• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.1
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• pp.124-130
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• 2006

To explore the development of photoprotective mechanisms, chlorophyll a fluorescence, chlorophyll and carotenoid content and antioxidant enzyme activity in leaves were investigated at different vitality and leaf development stage of Alnus firma Sieb. et Zucc under tailing condition. The lowest maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) in leaves of high- and low-vitality plants were observed at 12:00 pm and 2:00 pm, respectively, and the decrease of Fv/Fm in leaves of all plants were almost completely restored at 6:00 pm. Fv/Fm of full-expansion leaves was higher than that of emergence leaves at all measurement time. Chlorophyll, ${\beta}$-carotene and xanthophyll content in leaves of high-vitality plants and in full-expansion leaves were higher when compared to those of low-vitality plants and emergence leaves. Especially xanthophyll contents in both stage leaves of high-vitality plants were higher than 8.7 times and 18.8 times those of low-vitality plants. Only SOD activity was seen significant difference between leaf stage in leaves of high-vitality plants.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.322-327
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• 2014

Subculture is the most common method for preservation fungi, but has a disadvantage of accumulation of spontaneous mutations during the repeated subculture. To reduce the subculture frequency, the effect of preservation period at $4^{\circ}C$ in a slant culture was examined on the mycelia growth and lignocellulolytic enzyme activities of various basidiomycetes. Mushrooms, including Stereum ostrea, Coprinellus micaeus, Trametes versicolor, Hypholoma fasciculare, Wolfiporia extensa, Pleurotus pulmonarius, Piptoporus betulinus and Ganoderma applanatum were not affected by the preservation period more than two years, indicating that they can be maintained by subculture every two years. Some other tested fungal strains showed a significant decrease in both viability and enzyme activity when they were maintained for two years, suggesting that they should be subcultured at least once in a year. A little correlation was found between the recovery of mycelial growth and extracellular enzyme activity. In conclusion, mycelial activity and enzyme activity according to storage period is expected to be a way of deciding on subculture times for fungal preservation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.667-676
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine effects of cellulolytic microbes inoculation to sawdust-based spent mushroom substrate(SMS) during deepstacking on fermentation parameters, total microbial counts and cellulolytic enzyme activity and to on SMS nutrients utilization by sheep. For sheep metabolism trials, six sheep(ram, average 54.8kg) were fed a Control diet(70% concentrates, 15% rice straw and 15% SMS with no microbial treatment on a dry basis) and a Treatment diet(the same diet including SMS with a microbial treatment) for 2 trials. Spent mushroom substrates with or without a microbial(4 strains including 1 strain of Enterobacter ludwigii, 1 strain of Bacillus cereus and 2 strains of Bacillus subtillis) treatment (1% of SMS on wet basis) were deepstacked for 7 days. The internal temperatures in 1.2 M/T of SMS deepstacks reached to 50±5℃ within 7 days of storage. Total microbial counts remarkably decreased (P<0.05) with a deepstacking process and were not affected(P>0.05) by the microbial treatment. For fibrolytic enzyme activity, CMCase and xylanase activities were decreased(P<0.05) by a deepstacking process. After deepstacking, the microbial treatment showed about 2.5-times higher(P<0.05) for CMCase activity and about 4-times higher(P<0.05) for xylanase activity than those of the Control. Activities of ligninolytic enzymes such as laccase and MnP were not affected by the microbial treatment. The sheep fed the microbially treated SMS diet had a tendency of greater total tract digestibilities of ash(P=0.051), NFE (P=0.071), hemicellulose(P=0.087) and NDF(P=0.096) than those fed the untreated SMS diet. Nitrogen balance of sheep was not affected(P>0.05) by feeding of microbially treated SMS. Accordingly, these results indicate that cellulolytic microbes inoculation during deepstacking of SMS may improve the bio- utilization of SMS by sheep.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.379-386
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• 2009

The aim of this study was tofind out the effects of supplementation of vitamin A to the diets of high or low amounts of concentrates for ruminants. In the first experiment, ruminal fermentation patterns with the data of pH, VFA production and cellulose disappearance rates in the rumen in vitro were investigated. In the second experiment, enzyme activities, gas production and dry matter degradabilities using cellulolytic bacteria, Ruminococcus flavefaciens were investigated. Ruminal pH was higher in low amounts of concentrates than in high amounts of concentrates as expected, however, no significant differences were found. Cellulose disappearance rates improved in vitamin A addition particularly in early incubation time (before 24h) and also the production of volatile fatty acids increased in vitamin A addition. These trends were more evident in diets containing high amounts of concentrates than in low amounts of concentrates and it may indicate that vitamin A is more required in the diets of high amounts of concentrates. In the second experiment, gas production, enzyme activities and dry matter degradabilities using cellulolytic bacteria, Ruminococcus flavefaciens were not different between vitamin A added and non-added diets. Ruminococcus flavefaciens may not require additional vitamin A for its own growth.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1019-1030
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• 2003

The study was conducted to isolate and identify highly fibrolytic anaerobic fungi from the guts of a Hanwoo steer and a Korean native goat, and then investigate the characterization of cellulolytic activity of an anaerobic fungus. Twenty-one anaerobic fungal colonies were isolated in the study, in which 16 colonies were isolated from the rumen contents of the Hanwoo steer and 5 colonies from the duodenal fluids of the Korean native goat. Four anaerobic fungi were selected based on higher cellulolytic enzyme activities to identify under a optical microscope. NLRI-M003 and -T004 belong to Neocallimastix genus and NLRI-M014 belongs to Piromyces genus based on the morphology of their thallus, sporangia, rhizoid and the number of flagella. NLRI-M001 appeared to be an unknown strain of anaerobic fungi due to its different morphology from existing types of anaerobic fungi, though the morpholgoy is similar to Orpinomyces sp. Supplementation of 2% anaerobic fungal culture(NLRI-M003) in rumen-mixed microorganisms increased in vitro DM degradability of rice straw and filter paper up to 4 and 11%, respectively, compared with non-supplementation(control). CMCase and xylanase activities in in vitro culture were also higher in 2% fungal supplementation than controls in both rice straw and filter paper substrates.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.46-54
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• 2002

This study was conducted to diagnose the health of street trees with physiological characters, and to figure out the relation of physiological characters and cambial electrical resistances. Ginkgo biloba, Prunes serrulata and Salix koreensis were chosen in the Cheonan City. Soils under trees were collected to analyze dehydrogenase activities, and chlorophyll content, nitrate reductase and superoxide dismutase activities were analyzed from leaves sampled at the edge of crown in July. Cambial electrical resistances were measured in May, July and September, Soils with low dehydrogenase activity reflected the level of pollution. Chlorophyll content was the lowest in the leaves of P. serrulata at the Dongseo-street. Nitrate reductase activity of Ginkgo biloba was higher than P. serruluta and Satix koreensis. Nitrate reductase activity showed higher activity in the city than control(Independence Hall and Yonam College), but superoxide dismutase activity in the city lower than control. P. serruzatu in the Dongseo-street that cambial electrical resistance increase continuously during the growing season, showed the loss of vitality Cambial electrical resistance was negatively or positively correlated with nitrate reductase($r^2$=-0.566) and superoxide dismutase activity($r^2$=0.579). It was concluded that cambial electrical resistance might be suitable for diagnosing the tree health.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2007

To investigate the effect of large patch infection on oxidative stress induction, super-oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) were compared between pathogen-infected and healthy (control) zoysiagrass. The sampling for leaves and roots were carried out every 2 days for a period of 6 days. The SOD activity was not significantly affected by pathogen-infection until day 2, but significant increase of both leaves (+48%) and roots (+49%) were observed at day 6 compared with control. The CAT activity was remarkedly increased by +25% in leaves and +101% in roots within the first 2 days and then rapidly decreased. The POD activity in pathogen-infected leaves was significantly increased by 74% at day 6. The increase of POD activity in pathogen-infected roots was 2-fold higher than that of the control at day 6. These results indicated that large patch-infection induce oxidative stress, and that SOD-CAT-POD antioxidant system of zoysiagrass was effectively operated.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.384-387
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• 2004

겨울철 토양에서 ${\beta}-Galactosidase$를 생산하는 균주를 분리하였으며 동정한 결과 그람 음성 간균이고 Pantoea spp. 로 확인되었다. Pantoea spp. 균주의 세포 추출물로부터 DEAE-Sephacel chromatography와 affinity chromatography를 이용하여 ${\beta}-Galactosidase$를 분리하였다. Pantoea spp. 의 ${\beta}-Galactosidase$의 반응 최적 온도는 $45^{\circ}C$이이고 최적 pH는 $5.5{\sim}7.5$이고 열안정성을 조사한 결과 $45^{\circ}C$이상의 온도에서 불활성 되는 것으로 나타났고 E. coli에서 분리된 효소보다 저온에서의 활력이 좋았지만 상업적인 효소인 Kluyveromyces lactis (Validase) 보다는 낮았다.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.21 no.1 s.96
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• pp.20-27
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• 2006

The fibrinolytic activities of soluble proteins extracted from seeds of Coix lacryma-jobi L., Carthamus tinctorius L. and Malva venicillata L. were studied. Fibrinolytic activity of extract from C. lacryma-jobi L. showed 1.3 times higher than plasmin used as positive control. The fibrinolytic enzyme was confirmed and extracted directly from seed of C. lacryma-jobi L. by a fibrin zymography. The protein was composed of a single polypeptide and its apparent molecular weight was found to be 7.8 kDa, as judged by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The effect of temperature for the proteolytic enzyme activity were stabilized above $50^{\circ}C$ and then dramatically decreased. Also, the enzyme activity was clearly inhibited by APMSF, PMSF and TPCK, suggesting that it is a member of the chymotrypsin-like serine pretense. In addition, effects of gamma-irradiated on seed of each plants were revealed that 8 Gy and 64 Gy were higher than others. This result shown that gamma-irradiation of seeds were capable to increase the fibrinolytic activity. All these results suggest the pretense is a fibrinolytic enzyme belong to a family of chymotrypsin-like serine pretense.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.841-848
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• 2004

Rapid detection of viable Salmonella in pasteurized milk is important to protect public health from food poisoning. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) is recognized as a molecular genetical method to differentiate between live and dead bacteria The RT-PCR in this study was designed to detect specifically viable Salmonella in milk by using the primers whose nucleotide sequences were determined based on fimA gene which encodes the submit of type 1 fimbriae. Treatment of RNA preparation with RNase-free DNase was adequate enough to destroy DNA, which may otherwise be amplified in the RT PCR Seven strains of Salmonella were detected in the RT-PCR but Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei, Citrobacter freundii, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were not. $10^7/ml$ and $10^6/ml$ of dead Salmonella which were heat-treated in milk were detectable by using the RT-PCR but $10^5{\sim}10/ml$ of the dead bacteria were not. The sensitivity of the RT-PCR in detecting viable Salmonella was 100 cells/ml.