• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.125-147
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• 2009

The Basic Environmental Policy Act (BEPA) (Law No. 4257 effective 1. August 1990) sets forth the basic policies and administrative framework for environmental preservation, leaving more detailed regulations, and emission controls to separate laws targeting air, water, and solid waste, etc. The BEPA Article 31 adopts an unprecedented strict liability standard for damages as an absolute liability. The BEPA Article 31 provides for liability as follows. If a company is alleged to have caused damage through pollution of the environment, it will be liable for damages unless it can show that the pollution did not cause damages, or that it did not actually cause pollution. If the company did cause pollution, and if the pollution is the cause for the damages in question, the company will be liable irrespective of whether it was negligent or otherwise at fault. If there are two or more companies involved in the pollution, but it is unclear which company caused the damages, all of the companies will be jointly and severally liable for the damages. In this paper, the author attempts to uncover the problems of BEPA Article 31 and then seeks desirable amendments by comparing it to the German Environmental Liability Act. First, it will be necessary to provide definitions of 'companies etc.'. Second, it will be necessary to enumerate the kinds of company facilities. Third, it will be necessary to provide exclusionary clauses on material damages. Fourth, it will be necessary to show 'presumption of cause and effect'. Fifth, it will be necessary to provide a clause on 'right to information'. Sixth, it will be necessary to provide a clause for force majeure. Seventh, it will be necessary to take measures to secure abundant liability for damages which can be caused by the owner of the facility, the potential polluter. Finally, it is appropriate that Korea now legislate an Environmental Liability Act akin to the German Environmental Liability Act.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.1-9
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• 2005

Soil is polluted by an agricultural chemicals, the effluence of a crystal and sewage sludge, illegal discharging of waste water or waste matter and so on. Soil pollution that accompanies a groundwater and the crops contamination has a large effect on people's living. By polluters pay principle, when a soil was polluted, polluters take the responsibility of clean-up and compensation for damages. The character of the responsibility is a strict liability. When joint polluters exist in a soil pollution, they bear collective responsibility. But they are exempted from obligation in case of a natural calamity and war. The polluters who are poor contribution of pollution take a partition responsibility but it is not easy to prove that. The concerned parties of purification liability in a soil pollution are polluter, an owner or occupant of a contaminated site, and a grantee. But when we do not appoint the polluter or he cannot do a cleanup, municipal must put in effect the purification. In such a case, another parties who are related to the contamination should take upon themselves a liability. The province of responsible parties, therefore, is required to extend to an owner or operator of a facility, a carrier and lender.

• Bulletin of Korea Environmental Preservation Association
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• v.6 no.19
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• pp.4-6
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• 1984

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.81-87
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationships among CSR activities, relationship quality, and organizational performance in an exclusive Liquor licensed Wholesalers in Korea. In this research, CSR activities consists of four factors including characterizes(consumer, economy, philanthropy, and environment). First, this study investigated how CSR activities affected both Honesty Trust and Reciprocity Trust, second analyzed how both Honesty Trust and Reciprocity Trust influenced organizational performance. The data were obtained from a questionnaire handed out to a random sample of 95 individuals that exclusive license operators. With the information obtained, and after the scales validation process, PLS(Partial Least Square) has been conducted. The analysis results indicate that CSR activities, relationship quality, and organizational performance in an exclusive license operators. According to the analysis, first, both economy and environment affect both Honesty Trust and Reciprocity Trust. second Honesty Trust affect organizational performance. Finally, based in the findings of this study, theoretical contribution and managerial implications are discussed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Multimedia Society Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.602-606
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• 2001

전자책은 기존 종이 문서에 비하여 다양한 기능 및 장점을 제공할 수 있기 때문에 현재 다양한 연구 및 서비스가 제공되고 있다. 또한 전자책 환경에서의 정보 공유 및 검색과 같은 다양한 활용을 위해서는 반드시 Annotation 지원이 가능하여야 하며 이에 대한 정확한 Annotation 정의가 요구된다. Annotation이란 일반적으로 문서의 주제 및 내용에 관한 해설, 설명, 그리고 강조를 목적으로 추가되는 문장 또는 텍스트를 의미한다. 그러나 기존 전자책 환경에서의 Annotation과 관련된 연구에서는 이에 대한 심도있는 연구 결과가 미비한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 전자책 환경을 위한 Context 기반 Annotation Modeling을 정의하고 이를 활용한 인터페이스를 제안한다. 현재 전자책 환경은 대부분 XML에 기반하고 있으며 이에 본 논문에서는 구조정보와 컨텐츠, 그리고 Annotation간의 관계 및 이를 활용하기 위한 모델링을 제시한다. 또한 모델링 정보를 이용한 다양한 장점 및 환용이 가능한 시스템을 구현하였다. 그 결과 본 연구에서는 기존 연구와는 달리 Context 기반 Annotation의 정확한 정의가 가능하며 이를 활용한 다양한 기능을 제공하는 동시에 앞으로의 응용 가능성을 제시하고 있다.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.375-381
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• 2023

In an increasingly hyperconnected battlefield, the reliance on battlefield networks and AI-based autonomous weapons systems creates uncertainty and raises ethical concerns. This article explores the responsibility gap in operating autonomous weapons systems, using Robert Sparrow's theory. By analyzing Sparrow's arguments, we propose overcoming the responsibility gap in lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS). Our objective is to establish a framework of responsibility that aligns with the evolving battlefield, promoting the development and use of responsible weapon systems.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.115-116
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• 2016

개방화 및 국제화의 물결과 함께 세계 경제계에서 지배적 지위를 차지하는 거대한 초국적 기업들의 수가 증가하게 되면서, 이들 기업이 환경 파괴, 노사문제, 개발도상국의 빈곤문제에 책임이 있다는 기업의 사회적 책임론(Corporate Social Responsibility: CSR)이 강조되고 있다. 우리나라에서의 CSR활동은 일부 기업에 의해서만 이루지고 있고 분식회계, 환경오염 및 외국인 근로자에 대한 차별대우 등과 같은 법률이나 윤리에 저촉되는 행위들이 거듭되고 있다. 따라서 우리나라 기업들의 CSR에 대한 인식과 활동은 미흡한 면이 있고 이에 대한 개선이 필요하다고 본다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.127-140
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• 1992

본 연구에서는 Schwartz의 Norm Activation 이론을 도입하여, 실 외휴양지에서 환경훼손행위 관리를 위한 Communicatin 정책의 이론적 배 경으로 도입되어 있는 Prosocial Behavior 이론의 적용성을 실험하였다. 본 연구는 실험실에서 자체개발한 설문지를 통하여 수행되었으며, 미국 Texas A&M 대학교의 남녀 대학생 340명이 참가하였다. 본 실험의 결과 실외휴 양 환경에 대한 훼손행위(Depreciative Behavior)의 인과응보적인 결과를 알려 주는 Information이 실외휴양지 관리에 바람직한 행동의사를 활성화 시키는데 효과적인 반면, 훼손행위에 대한 법적인 제재조치를 설명하는 위 협적 Information은 바람직한 행동의지를 활성화시키지는 못했다. 이용자의 개인적인 성향인자인 사회적 책임감(Social Responsibility)의 고저는 사회 에 바람직한 행동의지의 활성화와 직접적인 관계가 있었다. 그러나, 사회적 책임감의 고저가 환경훼손행위에 대한 인과응보적인 Information이나 제재 조치에 대한 위협적인 Information과의 교호작용은 없었다. 통계학적으로 유의성은 적으나 사회적 책임감이 높은 시험구의 경우 제재조치에 대한 위 협적인 Information에 대한 반작용이 컸으나, 사회적인 책임감이 높은 실험 구의 경우 제재조치에 대한 위협적인 Information이 효과적인 결과를 볼 때, 이용자의 바람직한 행동의지에 역으로 작용하는 Communication정책에 대한 체계적인 연구가 요구된다.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.25-41
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• 2013

This study was designed to suggest the effective CSR strategies for MNCs operating in Chinese market. For this purpose, it compares the multi-years results for the evaluation on CSR activities of Multinational and Chinese firms. It also conducts questionnaire survey in an attempt at developing measures of Chinese publics' perception on the four dimensions of CSR defined by Research Center of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences - responsibility management, economic responsibility, social responsibility, and environmental responsibility. The findings of empirical analyses indicate that the CSR activities of MNCs much fall in all four dimensions compared with them of Chinese firms. Among four dimensions, MNCs have had bad evaluations especially on economic responsibility and social responsibility that are considered more important than the others to Chinese. Those findings imply that the MNCs has so far failed to implement effective CSR activities in China. In order to offset their liabilities of foreignness and compensate for their disadvantages in the lack of governmental supports, MNCs should intensify the CSR in economic and social responsibilities.

• The Korean Publising Journal, Monthly
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• s.144
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• pp.14-16
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• 1994

인간은 문명의 지층 속에서 태어난 벌레이며, 책은 문명의 난로이자 화덕이다. 그런 의미에서 책의 발견은 제2의 창조이다. 신은 사물을 날것으로 만들었지만, 인간은 책을 통하여 세계를 뜨뜻하게 익혀진 것으로 만들었다. 너무 뜨거워진 결과가 환경오염이다. 그 잉여온도를 냉각시키는 활동 역시 책을 통해 이루어진다.