• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.519-532
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• 2018

We investigated the effect of galactic plane toward molecular motion and kinematics in the northern filament (NF) of Orion Molecular Clouds Complex (OMC) using $^{12}CO$ (J=1-0) line. Observed data were from three areas including NF1, NF2, and NF3 in far-out order from galactic plane, for a total 270 hours by Seoul National University Radio Astronomy Observatory (SRAO) 6m telescope, with 2arcmin spatial resolution. galactic plane and OMC NF were connected to each other along the magnetic field at a density of 3% for $^{12}CO$ (J=2-1) and 9% for the case of dust. $^{12}CO$ (J=1-0), $^{12}CO$ (J=2-1), and interstellar dusts were distributed uniformly in NF3, but only in certain regions with relatively high density in NF1 and NF2. NF showed a single structure, partial shrinking motion in NF1, and rotational motion at the bottom of NF2, and spiral rotation associated with magnetic field only in NF3. The position-velocity analysis showed that the materials including $^{12}CO$ (J=1-0) could flow toward galactic plane along NF2 and NF3. However, there was no clear cause for the material to flow toward galactic plane in this result. Further detailed observation for rotational motion at the top of NF1 and NF2 might help to confirm it.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate basic data of development for appropriate management system in broiler. Data such as ages at marketing, livability, body weight, etc. were collected from a total of 53 broiler farms located in Chungnam, Chungbuk, Jeollanam, Jeollabuk, Gyeongbuk. 1. Average of ages at marketing were 32 days. Those of windowless house and open-type house were 31.96 and 32.03 days, respectively. The significant difference among four seasons was highly found (P<0.001). The longest ages at marketing were 32.86 days in winter. Average of livability was 96.25%. According to type of chick house, those of windowless house and open-type house were 95.93% and 96.59%, respectively. The livability according to season showed significant difference (P<0.05). The highest livability was 97.39% in autumn. However, the lowest livability was 95.36% in summer. 2. Average body weight at marketing was 1.62 kg. The significant difference was found in marketing weight by season (P<0.05). The heaviest body weight was 1.65 kg in winter, but the lowest weight was 1.60 kg in summer. Average of FCR was 1.62. the significant differences according to the season were highly found (P<0.01). Especially, the best FCR was 1.59 in autumn. Average cycles of marketing was 5.70. The significant differences according to farms size were found (P<0.05), cycles of small farms and big farms were 5.8 and 5.3, respectively. The ages at marketing were highly correlated with marketing weight (r=0.684) and feed conversion (r=0.439). The correlation between feed conversion and livability was highly negative (r=-0.614). According to the above result, livability and body weight at marketing were badly detected in summer. In conclusion, broiler farms should be controlled through properly environmental management system for improvement of performances.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.2 s.40
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• pp.108-115
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• 2005

Gyeonggi metamorphic complex in the Gwangju area include banded biotite gneiss and quartzofeldspathic gneiss. Detailed structural analysis suggests that structural elements in the study area were formed by at least five phase of deformations. Penetrative compositional foliations(S1) formed in the banded gneiss during the first metamorphism and deformation (D1). After intrusion of plutonic rocks, the second deformation (D2) produced S2 foliations in the banded gneiss and quartzofeldspathic gneiss during the second metamorphism. D3 structures are represented by isoclinal folds (F3) whose axial surfaces are parallel to S3 foliations. The N-S oriented shortening (D4) was accommodated by closed upright F4 fold with about 100m of axial surface separation. F4 fold is refolded by regional F5 folding resulting in different orientation and fold style of F4 fold according to the position of F5 fold. The F4 fold with tight interlimb angle is subparallel to the axial surface (north-south) of F5 fold in the core of the F5 fold. In contrast the F4 fold trends northeast in the western limb and northwest in the eastern limb of F5 fold. The interlimb angle is larger in the limbs than that in the core of F5 fold. The trace of foliations is constrained by mainly F4 and F5 folds. Joint fanning around fold is developed in the limbs of F5 fold and bc joints are dominant in the hinge area of F5 fold. A strike-slip fault had developed in tile central part of the study area after F5 folding. The orientation of joint and foliation is rotated anticlockwise about $15^{\circ}$ by the landslide occurred during the Quaternary.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.3 s.68
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• pp.353-370
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• 1998

This study was conducted to investigate the changes in the structural parts of the craniofacial skeleton subsequent to chincap therapy in the juvenile skeletal Class III patients. The subject consisted of 29 Korean children(14 males, 15 females) who had skeletal Class III malocclusion and were undergone chincap therapy from the beginning of the treatment (and an auxilliary upper removable appliance, if necessary). The control group was composed of 21 children(10 males, 11 females) with skeletal Class III malocclusion who had no orthodontic treatment. Cephalometric data at the mean age of 7 and 2 years later were analyized by finite element method, and compared between groups by independent group t-test(p<0.05). The results of the present study were as follows; 1. There were no significant changes in the cranial base, posterior face, upper anterior face, ramus, chin and soft tissues by the chincap therapy. 2. The mandibular body showed significant differences in the minimum extention ratio and the overall shape ratio. This means that the vertical direction of growth was retarded by the chincap therapy. 3. The major direction of the growth in the maxillary basal bone was significantly more horizontal in the experimental group, which suggests that the vertical growth of maxilla was inhibited. 4. There was statistical difference in the major direction of the growth of the anterior face between groups. This may be due to the significant difference in the major direction of growth of the lower anterior face, supposed to be resulted from the mandibular rotation and/or displacement by the chincap therapy. The change in the oral functional space seemed to be caused by the same reason. 5. From the standpoint of these results, the retardation of growth, the changes of the growth direction and the morphological changes could be accepted partly, but the major effect of the chincap seems to be the rotation and the displacement of the mandible.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.213-230
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to analyze the initial movement and the stress distribution of each tooth and periodontal ligament during the lingual lever-arm retraction of 6 maxillary incisors using FEA. Two kinds of finite element models were produced: 2-properties model (simple model) and 24-properties model (multi model) according to the material property assignment. The subject was an adult male of 23 years old. The DICOM images through the CT of the patient were converted into the 3D image model of a skull using the Mimics (version 10.11, Materialise's interactive Medical Image Control System, Materialise, Belgium). After series of calculating, remeshing, exporting, importing process and volume mesh process was performed, FEA models were produced. FEA models are consisted of maxilla, maxillary central incisor, lateral incisor, canine, periodontal ligaments and lingual traction arm. The boundary conditions fixed the movements of posterior, sagittal and upper part of the model to the directions of X, Y, Z axis respectively. The model was set to be symmetrical to X axis. Through the center of resistance of maxilla complex, a retraction force of 200g was applied horizontally to the occlusal plane. Under this conditions, the initial movements and stress distributions were evaluated by 3D FEA. In the result, the amount of posterior movement was larger in the multi model than in the simple model as well as the amount of vertically rotation. The pattern of the posterior movement in the central incisors and lateral incisors was controlled tipping movement, and the amount was larger than in the canine. But the amount of root movement of the canine was larger than others. The incisor rotated downwardly and the canines upwardly around contact points of lateral incisor and canine in the both models. The values of stress are similar in the both simple and multi model.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.843-859
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• 2017

The JK-1 isolate which was the best producer of indole-3-acetic acid and carotenoid among the 388 strains isolated from 28 wetlands in Jeju, was identified to be Rhodopseudomonas palustirs belongs to a typical group of non sulfur purple bacteria based on 16S sRNA sequencing. This study investigated the effect of different cultural conditions of pH, temperature, agitation, light and aeration on growth, IAA and carotenoid production of photosynthetic bacterium JK-1 for optimization of IAA and carotenoid production. It was found that growth, IAA, carotenoid, and bacteriochlorophyll production with light (3,000~3,500 Lux) and agitation (100 rpm) showed better results than those with dark/static or dark/agitation (100 rpm) in anaerobic conditions. The optimal pH, temperature and agitation speed for cell growth were 7, $30^{\circ}C$, 150 rpm, for IAA production were 9, $30^{\circ}C$, 150rpm and for carotenoid production were 6, $25^{\circ}C$, 50 rpm, cultured for 72 h under anaerobic light, respectively. The growth and IAA production were high in aerobic culture compared with anaerocic culture, whereas carotenoid and bacteriochlorophyll content were decreased extremely in aerobic condition (0.5~1 vvm). Subsequently, the optimal culture conditions for JK-1 were selected with pH 7, $30^{\circ}C$ and 100 rpm under anaerobic light and the effect on plant growth was tested by pot assay. Inoculation of JK-1 with 3% (v/v) level caused increase in shoot and root dry weigh that varied from 20%~58% to 40%~28% in young radish in camparison to uninoculated treatment at 50 days of growth. The study suggests that the JK-1 isolate may serve as efficient biofertilizer inoculants to promote plant growth.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.1075-1082
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• 2016

In order to calculate the optimum installation interval between a speed hump and hump type crosswalk that are installed continuously in succession, this study examined the speed of a vehicle that passes different intervals between speed humps and hump type crosswalks from the approach section of a roundabout having a maximum speed limit of 30km/h; analyzed the effects of speed humps and hump type crosswalks installed continuously in succession on vehicle driving speed; and simulated the optimum installation height of hump type crosswalk. As a result, the following conclusion was drawn. First, it was found that the optimum interval between a speed hump and hump type crosswalk, which are the representative traffic calming techniques for reducing vehicle speed, to control vehicle speed under 30km/h is 30m. Second, as a result of comparing the deceleration of a vehicle that pass hump type crosswalks, it was found that if the installation interval is 65 m and above, a speed hump and hump type crosswalk had no effect. Therefore, it is desirable that the maximum installation interval between a speed hump and hump type crosswalk for controlling vehicle speed within a fixed road section should not exceed 65m. Third, the analysis showed that the optimum installation height of hump type crosswalk is 6-8cm in case vehicle speed at the approach section is 20km/h or lower, 8-10cm in case of 30km/h, and 10cm in case of 30km/h or higher, respectively. Fourth, even at a road section on which a speed hump and hump type crosswalk are installed, speed reduction effects may sometimes be insignificant due to a driver's studying effect, traffic conditions and so on. Thus, it is judged that speed reduction effects will be greater if several traffic calming techniques such as speed hump, chicane, and choker are applied at the same time. Therefore, in case of applying traffic calming techniques for the purpose of reducing vehicle speed in order to promote pedestrian safety, the composite application of several techniques should be considered.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.30 no.1_2
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• pp.129-138
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• 2018

Purpose : An aim of this study was to compare the effect of multi leaf collimator(MLC) types for high dimension radiotherapy in treatment sites used clinically. Material and Method : 70 patients with lung cancer, spine cancer, prostate cancer, whole pelvis, head and neck, breast cancer were included in this study. High definition(HD) MLC of TrueBeam STx (Varian Medical system, Palo Alto, CA) and millenium(M) MLC of VitalBeam (Varian Medical system, Palo Alto, CA) were used. Radiotherapy plans were performed for each patient under same treatment goals with Eclipse (Version 13.7, Varian Palo Alto USA, CA). To compare the indicators of the radiotherapy plans, planning target volume(PTV) coverage, conformity index(CI), homogeneity index(HI), and clinical indicators for each treatment sites in normal tissues were evaluated. To evaluate low dose distribution, $V_{30%}$ values were compared according to MLC types. Additionally, length and volume of targets for each treatment sites were investigated. Result : In stereotatictic body radiotherapy(SBRT) plan for lung, the average value of PTV coverage was reduced by 0.52 % with HD MLC. With SBRT plan using HD MLC for spine, the average value of PTV coverage decreased by 0.63 % and maximum dose decreased by 1.13 %. In the test of CI and HI, the values in SBRT plan with HD MLC for spine were 1.144, 1.079 and the values using M MLC were 1.160, 1.092 in SBRT plan for lung, The dose evaluation of critical organ was reduced by 1.48 % in the ipsilateral lung mean dose with HD MLC. In prostate cancer volumetric modulated arc therapy(VMAT) with HD MLC, the mean dose and the $V_{30}$ of bladder and the mean dose and the $V_{25}$ of rectum were reduced by 0.53 %, 1.42 %, 0.97 %, and 0.69 %, respectively (p<0.05). The average value of heart mean dose was reduced by 0.83 % in breast cancer VMAT with M MLC. Other assessment indices for treatment sites showed no significant difference between treatment plans with two types of MLC. Conclusion : Using HD MLC had a positive impact on the PTV coverage and normal tissue sparing in usually short or small targets such as lung and spine SBRT and prostate VMAT. But, there was no significant difference in targets with long and large such as lung, head and neck, and whole pelvis for VMAT.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.38 no.6_1
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• pp.1057-1068
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• 2022

This paper compares the combination performance of feature point-based matching algorithms as a study to confirm the matching possibility between image taken by a user and a virtual texture image with the goal of developing mobile-based real-time image positioning technology. The feature based matching algorithm includes process of extracting features, calculating descriptors, matching features from both images, and finally eliminating mismatched features. At this time, for matching algorithm combination, we combined the process of extracting features and the process of calculating descriptors in the same or different matching algorithm respectively. V-World 3D desktop was used for the virtual indoor texture image. Currently, V-World 3D desktop is reinforced with details such as vertical and horizontal protrusions and dents. In addition, levels with real image textures. Using this, we constructed dataset with virtual indoor texture data as a reference image, and real image shooting at the same location as a target image. After constructing dataset, matching success rate and matching processing time were measured, and based on this, matching algorithm combination was determined for matching real image with virtual image. In this study, based on the characteristics of each matching technique, the matching algorithm was combined and applied to the constructed dataset to confirm the applicability, and performance comparison was also performed when the rotation was additionally considered. As a result of study, it was confirmed that the combination of Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT)'s feature and descriptor detection had the highest matching success rate, but matching processing time was longest. And in the case of Features from Accelerated Segment Test (FAST)'s feature detector and Oriented FAST and Rotated BRIEF (ORB)'s descriptor calculation, the matching success rate was similar to that of SIFT-SIFT combination, while matching processing time was short. Furthermore, in case of FAST-ORB, it was confirmed that the matching performance was superior even when 10° rotation was applied to the dataset. Therefore, it was confirmed that the matching algorithm of FAST-ORB combination could be suitable for matching between virtual texture image and real image.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.51-60
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• 2021

Purpose: Radiocarpal dislocation (RCD), which is caused by high-energy trauma, often involves radial styloid fractures and short radiolunate ligament (SRLL) injuries. Although SRLL injuries may occur as a simple rupture at the attachment site of radius, it may occur with a relatively large avulsed-fragment in the volar rim of the lunate facet of the radius. This study aimed to differentiate the injury type of SRLL and assess the differences in the treatment results depending on the treatment methods that have been applied in RCD with radial styloid fractures. Materials and Methods: Eighteen patients managed surgically with RCD were enrolled in this study. The patients were classified as Group 1 and Group 2 by using the Dumontier method. In this study, Group 2 was subdivided into 2A (purely ligamentous or small avulsion fracture of the volar rim of lunate facet) and 2B (large avulsed-fragment enough to internal fixation) according to the injury type of SRLL. Groups 2A and 2B were treated with direct repair and screw fixation, respectively. Pain, range of motion of the wrist joint, grip strength, and complications on final radiographs were examined. The outcomes were evaluated using patient-rated wrist evaluation (PRWE), and modified Mayo wrist score (MMWS). Results: All patients were Group 2 (six and twelve patients in 2A and 2B, respectively). The mean flexion to extension arch recovered 79%,and the mean grip strength was 72.9% of the uninjured side. Group 2A showed better recovery in extension, flexion and pronation than Group 2B, but there was no difference in radial deviation, ulnar deviation, supination, grip strength and pain. No differences in the PRWE and MMWS were observed between two groups. Complications included traumatic arthritis in seven patients and residual instability in five patients. Conclusion: When the SRLL was injured, the involvement of a large avulsion fracture on the anterior plane of the radiolunate did not affect the test results. On the other hand, it should be observed cautiously because avulsion fractures tend to disturb the joint's reduction through rotation or displacement. In addition, anatomical reduction and sturdy internal fixation are important for restoring the function of the SRLL.