• KSBB Journal
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.93-97
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• 2004

We investigate the effect of enzyme pretreatment using protease, carbohydrase, and lipase on improvement of sludge treatment efficiency by measuring SCOD and TCOD. The enzyme-pretreatment increases SCOD of excess sludge. In addition, the amount of sludge reduction during digestion, in terms of SCOD and TCOD, are enhanced by enzyme-pretreatment. Among pretense, carbohydrase, and lipase, pretense showed the best enhancement of the sludge treatment efficiency. Sludge digestion followed by ozone and enzyme treatments showed more effective sludge treatment when compared with ozone treatment alone. Therefore, we expect that enzyme pretreatment can be used as a useful tool for enhancing the sludge treatment efficiency.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.985-994
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• 2019

Muberry (Morus alba L.) leaves fermented with Hericium erinaceum mycelium (MA-HE) were assessed for the protection against oxidative modification of antioxidant enzymes, Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase(SOD) and ceruloplasmin(CP). MA-HE were shown to significantly inhibited oxidative modifications and inactivations of Cu,Zn-SOD and CP induced by peroxyl radical. Antioxidant activity of MA-HE evaluated using peroxyl radical scavenging assays. MA-HE showed 44.03% of peroxyl radical scavenging activity at $100{\mu}g/mL$. Thus, MA-HE protect the antioxidant enzymes from oxidative damage by the scavenging peroxyl radicals. The results suggested that MA-HE was effectively removed reactive oxygen species in cells, thereby protecting cytotoxicity caused by oxidative stress.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.8
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• pp.1228-1235
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• 2014

We investigated the antioxidant activities and effects of soy-sprout extracts (SE) against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. The major free amino acids were asparagine, valine, pheylalanine, histidine, isoleucine, and leucine in SE. Both soy-spout extract by enzyme (SEE) and soy-spout extract by ultra high pressure (SEP) showed higher contents compared with soy-sprout water extract (SEW). The total polyphenol and isoflavone contents were highest in SEE. SEE had the highest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities as well. To determine the effects of SE on $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative damage, cell viability was measured using XTT assay. Pre-treatment with SEE and SEP significantly increased cell viability compared with $H_2O_2$-treated control cells by 29% and 32%, respectively. These results indicate that SEE and SEP possess antioxidant activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.239-246
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• 1989

Preventive effect of azalea pollen extracts against aniline-induced hepatic toxicity in mice was investigated in this experiment. When the biochemical and histological changes were measured, preventive effect was more striking by treatment with water extract. After treatment with azalea pollen extracts, hepatic microsomal aniline hydroxylase activity increased as compared to control. Whereas, aniline level in serum and liver significantly decreased. The Vmax value without affecting Km value increased by the water extract treatment, the results obtained suggest that the characteristics of increase in the aniline hydroxylase activity may include induction of enzyme proteins. These data indicate that the observed preventive effects of azalea pollen extracts against hepatotoxicity is due to the induction of aniline metabolizing enzyme.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.945-951
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• 1998

Background: Although profound hypothermia with total circulatory arrest(TCA) is a valuable maneuver in cardiac surgery, its applications have been limited due to serious complications, especially cerebral damage. In this study, the possible role of creatinine kinase-BB(CK-BB), an index enzyme of ischemic cerebral damage, was assayed as a parameter for the assessment of the cerebral complications after TCA. Hemoglobin(Hb), ionized calcium(Ca++), and blood glucose levels were also assessed as clinical parameters involved in cerebral damage. Materials and methods: Among patients with congenital heart disease, 18 patients who had been operated on with TCA were randomly selected and divided into two groups: 6 with acyanotic and 12 with cyanotic heart disease. Arterial blood from each patient was collected before and after TCA at scheduled times(15 min., 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12hr). The levels of CK-BB, Hb, Ca++, and blood glucose were assessed in each sample. Results: As a whole, correlation between CK-BB level and blood sampling time after TCA was not statistically significant. Also, the difference in the level of CK-BB after TCA was not significant between the acyanotic and cyanotic groups. The levels of Hb and CK-BB correlated significantly. Conclusions: The results, which showed no correlation between the alterations in CK-BB level and the TCA duration, suggest that the single assay of the CK-BB level is not a representative measurement for the assessment of cerebral damage after TCA. Also, the cyanotic congenital heart disease group is not more vulnerable to cerebral damage induced by TCA.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.7
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• pp.970-974
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• 2015

This study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of quercetin against radiation-induced hepatocellular and hematopoiectic damage in BALB/c mice. Mice were exposed to 6 Gy of ${\gamma}$-radiation and orally administered quercetin (25, 50 mg/kg b.w.) for 7 consecutive days. ${\gamma}$-Irradiation caused marked elevation of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, levels as well as reduction of spleen index, thymus index, and the number of white blood cells. In addition, ${\gamma}$-irradiation induced significant elevation of lipid peroxidation as well as reduction of antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. However, post-treatment with quercetin resulted in a significant recovery of all of these parameters. These results suggest that quercetin acts as a potent radioprotector against irradiation-induced cellular damage in mice.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.73-80
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• 2014

Pretreatment of chinese cabbage leaves with $100{\mu}M$ sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, effectively improved their tolerance to subsequent $2{\mu}M$ paraquat (PQ)-induced oxidative damage. The fresh weight, and chlorophyll and protein contents in primary leaves treated with PQ alone were noticeably reduced over 24 h light incubation. However, these leaf injury symptoms were significantly alleviated with $100{\mu}M$ SNP pretreatment for 3 h prior to PQ exposure. In additions, the increase of the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and $H_2O_2$ due to PQ exposure were significantly inhibited by SNP pretreatment. Together with the protective effects of SNP against PQ toxicity in leaves, the changes of ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes activities were examined. In the PQ alone treatment, the activities of APX, DHAR, and GR after 6 h incubation were rapidly reduced and showed 19%, 50% and 39% respectively, compared with those of the control. However, the decreases in these enzyme activities were significantly inhibited by SNP pretreatment. As a result, their activities were higher than those of PQ alone treatment by 5 times, 2 times, and 1.5 times, respectively, at 6 h incubation. Thereafter, these enzymes decrease their activities gradually showing high levels than those of PQ alone. Based on the above results, it can be assumed that the activation of ascorbate-glutathione cycle by SNP pretreatment in chinese cabbage leaves exposed to PQ can prevent $H_2O_2$ accumulation, thereby leading to protection against PQ-induced oxidative stress. Also, these results indicate that NO acts as an protectant against PQ stress in the leaves of chinese cabbage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.412-417
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• 1993

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of old antler extracts on the hepatic detoxifying enzyme activities of the benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P)-induced rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups and fed either AIN-76 diet or modified AIN-76 diet with old antler extracts (Water-ext, Neutral-ext, Ether-ext) four weeks. B(a)P treatment significantly decreased growth performance of rats. But this decrement was prevented by supplementation of old antler extracts. B(a)P treatment elevated glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of rats, but this increment was reduced by old antler extracts supplementation. There was a tendency of lower cytochrome P-450 contents in B(a)P treated rats. However administration of old antler extracts increased this enzyme activity. Hepatic glutathione (GSH) levels were not affected by the old antler extracts administration. Lipid peroxide (LPO) levels were higher in the B(a)P treatment than in the control group and lower by old antler extracts supplementation. Present data showed that old antler extracts influenced on B(a)P-treated rats, and also the degree of antihepatotoxic effect was greater in water extract supplemented rats.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.1394-1401
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 12 wk of aerobic exercise on lipid profiles, antioxidant enzyme activities, oxidative products, and autonomic nervous activity (ANA) in children with obesity. We studied 16 children with obesity and 19 age-matched normal weight controls over a period of 12 wk, during which time moderate intense running exercise was performed. Measurements included peak oxygen uptake, body composition, blood lipid profiles, ox-LDL, 8-OHdG, SOD, GPx activities, total mRNA, and ANA. There were no differences in body weight between periods in the OW group, but body weight increased after 12 wk in OR and CO groups. There were no differences in WHR between periods in the OR and CO groups, but the WHR values decreased after 12 weeks in the OW group. In the obese group, the baseline TG was higher than in the controls (p<0.05), while the ANA level was lower. There were differences in antioxidant enzyme gene expressions between periods in all groups. In conclusion, oxidative damage and antioxidant enzyme activities in obese children were found to be similar to those of normal weight children. However, TG was higher and ANA was lower in obese children than in normal weight children. These results indicated that increased TG and decreased ANA levels begins in childhood in obese patients. Also, regular aerobic exercise may modify the antioxidant enzyme gene expression in early life.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.3-14
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• 1993

Oxidants in environment or cigarette smoke are known to be implicated in the oxidative damages of pulmonary system. Such cellular damages are prevented by the presence of adequate levels of antioxidants in the tissue. In the present study, we investigated the influences of smoking duration and concentration of smoke on lung antioxidant defense in rats. Subchronic exposure of rats to smoke generated from 6 cigarettes per day for 90 days caused the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) to increase. However, glutathione peroxidase (GP-Xase) was not significantly changed. Total sulfhydryl compounds (Total-SH) in the lung homogenates from the rats inhaled with cigarette smoke for 15 days was decreased by 44% , thereafter it was returned to the level of normal rats. On the contrary, when rats were daily exposed to a different concentration of smoke generated from 1 to 20 cigarettes per day for 15 days, the activity of catalase was increased gradually with dose, but total SOD activity was increased only in the rats of low dose groups less than 5 cigarettes. Three types of SOD (one Cu, Zn-SOD with pI 4.9, and two Zn-SOD with pI 4.7 and 7.9)were detected in the lung homogenates and Zn-SOD with pI 4.7 was the major and cigarette-smoke inducible form. These results indicate that the protection of lung against oxidants from cigarette smoke seems to be accomplished by the induction of catalase and SOD, especially a cyanide resistant Zn-SOD with pI 4.f, following the consumption of antioxidants such as GSH in the beginning of inhalation period.