• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2001

The flora, vegetation structure, distribution of the vascular plants, physico-chemical characteristics of sediment, and nutrient contents of palnts were investigated in the ten disturbed and undisturbed wetlands around the littoral zone of Namgang, Jinju-si, Gyongsangnam-do, Korea from August 7 to August 15 in 1999. 217 taxa of the vascular plants distributed into 2 formas, 26 varieties, 189 species belong to 142 genera under 52 families were sampled or recorded. Dominant species of the undisturbed and the disturbed area were Persicaria thunbergii and Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior, of which importance values were 13.86, and 15.81, respectively. Among 26 species of the naturalized plants, importance value of Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior was highest as 9.54. The ranges of species diversity indices (H') were 1.370~1.819, and highest in the site 1 of the undisturbed area. The ranges of eqitability (J') were 0.779~0.902, and highest in the site 8 of the disturbed area. The ranges of community similarity indices ($CC_s$) were 0.341~0.578 among the ten wetlands, and highest between site 1 and site 2 which were the undisturbed area. The ranges of sediment properties such as pH, conductivity, organic matter, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen were 5.17~7.35, $24.67{\sim}74.33{\mu}mhocm^{-1}$, 1.09~3.82%, 0.0008~0.0034 mg/100g, and 0.06~0.15%, respectively. Nutrient contents of plants such as total nitrogen and total phosphorus were 1.52~2.65% and $0.010{\sim}0.039mg100g^{-1}$, respectively. It was recommended that the establishment of the conservation area was necessary to ensure the habitat for wild life and to maintain the diversity of the vascular hydrophytes and hygrophytes.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.694-706
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to offer the raw data for conservation and restoration of aquatic ecosystem by surveying and analysing a water quality, sediment, benthic macroinvertebrate, fish and hydrophyte in Junam reservoir. In the result of analysing the water quality, pH was 8.2~8.4, 6.0~7.5mg/${\ell}$ in COD, 10.0~10.3mg/${\ell}$ in SS, 8.3~11.5mg/${\ell}$ in DO, 0.1mg/${\ell}$ in T-P and 1.2~1.3mg/${\ell}$ in T-N. In case of the sediments, Cd was 0.47~0.52mg/kg, 7.08~7.43mg/kg in Cu, 0.22~0.32mg/kg in As, 0.02~0.03mg/kg in Hg, 6.20~7.45mg/kg in Pb, 32.80~39.70mg/kg in Ni, 513.0~543.0mg/kg in F and 137.0~140.0mg/kg in Zn. $Cr^{6+}$ was not detected. The benthic macroinvertebrates were 432 individuals including 3 phyla, 5 classes, 9 orders, 26 families, 33 genera and 39 species, and the ecological score of benthic macroinvertebrate community(ESB) was 25. The fishes were 8 families and 14 species, and the invasive alien species were 2 taxa including Micropterus salmoids and Lepomis macrochirus. The hydrophytes were 63 taxa including 28 families, 42 genera, 56 species, 1 subspecies and 6 varieties. The emergent plants were 38 taxa(60.3%), 5 taxa(7.9%) in floating-leaved plants and each 10 taxa(15.9%) in free-floating plants and submerged plants.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.418-429
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• 2011

Novel chromium(III), manganese(II), iron(III), cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), ruthenium(III), and zirconyl(II) complexes of $N^1,N^2$-bis(3-((3-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)methylene-amino)propyl)phthalamide ($H_4L$, 1) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental, physical, and spectral analyses. The spectral data showed that the ligand behaves as either neutral tridentate ligand as in complexes 2-5 with the general formula $[H_4LMX_2(H_2O)]{\cdot}nH_2O$ (M=Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), X = Cl or $NO_3$), neutral hexadentate ligand as in complexes 10-12 with the general formula $[H_4LM_2Cl_6]{\cdot}nH_2O$ (M=Fe(III), Cr(III) or Ru(III)), or dibasic hexadentate ligand as in complexes 6-9 with the general formula $[H_2LM_2Cl_2(H_2O)_4]{\cdot}nH_2O$ (M = Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) or Mn(II), and 13 with general formula $[H_4L(ZrO)_2Cl_2]{\cdot}8H_2O$. Molar conductance in DMF solution indicated the non-ionic nature of the complexes. The ESR spectra of solid copper(II) complexes 2, 5, and 6 showed $g_{\parallel}$ >g> $g_e$, indicating distorted octahedral structure and the presence of the unpaired electron in the $N^1,N^2$ orbital with significant covalent bond character. For the dimeric copper(II) complex $[H_2LCu_2Cl_2(H_2O)_4]{\cdot}3H_2O$ (6), the distance between the two copper centers was calculated using field zero splitting parameter for the parallel component that was estimated from the ESR spectrum. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the compounds showed that, some of metal complexes exhibited a greater inhibitory effect than standard drug as tetracycline (bacteria) and Amphotricene B (fungi).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 1999

Experiment was carried out to determine the agronomic characteristics, forage yield of silage corn(Zea mays L.) soil chemical characterictics and $NO_3-N$ level in infiltration water by different application rates of daily liquid manures. Four treatment consisting of chemical fetilizer, $200kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$, daily liquid manure $200kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$, $300kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ and $400kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ were arranged in a randonmized complete block design with three replicates. The results obtained at National Livestock Research Institute, RDA., in Suwon from 1996 to 1997 are summarized as follows; In plant height and crude protein content, it were appeared to highest by 264cm, 6.8% at the cattle slurry 150% plot(T3), respectively. but Dry matter yield(14.5MT/ha) and TDN(9.5MT/ha) production of chemical fertilizer plot(T1) were highest. Among daily liquid manure amount, dry matter yield(14.0MT/ha) and TDN yield(9.1MT/ha) of daily liquid manure 100% plot(T2) were resulted to 96% and 97% of chemical fertilizer plot(T1). End year's soil organic matter and phosphate content were appeared to high than those of beginning year in daily liquid manure plots, but it was not in proportioned to increase according to slurry amount. $NO_3-N$ level in infiltration water lower than 60cm of all plots were lowed than a permitted limit of cattle drinkable. As a result, it was appeared that the optimum application amount of dairy liquid manure was 200kg/ha by manure-N.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.1
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• pp.62-73
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• 1998

This research was conducted to analyze the influence of the environmental factors on water quality such as contents of cation($K^+$, $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$) and anion($Cl^-$, $NO{_3}^-$, $SO{_4}^{2-}$) in rainfall, throughfall, soil water(A and B layer), and stream water at a small forested watershed. Rainfall, throughfall, soil water(A and B layer), and stream water were sampled at the study sites in Kwanak Arboretum, Seoul National University, in Mt. Kwanak for 14 months(Jul. 1, 1996~Aug. 31, 1997). $Cl^-$ content of stream water correlated with that of soil water tire than that of rainfall and throughfall. Also $NO{_3}^-$ content in soil water was correlated with that of rainfall. Cation($K^+$, $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$) contents in soil water at layer A and B were significantly correlated with anion($Cl^-$, $NO{_3}^-$, $SO{_4}^{2-}$) of that. The ratio of the average content of $NO{_3}^-$ to $SO{_4}^{2-}$ in rainfall was 0.66. Accordingly the content of $SO{_4}^{2-}$ was higher than $NO{_3}^-$ in rainfall. The amount of anion in stream water was significantly correlated with that in rainfall, throughfall, and soil water. Average content of cation and anion in hydrological processes were decreasing in the following order, soil water(B layer> A layer) > throughfall(Pinus rigida > Prunus serrulata var. spontanea > Carpinus laxiflora) > stream water > rainfall.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.545-554
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• 2016

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is an important macromolecule in medical and pharmaceutical fields. HA is a natural and linear polymer composed of repeating disaccharide units of β-1, 3-N-acetyl glucosamine and β-1, 4-glucuronic acid. This work aimed to confirm the structural characteristics and anti-inflammatory activities of HA and its chemically sulfated-HA. HA was produced from a fed-batch fermentation process using Streptococcus dysgalactiae in a 5 l bioreactor. HA was isolated water-soluble form (HA-WS) and water-insoluble form (HA-WI) from culture medium, and was obtained chemically sulfated-derivative (S-HA) that resulted in a 90% yield from HA-WI. The structural features of the sulfated- HA (S-HA) were investigated by FT-IR and ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. The FT-IR and NMR patterns revealed the similarity in both the FTIR spectrum as well as NMR spectrum of both reference standard and purified HA from S. dysgalactiae. The anti-inflammatory activities of HA and S-HA were examined on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. S-HA was significantly inhibited production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and PGE₂ and the gene levels of iNOS and COX-2, which are responsible for the production of NO and PGE₂, respectively. Furthermore, S-HA also suppressed the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α (<80 pg/ml) and IL-6 (<100 pg/ml) compared to that of HA-WI. The present study clearly demonstrates that HA-S exhibits anti-inflammatory activities in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.200-205
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• 1991

To evaluate cold tolerance of rice cultivars on the basis of a relationship between cold tolerance in the field test and a biochemical character, transition-temperature of respiratory activity of mitochondria(TRM) which were isolated from different parts and at different growth stages and from etiolated rice seedling was investigated, and its relationship with degree of cold tolerance(DCT) in the field experiment was studied. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. The transition-temperature of respiratory activity of mitochodria (TRM) isolated from etiolated seedling ($25^{\circ}C$, two week-grown in the dark) of cold tolerant cultivars tended to be low, while that of cold susceptible cultivars to be high. 2. The correlation between TRM of etiolated seedling and the degree of cold tolerance(DCT) was $r=0.8935^{**}$ in 1988 and $r=0.8236^{**}$ in 1989. The correlation coefficient between TRM of 4-leaf seedling and DCT was $0.6239^{**}$ 3. TRM of young panicle was correlated with DCT except a few varieties. 4. TRM of seedling increased with growth as $12.5^{\circ}C$, $14.5^{\circ}C$, $15.5^{\circ}C$ and $16.5^{\circ}C$ at 1, 2, 3~4 and 5weeks respectively. 5. The transition temperature of mitochondrial respiratory activity was not significantly influenced by growth stages as $15.0{\sim}16.0^{\circ}C$ in Pungsanbyeo and $17.0{\sim}18.0^{\circ}C$ in Satbyelbyeo, while it was significantly different depending upon the degree of cold tolerance(tolerant, medium, susceptible).

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.91-95
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• 2012

Purpose: In this study, we evaluated the ejection fraction (EF) according to the difference of patient position in Gated Blood Pool (GBP) scan. Material and Methods: The analysis was performed to 80 patients ($51.2{\pm}17.4$ years old) who examined GBP scan in Department of nuclear medicine, National Cancer Center from March 2011 to August 2011. We divided the patients into two groups; one group received conventional position (raise left arm up supine) and supine position (group 1) and the other group received conventional position and left arm back down supine position (group 2). To observe the change EF according to patient position difference, the image was reconstructed and analyzed by Xeleris (GE, USA). We measured body mass index (BMI) of patients. Result: In group 1, EF error less than 3% occurred at a rate of 72.5% (29 of the 40 patients). In group 2, EF error less than 3% occurred at a rate of 79% (32 of the 40 patients). The patient's BMI did not affect ejection fraction. Conclusion: The EF error of left arm back down supine position closer to conventional position than in supine position shows the results.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.430-446
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• 2018

To improve understanding of the sources and chemical properties of particulate pollutants on the Korean Peninsula, An Aerodyne High Resolution Time of Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) measured non-refractory fine particle ($NR-PM_1$) from 2013 to 2015 at Baengnyeong Island and Seoul metropolitan area (SMA), Korea. The chemical composition of $NR-PM_1$ in Baengnyeong island was dominated by organics and sulfate in the range of 36~38% for 3 years, and the organics were the dominant species in the range of 44~55% of $NR-PM_1$ in Seoul metropolitan area. The sulfate was found to be more than 85% of the anthropogenic origin in the both areas of Baengnyeong and SMA. Ratio of gas to particle partition of sulfate and nitrate were observed in both areas as more than 0.6 and 0.8, respectively, representing potential for formation of additional particulate sulfate and nitrate. The high-resolution spectra of organic aerosol (OA) were separated by three factors which were Primary OA(POA), Semi-Volatility Oxygenated Organic Aerosol (SV-OOA), and Low-Volatility OOA(LV-OOA) using positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis. The fraction of oxygenated OA (SOA, ${\fallingdotseq}OOA$=SV-OOA+LV-OOA) was bigger than the fraction of POA in $NR-PM_1$. The POA fraction of OA in Seoul is higher than it of Baengnyeong Island, because Seoul has a relatively large number of primary pollutants, such as gasoline or diesel vehicle, factories, energy facilities. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis revealed that transport from eastern China, an industrial area with high emissions, was associated with high particulate sulfate and organic concentrations at the Baengnyeong and SMA sites. PSCF also presents that the ship emissions on the Yellow Sea was associated with high particulate sulfate concentrations at the measurement sites.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.208-213
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• 1990

The parer board sludge (PBS) itself and compost sludge manure (CSM) made of sawdust, fowl droppings, and urea to the PBS were treated to garlic to determine the effects of growing characters, yield components, and nutritional compounds in the plants. 1. The differences of the rate of missing plants were not found between control and treatments. 2. Plant height of the garlic increased in the treatments of PBS and CSM rather than control. Numbers of leaf, and width of the largest leaf and stem did not have any distinct tendency to change. 3. Total weight and weight of the above ground part were highest in the treatment of 1,600kg/10a PBS, and CS-2 treatment mixed with high portion of additives. The weight of underground part and yield increased with the increase of paper board sludge, and highest in CS-2 treatment. 4. The contents of nitrogen in the plant were higher in the treatments of PBS and CSM than control. And CSM treatments had generally higher concentrations than PBS treatments. 5. In conclusion, PBS itself had nutritional effects. The PBS could be used to some crops after fermentation with adequate additives.