured for 120h and the nuclear transplant embryos developed to blastocyst stage were stained with Hoechst 33342 dye and their blastomeres were counted. Some of the nuclear transplant embryos developed in vitro to 2- to 4-cell stage were transferred into the oviducts of synchronized recipient does. The electrofusion rate was similar between the types of donor nuclei and recipient cytoplasms used. However, the nuclear transplant embryos using G$_1$ phase donor nuclei were developed to blastocyst at higher rate(60.3%) than those using S phase ones(24.7%). Also, when non-preactivated oocytes were used as recipient cytplasms, the develop-mental rates of nuclear transplant embryos to blastocysts were significantly(P< 0.05) higher(57.1%) than those using preactivated ones(20.8%). The cell counts of nuclear transplant embryos developed to blastosyst stage were increased signficantly(P<0.05) more in the non-preactivated recipient cytoplasm(163.7 cells), as compared whit the preactivated recipient cytoplasm(85.4 cells), A total of 49 nuclear transplant embryos were tranferrid into 5 recipient does, of which two offsprings were produced from a foster mother 31 days after embryo transfer. these results showed that the blastomeres of G1 phase and non-preactivated oocytes might be utillzed efficiently as donor nuclei and recipient cytoplasms in the nuclear transplant procedure, thought the offspring production remained still low.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제28호
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• pp.131-152
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• 2011

상정조대 장용영(壯勇營)은 정조 즉위 후에 신변안전(身邊安全)과 왕권강화(王權强化)를 이룩할 수 있도록 뒷받침한 친위부대(親衛部隊)였다. 이는 경호학적 관점에서 볼 때 경호제도 발전과 호위(扈衛) 성과, 경호환경(警護環境)조성의 문화적 가치가 있다. 장용영은 조선 후기의 호위제도의 변화 속에서 정조의 정치적 개혁을 실천해 나가는 데 있어서 합당한 제도로 거듭났다. 인조반정 이후에 역 쿠데타를 방지하기 위하여 설치되었던 호위청(扈衛廳)과 어영청(御營廳) 발족, 그리고 효종 때의 군사력 증강을 목표로 금군을 발전 시켰던 제도들은 임시변통적인 것이다. 그러나 장용영은 숙위소${\blacktriangleright}$장용위${\blacktriangleright}$장용영의 과정을 거치면서 보다 지속적이고 미래지향적인 제도로 거듭나 자신의 왕위 계승의 정통성을 지키면서 왕권강화와 민생안정에 대한 정치적 포부를 실현하는 데 실질적으로 뒷받침 할 수 있는 친위부대로 발전하였다. 장용영의 제도에는 효율적인 조직과 운영이 내포되어 있다. 장용영 조직의 특성은 통합성, 전문성, 대규모성을 지닌 것으로서 현대경호의 특성을 드러냈다. 장용영의 군사훈련(軍事訓鍊)과 호위(扈衛)는 분리된 것이 아니었다. 호위 작용에서도 정적인 신변보호(身邊保護)와 숙소경비(宿所警備)의 임무에 충실했으며, 이에 머무르지 않고 보다 폭넓은 활동의 범위에서 일어날 수 있는 돌발 사태에도 충분히 대비하였다. 그리하여 잦은 능행과 대규모의 화성행차 및 병사들의 훈련 참관 등의 폭넓고 자유로운 활동을 뒷받침할 수 있었다. 장용영은 단순히 군사적 기능만을 발휘한 부대가 아니고 문화적 기능을 발휘하여 왕실과 백성들이 위기를 극복하고 하나가 되어 왕의 행차(行次)에 참여하고 왕과 직접 만날 수 있는 계기가 마련되었다. 왕과 병사가 하나가 된 장용영은 정조의 개혁정책을 뒷받침하는 핵심부대로서의 위용(偉容)을 보여줌으로써 왕실의 권위를 높이고 국왕과 신하와 백성들이 하나가 되는 경호문화행사(警護文化行事)의 모범을 보여주었다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.877-886
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• 1995

The recycling nuclear transplantation(NT) technique has the powerful potential of producing a large number of genetically identical embryos and offsprings from one embryo. Multiple generational cloning by this technique utilizes the NT embryo itself as the donor for the next generation of cloning. In this experiment, we have produced the third generational cloned embryos by recycling NT. Further we examined comparatively the electrofusion rate and in vitro developmental potential in the cloned embryos of the first second and third generations. The embryos of 16-cell stage were collected from the mated does by flushing oviducts with Dulberco's phosphate buffered saline containing 10 % fetal calf serum(FCS) at 47 hours after hCG injection. In the first generation NT, the nuclear donor embryos were synchronized in the phase of Gl/S transition of 32-cell stage. The first and second generation NT embryos developed to 16-cell were used as donor nuclei for second and third generation. The recipient cytoplasms were utilized the oocytes collected at 14 hours after hCG injection, following revoming the nucleus and the first polar body by micromanipulation. The separated blastomeres were injected into the enucleated recipient oocytes by micromanipulation and were fused by electrical stimulation. The electrofusion rate was seen to be 78.0, 88.0 and 90.3 % in the first second and third generation NT rabbit embryos, respectively. The fused oocytes were co-cultured with a monolayer of rabbit oviductal epithelial cells in M-199 solution containing 10 % FCS for 120 hours at 39$^{\circ}C$ in a 5% $CO_2$ incubator. The in vitro developmental potential to blastocyst stage was significantly(P<0.05) decreased in the third(7.2 %) generation NT embryos compared to the first(53.1 %) and second(16.1 %) generation NT embryos. Following in vitro development to blastocyst stage, they were stained with Hoechst 33342 dye for counting the number of blastomeres by fluorescence microscopy. The mean blastomere numbers and cell cycle numbers of NT embryos during the culture period were significantly(p<0.05) decreased in the second(93.9 cells and 6.55 cylces) and third(81.5 cells and 1.35 cylces) generation, compared to the first(189.9 cells and 7.55 cylces) generation.