• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.10
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• pp.1140-1146
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• 2009

Purpose:The pathophysiology of magnesium, the second highest common compound in humans, is still unclear, especially in preterm babies. We accessed the association between total magnesium (tMg), ionized Mg (iMg), and gestational age (GA) and that between serum magnesium (sMg) and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in preterm babies. Methods:In all, 119 inborn preterm infants admitted between July 2006 and February 2008 were divided into the IVH group (19) and the control group (100) and were prospectively analyzed. TMg, iMg, pH, total calcium (tCa), and ionized Ca (iCa) levels were determined immediately after delivery or within 3 hours after birth, and their correlation with GA were investigated. Results:TMg was not correlated with GA, tCa, iCa, and pH. IMg was correlated with tMg (r=0.288, P=0.002) and iCa (r=0.212, P=0.021); however, it was not correlated with GA and pH. Mean GA and birth weight were significantly lower (P=0.002) and smaller (P=0.030) in the IVH group. Mean sMg was higher in the IVH group ($2.5{\pm}0.9mg/dL$) than in the control group ($2.1{\pm}0.6mg/dL$) (P=0.021). SMg was a risk factor even after logistic regression analysis (OR, 2.798; 95% C.I., 1.265-6.192; P=0.011). Conclusion:In less than 37-week-old preterm babies, tMg and iMg were similar, regardless of GA. High sMg may be a risk factor for IVH in premature babies, regardless of their exposure to antenatal magnesium.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.361-365
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• 2005

For the EXP 1, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of MSM (methyl sulfonyl methane) supplementation on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in pigs. Sixty crossbred (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) pigs (48.15±0.15㎏ average initial body weight) were used in a 35 days growth assay. Dietary treatments included 1) Control (basal diet), 2) T1 (basal diet＋0.01% MSM) and 3) T2 (basal diet＋0.02% MSM). For overall period, average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed efficiency were not significantly different among the treatments (p＆gt;0.05). Digestibilies of DM, N, Ca and P were not significant defferences (p＆gt;0.05). For the EXP 2, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of MSM and antibiotic supplementation on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in pigs. One hundred crossbred (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) pigs (33.85±0.15㎏ average initial body weight) were used in a 42 days growth assay. Dietary treatments included 1) Control (basal diet), 2) T1 (basal diet＋0.05% neomycin sulfate, 0.055% oxytetracycline), 3) T2 (Con diet＋0.01% MSM) and T3 (T1＋0.01% MSM). For overall period, average daily gain and average daily feed intake of pigs fed T3, T2 diets were higher than those of CON diet (p＆lt;0.05). Average daily gain was not significantly different between T2 and T3. However, food efficiency of pigs fed CON was the highest among the treatments (p＆lt;0.05). Pigs fed T3 diet increased nutrient digestibility compared to other treatments (p＆lt;0.05). In conclusion, the results suggest that the dietary addition of MSM and antibiotics into diets for pigs affect growth performance and nutrient digestibility.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.303-309
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• 2008

The physico-chemical properties of the rainfall interception culture (85 sites) and the open field culture soils (85 sites) in the area of Gochang-gun, Jeollabuk-do were surveyed. Soil textural distribution of the rainfall interception culture and the open field culture soils was 74% and 64% for silt loam, 16% and 35% for loam, and 10% and 1% for clay, respectively. The percentage of aggregate rates was higher in the open field culture soils (60.06%) than rainfall interception culture soils (55.84%). Electrical conductivity, exchangeable cations, and anions in the rainfall interception culture soils were higher than those in open field soils. Specially, accumulated amount of anion in rainfall interception culture soils was remarkably higher 2~3 times than open field culture soils. The results from the analyses of rainfall interception culture soils suggested that the most critical problem is the salts accumulation caused by over-fertilization of chemical fertilizer and compost. Therefore, application rates of chemical fertilizer and compost should be controlled in order to conservation of soil and water for sustainable agriculture.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.30
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• pp.23-46
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• 2023

The Jija Chongtong Gun, owned by Seokdang Museum of Dong-A University, is a tubedstyle heavy weapon of the battlefield in the mid-Joseon Dynasty and is the second largest firearm after Cheonja Chongtong. The original surface color of the Jija Chongtong Gun was obscured by foreign substances and therefore it was judged that its condition requires the conservation treatment. For stable conservation treatment, gamma ray and X-ray non-destructive transmission surveys was conducted to determine the internal structure and conservation condition. And the component analysis on the material components and surface contaminants of Jija Chongtong Gun was conducted by utilizing the p-XRF component analysis, SEM-EDS component analysis, and XRD analysis. As a result of the gamma-ray and X-ray non-destructive transmission investigation, a large amount of air bubbles was observed inside Jija Chongtong Gun, and the part that appeared to be a chaplet by visual observation was not identified. As a result of gamma-ray and p-XRF component analysis, it was confirmed that Jija Chongtong Gun was bronze made of copper (Cu), tin (Sn), and lead (Pb) alloy. As a result of surface analysis of foreign substances using SEM-EDS, it was confirmed that the main components of white foreign substances were calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), and titanium (Ti). Titanium was presumed to be titanium dioxide (TiO₂), the main component of white correction fluid. The red foreign substance was confirmed to contain barium (Ba) as its main ingredient, and was presumed to be barium sulfate (BaSO₄), an extender pigment in paint. White and red contaminants, mainly composed of titanium and barium, are presumed to have been deposited on the surface in recent years. The yellow foreign substances were confirmed to be aluminum (Al) and silicon (Si), and were presumed to have originated from soil components. As a result of SEM-EDS and XRD component analysis, the white foreign substance was confirmed to be gypsum (CaS). Based on the results of component analysis, surface impurities were removed, stabilization treatment, and strengthening treatment were performed. During the conservation process, unknown inscriptions Woo (右), Byeong (兵), Sang (上), and Yi (二) were discovered through a portable microscope and precise 3D scanning. In addition, the carving method, depth, and width of the inscription were measured. Woo Byeong Sang is located above Happo Fortress in Changwon, and Yi can be identified as the second hill.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.12
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• pp.1720-1725
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• 2011

Aspartic acid chelated iron (Asp-Fe) was synthesized by a new method using calcium carbonate, aspartic acid, and ferrous sulfate. This study was carried out to investigate the bioavailability of Asp-Fe in iron-deficient rats. We divided the rats into four experimental groups. The first was the normal diet control group, or NC. The second was the no treated control group of iron-deficient (ID) rats, or ID+C. The third was the heme-iron (heme-Fe) treated group of ID rats, ID+heme-Fe. And the fourth was the Asp-Fe treated group of ID rats, or ID+Asp-Fe. There were no differences among any of the experimental groups in diet consumption, change of body weight, or the weight of the livers, kidneys, or spleens. After 7 days of feeding, the iron content in the sera of the ID+Asp-Fe group (175.2 ${\mu}g$/dL) and the ID+heme-Fe group (140.8 ${\mu}g$/dL) were significantly higher than that of the ID-C group (96.1 ${\mu}g$/dL). The total iron binding capacity (TIBC) of the ID+Asp-Fe group (735.4 ${\mu}g$/dL) was significantly normalized compared to the ID+C group (841.9 ${\mu}g$/dL) or ID+heme-Fe group (824.6 ${\mu}g$/dL). The hematocrit level of the ID+Asp-Fe group was increased to normal levels, but there was no statistical difference among ID groups. The absorption ratio of heme-Fe was 21.3% and that of Asp-Fe was 50.2%, which indicates a 2.3 times higher ratio in comparison with heme iron. With the above results we found that Asp-Fe seems to be an efficient form of iron to supply iron deficient rats in order to cure them of anemia. Thus, these findings suggest that aspartic acid chelated iron has the potential to serve as a functional food related to iron metabolism.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.134-140
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• 2005

Boiling point and distillation range, melting range, and identification methods in general test method of Korea, Japan, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee of Food Additives (JECFA), and USA on chemical food additives were compared. Boiling point of propylene glycol was indicated as boiling point in Korea, distillate in Japan, distillation range in JECFA and USA, and its value was up to the standard. Distillation range of propionic acid was indicated as distillate in Korea and Japan, distillation range in JECFA and USA, and its value was up to the standard. There is no standard on distillation range of isopropyl alcohol in Japanese method. Test method of melting range on synthetic food additives was identical in all organizations, and there are 28 items to which this test method applies in Korean Food Additives Code. The standards on molting range of D-mannitol were different in various organizations, and in USA method there are no standards to which L-ascorbic acid, calciferol, and fumaric acid apply. Synthetic food additives performing the identification test were 251 items in Korean Food Additives Code, but there are no items to which manganese, glycerophosphate, bromate, thiosulfate, and bromide apply. Calcium benzoate was dissolved by heating in benzoate test and we could not identify the citrate in ferric citrate by method (2) of Korea and Japan. Identification test methods for ammonium, lactate, magnesium, copper, sulfate, phosphate, and zinc were identical in all organizations, and these could be identifed by current identification methods.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.209-218
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• 2016

PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 samples were collected at the 1100 site of Mt. Halla in Jeju Island during 2011~2012, and their ionic and elemental species were analyzed, in order to investigate the characteristics of emission sources as well as aerosol compositions. The mass concentrations of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were 22.0±13.1 µg/m³ and 11.3±6.1 µg/m³, respectively, showing 2.4~2.6 times lower than those of the capital city area of Korea. The composition ratios of major secondary pollutants (nss-SO₄²⁻, NH₄⁺, and NO₃⁻) were the highest as 85.5 % for PM₁₀ and 91.3 % for PM_2.5, and followed by the order of marine (Na⁺, Cl⁻, and Mg²⁺), organic acid (HCOO⁻ and CH₃COO⁻), and soil (nss-Ca²⁺) sources. Among the elemental species in PM₁₀, soil-originated components (Al, Fe, and Ca) were consisted of 50.9 %, which was higher proportion than marine and anthropogenic elements. The acidification of the fine particulate matters was found to be influenced mostly by sulfuric and nitric acids, and these acids were mainly neutralized by calcium carbonate in PM₁₀ and by ammonia in PM_2.5. The clustered back trajectories showed that 47 % of total air mass inflows was from the China, and the concentrations of NO₃⁻ and nss-Ca²⁺ were especially high corresponding to the inflows.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 2000

This study was performed to provide scientific information for consumers and to increase the quality and consumption of Sullungtang prepared with bone from Hanwoo. The physico-chemical, sensory, nutritional properties of Sullungtang by different parity were investigated. The extracting extents of blood were significantly higher for heifer among Hanwoo cows with different parity(none, the second or the fourth) and for back bones among different bone portions (round, hind shank, arm, fore shank or back bone) (p〈0.05). For Sullungtang extracted from bones of heifer was higher in collagen contents than those extracted from cows with the second or the fourth parity. Sullungtang extracted from bones of heifer and cows with the second parity had significantly higher contents of condroitin and viscosity than those of cows with the fourth parity, however there was no significant difference between heifer and cows with the second parity. In color, L values were significantly high, and a and b values were significantly low for Sullungtang extracted from bones of heifer when compared to those extracted from the other cows with the second parity. The contents of total nitrogen, sodium, or calcium were higher for Sullungtang extracted from heifer than those from the cows with the second or the fourth parity. In amino acid compositions, the percentages of glycine were highest and proline and glutamic acid were followed fro all Sullungtang samples from Hanwoo. The results showed that the overall quality of Sullungtang significantly decreased as the parity increased for Hanwoo cows. The Sullungtang extracted from bones of heifer had the best sensory scores as well as nutritional quality when compared to those extracted from the cows with parity. Therefore, the labeling and price for cow bones should be differently evaluated by their parity and age in marketing system.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.95-102
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• 2015

In this paper, the effects of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and aluminum potassium sulfate ($AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$) dosage on strength properties were investigated. For evaluating the property related to the dosage of alkali activator, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) of 4% (N1 series) and 8% (N2 series) was added to 1~5% (K1~K5) dosage of aluminum potassium sulfate ($AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$) and 1% (C1) and 2% (C2) dosage of calcium oxide (CaO). W/B ratio was 0.5 and binder/ fine aggregate ratio was 0.5, respectively. Test result clearly showed that the compressive strength development of alkali-activated slag cement (AASC) mortars were significantly dependent on the dosage of NaOH and $AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$. The result of XRD analysis indicated that the main hydration product of $NaOH+AlK (SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$ activated slag was ettringite and CSH. But at early ages, ettringite and sulfate coated the surface of unhydrated slag grains and inhibited the hydration reaction of slag in high dosage of $NaOH+AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$. The $SO_4{^{-2}}$ ions from $AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$ reacts with CaO in blast furnace slag or added CaO to form gypsum ($CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$), which reacts with CaO and $Al_2O_3$ to from ettringite in $NaOH+AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$ activated slag cement system. Therefore, blast furnace slag can be activated by $NaOH+AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2012

A total of 20 agricultural organic materials including inorganic compounds, plant oils and plant extracts were used in the study for assessing the control efficacy on pepper diseases. Among inorganic compounds, only copper hydroxide showed inhibitory effect on both Phytophthora capsici causing Phytophthora blight and Colletotrichum acutatum causing anthracnose. Phosphorous acid inhibited the growth of P. capsici on PDA, and Sulfur/quicklime had it on that of C. acutatum. Plant essential oil, rosemary oil, and rapeseed oil among plant oils and plant extract of Japanese apricot/ginkgo nut inhibited the mycelial growth of the two pathogens. In the screening using pepper plant seedlings, the control efficacy on Phytophthora blight in 6-leaf stage of seedling was superior to that in 4-leaf stage of seedling. A protective effect on Phytophthora blight was displayed by copper hydroxide, sulfur/quicklime, water soluble calcium, phosphorous acid, plant essential oil, and cloves extract. When C. acutatum was inoculated by the non-wound method, copper hydroxide and rapeseed oil showed excellent protective activities with control values of 91.3% and 82.6%, respectively. However, copper hydroxide did not show any activity, when C. acutatum was inoculated after wounding pepper fruits. All organic materials never showed the curative effect on Phytophthora blight and anthracnose in pepper seedling assay and fruit assay.