• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.607-613
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• 1989

The chemical equilibria of Ni(II)-tetraamine (tetraamine = 2,12-dimethyl-3,7,11,17-tetraazabicyclo-11,3,1-heptadeca-1(17),2,11,13,15-pentaene) complex ion in water, acetonitrile, acetone and nitromethane were investigated using spectrophotometric method, respectively. The equilibria between low-spin ($D_{4h}$) and high-spin ($O_h$) structures of Ni-tetraamine complex ion were presented in water, acetonitrile and acetone, but not in nitromethane. The eqilibrium constants, the reaction enthalpies and the reaction entropies were determined from analysis of the temperature dependence of the electronic spectra. The formation of the triplet species ($O_h$) was found to be exothermic. The solvent and electrolyte effects on the equilibrium constants could be explained by the dielectric constants of solvents and the reaction entropies.

• 한국과학교육학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.08a
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• pp.102.1-102.1
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• 2008

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.276-284
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• 1993

This study is to obtain some basic data which are prerequisite for the conceptual design of gasification process based on entrained-bed type gasifier. The Gibbs free energy minimization method is used to analyze the chemical equilibrium in the gasifier. The modeling results which consider the conventional mass balance and heat balance are compared with the experimental data published by Electric Power Research Institute. The analysis shows that the reaction in a entrained-bed gasifier is influenced mainly by the amount of oxidant, by the temperature of gasifier and by the type of coals.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.85-96
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• 2003

For a design of rocket engine nozzle, chemical equilibrium analysis which shares the same numerical characteristics with frozen flow analysis can be used as an efficient design tool for predicting maximum thermodynamic performance of the nozzle. 10 this study, a chemical equilibrium flow analysis code was developed for the design of hydrocarbon fueled rocket engines. 10 oder to understand the thermochemical characteristics occurring in a nozzle through the expansion process, such as recombination of chemical components and the accompanying energy recovery, chemical equilibrium flow analysis was carried out for the KSR-III rocket engine nozzles together with frozen flow and non-equilibrium flow analyses. The performance evaluation based on the present KSR-III nozzle flow analyses has provided an understanding of the thermochemical process in the nozzle and additionally, it has confirmed that the newly designed nozzle shape modified to have a reduced exit area ratio is an adequate design for obtaining an increased ground thrust.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.38-45
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• 2003

ionic equilbria of nickel chloride in hydrochloric acid solutions were analyzed by considering chemical equilibria, mass and charge balance equations. The activity coefficients of solutes were calculated by using Bromley equation. It was found that most of species containing nickel existed as $Ni^{2+}$ 와 $NiCl^{+}$. The mole fractions of nickel hydroxides were very low in the con-centration ranges considered in this study and the mole fraction of$Ni_4$ $(OH)_{4}^{4+}$ increased greatly with the pH of the solution. The pH values of $NiCl_2$ $-HCl-NaOH-H_2$O system at $25^{\circ}C$ calculated in this study agreed well with those experimentally measured up to ionic strength of 9.4m.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 2001

투석을 이용한 투석법과 투석을 이용하지 않은 평형 실험을 통해 슈워트마나이트를 합성하였다. 이 합성실험 동안 일정시간 간격을 두고 합성 용액 시료와 합성괸 침전물 시료를 채취하였으며, 이러한 시료들에 대해 X-선 회절 분석(XRD), 시차열분석(DTA), 원자흡수분광분석(AA), 유도결합 플라즈마 원자방출분광분석(ICP-AES), 이온크로마토그래피(IC)분석 등을 실시하였다. 컴퓨터 프로그램 MINTEQA2를 이용하여 분석된 합성용액의 화학조성으로부터 침전물과 공존하는 용액 내 각 화학조성으로부터 침전물과 공존하는 용액 내 각 화학종의 분포와 활동도를 계산하였다. 연구 결과 투석법을 이용하여 합성을 하면 비평형 상태를 유지하게 되므로 순수한 슈워트마나이트의 용해도를 얻고자 할 때는 투석을 이용하지 않은 합성법을 수행하여야 하는 것이 밝혀졌다. 투석을 이용하지 않은 합성 실험 결과 슈워트마나이트 침전후 72시간이 경과한 후에 평형상태에 도달함이 확인되었다. 평형상태일 때 순수하게 합성된 슈워트마나이트의 용해도 상수 pKs는 $-6.11\pm$1.16의 값을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 순사한 슈원트마나이트의 분석된 화학조성으로 계산된 화학식은 $Fe_{8}$ /O sub 8/ (OH)$_{4.16}$ ($SO_4$)$_{1.92}$ .$6.74H_2$O, $Fe_{8}$ /O$_{8}$ (OH)$_{4.18}$ ($SO_4$)$_{ 1.91}$.$6.89H_2$O이다.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.521-530
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• 2005

• Aerospace Engineering and Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.157-161
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• 2008

This study introduce a newly developed program to calculate the combustion process of combustion chamber and gas generator of liquid rocket engine by use of Gibbs free energy minimization method based on chemical equilibrium. The simulation results of the new program and CEA code of NASA were compared and showed good agreement, thus proving the validity of the newly developed in-house program for combustion analysis.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.304-307
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• 2005

The acid-catalyzed hydrolysis reaction of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) in water/acetic acid solution at $35^{circ}C$ was studied at two different solvent compositions. The mole fractions of vinyl acetate (Vac) and vinyl alcohol (VA) during the course of the reaction were determined by NMR, and the equilibrium constant $K_{eq}$ of the reaction was determined using the molar ratio of VAc to VA at the chemical equilibrium. $K_{eq}$ was 0.75 (${\pm}0.01$) when the VAc mole faction at the equilibrium was 0.78 (${\pm}0.01$) and it was 0.69 (${\pm}0.01$) when the VAc mole fraction was 0.57 (${\pm}$0.02). The reaction was found to be a pseudo 1-st order reaction with the rate coefficient at $3.4{\times}10^{-6}/sec$.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.283-291
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• 2003

The purpose of this research was to analyze and improve the experiment, observing the color change under compression on the equilibrium of $2NO_2\;{\rightleftarrow}\;N_2O_4$ system, described in high school and general chemistry textbooks. Chemistry textbooks described that the reddish brown color got lighter on the compression of $2NO_2\;{\rightleftarrow}\;N_2O_4$ system. This misinterpretation was due to no consideration of $NO_2$ concentration increase by the volume decrease. In order to propose a correct interpretation, the changes of color and temperature on compression were quantitatively measured and compared with theoretical studies. In addition, an improved experiment, excluding the effect of $NO_2$ concentration increase, was proposed to observe only the color change of the net equilibrium shift.