• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.633-640
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• 2005

The main objective of this research is how they recognize the face appearance before and after the make-up, based upon the survey on the female college students of their 20s (221 College students in Daegu metropolitan City), who are very conscious about their appearance. In addition, it is to provide the fundamental findings, which are necessary to establish the appearance management of self-concept through the make-up. The results are as follows: About 78% of subjects are performing the make-up on daily basis or needs basis, and 91.6% of the subjects wanted to have more elegant and improved make-up. Comparing the self-satisfaction level before and after the make-up, the satisfaction level on their appearance has been very much improved to 77.2% after the make-up, while the level was 28.8% before the make-up. It has been found out that the purpose of the make-up is more appreciated in pursuing the self-concept, rather than pursuing the beauty. Also we revealed that they could achieve a certain level of psychological stability by improving each individual's social image. We also found out that the stylish and modern style of image contributed more to the satisfaction level of make-up, compared with the image of neatness, individuality, delicacy, or youthfulness.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.56-68
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between women's make-up behaviors and their motives. Two hundreds and nineteen adult women in Seoul, Suwon and Incheon were selected for this research. The data were analyzed by using Factor analysis, ANOVA. and Cronbach's $\alpha$. The goals of this study are 1) To identify the make-up motives based on the theoretical framework of the concept. 2) To describe the differences of motives of women depending on their age, job, education, and marital statues. 3) To Identify the psychological aspects of behaviors based on the theoretical clothing behaviors of the concept. 4 To describe the differences of behaviors of women depending on their motives. The findings are as follows: 1) The motives are to conformed others, to express oneself, to protect oneself from others, to protect skin from damages, and to express feminity. 2) There are significant differences of make-up motives of women depending on their age, job, marital statues. 3) The psychological make-up behaviors are oriented for fashion trend, ostentation, personality, and conformity. 4) There are significant differences in women's make-up behaviors depending on their motives.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.526-536
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• 2008

This study is to analyze and examine the relations of lifestyle, fashion behavior, and make-up behavior of post digital generation and to provide the basic data which help to establish and perform the distinctive marketing strategies targeting the post digital generation. Subjects were 1,460 male and female undergraduates who attend colleges or universities in Seoul, Busan, and Daegu. Average, standard deviation, MANOVA, and ANOVA were conducted using SPSS 12.0 statistic program. The results were as follows: The higher points the group got in all the subfactors regarding information seeking pursuit and sensation intention fascination pursuit, the higher points the group had in the subfactors of fashion behavior and make-up behavior. The group with higher fashionenjoyment pursuit appeared to seek after more brand price choice behavior, internet shopping purchasing behavior, fashion information source seeking behavior, and impulse buying behavior in the subfactors of fashion behavior as well as more self-satisfaction appearance orientation and fashion information buying orientation in the subfactors of make-up behavior. With the group in pursuit of more multi activities, not only were brand price choice behavior and fashion information source seeking behavior in the subfactors of fashion behavior sought after more, but self-satisfaction appearance orientation and fashion information buying orientation in the subfactors of make-up behavior were pursued more as well. The more interpersonal relations the group had, the more self-satisfaction appearance orientation and fashion information buying orientation in the subfactors of make-up behavior as well as the more brand price choice behavior, fashion information source seeking behavior, impulse buying behavior, other-regarding behavior and independent buying behavior in the subfactors of fashion behavior the group had.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion and Beauty
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• v.2 no.2 s.2
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• pp.34-47
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• 2004

The objective of this study is to investigate the perception of males about make-up and the make-up process, analyze principal factors affecting their decision when purchasing cosmetics and, ultimately, to provide basic data for further survey and research into features of cosmetics and their satisfaction. The subjects of the study a.e male adults living in Jeonju, Iksan and Gunsan cities of Jeonbuk province. Surveyors made direct interviews with the subjects from October 21 to 30, 2003 and collected 174 questionnaires from them, which were subsequently put to the final analysis. The demographic characters of the surveyed showed that 60.9% of them were in the age ranging 30 to 39, 75.3% married, 69.5% undergraduates or graduates, 39.1% self-employed, 25.9% earning more than 3.01 million Won monthly and 43.7% spending less than 10,000 Won a month for cosmetics. Their make-up and purchasing pattern of cosmetics featured that 54.0% of the surveyed use cosmetics for skin care, 54.0% for cleanness and health, 84.5% for foundation(lotion or skin lotion) only, and 60.9% once a day. Out of the surveyed males, 79.3% haven't experienced any adverse side effects after make-up. Of those who experienced, 80.5% named disagreement of cosmetics with skin for the reason. As for kind or symptom of the side effects, 38.8% set forth itching. Among those who had aftermath or intoxication from make-up, 52.8% said they could recover naturally. According to the survey, 57.5% felt somewhat awkward after make-up, but not quite bad though. Thirty-seven point nine percent of the males surveyed replied they cared little about the purpose of male-oriented cosmetics. Quality was raised by 31.0% as the foremost issue to improve. Television turned out to be the main source for 56.9% of the surveyed to get information about cosmetics. For 56.35%, general discount shops are preferred to buy cosmetics and 24.7% of them take ones recommended by salespeople. When buying cosmetics, 47.1% considered color and fragrance most seriously.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.385-396
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to analyze and categorize the factors of appearance management motivation of male and female college students in Busan. It also aimed to analyze the differences in their clothing behavior and make-up behavior. The data were analyzed by Factor analysis, Cluster analysis, one-way ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range test, and multi-response analysis. The results of this study are as follows: There were four factors including self -development, emphasis on the physical appearance, individuality-seeking, and sexual appealing. These subjects were categorized into three different types of groups: social-self-management type, passive appearance management type, and individuality-seeking type. In terms of the differences in the clothing purchase behavior of the physical appearance management motivation group, there were significant differences in the criteria of their selections for clothing. The most important factor was the design, followed by the price and the fabrics. The differences in cosmetics selection were investigated in order to analyze the differences in their make-up behavior of physical appearance management motivation group. The results showed that the quality, the price, and the manufacturing country were considered as the most important criteria for their selection of cosmetics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.969-980
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• 2001

이 연구의 목적은 사회.문화적 관점에서 한.미 여성의 이상적인 미, 바디이미지, 그리고 외모행동을 비교조사 하는데 있다. Open-Ended Questions에 의한 연구 결과, 이상적인 미로 미국여성이 \"키크고 마른 신체 매력성\"을 추구한 반면, 한국여성은 \"내적인 미\"와 \"서구적인 신체 매력성\"을 추구하는 것으로 나타났다. 이상적인 미를 추구하기 위해 미국여성은 주로 신체의 하체부분, 한국여성은 얼굴부분을 많이 가꾸고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 외모행동으로는 한국여성은 화장이나 피부관리 등에, 미국여성은 excercise나 다이어트 등을 많이 하고 있었다. 사회.문화적 이상적인 미에 비교해 볼 때 두 집단 모두 자신의 외모에 대해 만족하지 못하는 편으로 나타났다. 또한 두 나라 집단의 여성들은 각 나라마다 사회.문화적 이상적인 미가 각각 존재해야 함에도 불구하고 현재에는 이상적 미의 기준이 문화에 관계없이 동일한 편이라고 응답을 하였다. 본 연구에서는 사회.문화적 집단주의와 개인주의 개념을 토대로 이러한 연구결과들이 논의되어 진다.주의 개념을 토대로 이러한 연구결과들이 논의되어 진다.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.305-315
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between university students' interest in appearance management and various forms of appearance management behaviors converged with beauty trends. The questionnaire was distributed for 15 days from April 15 to 30, 2018 to the students in the G district. The data of 267 students who explained and agreed on the purpose and method of the study were analyzed using SPSS 18. University students' interest in appearance management showed a difference of interest according to university students, male and female students in body composition management, skin care, hair care, and cosmetics use management except for interest in health care. In addition, students with a high level of interest in managing cosmetics use had a positive effect on the degree of interest in managing cosmetics usage in fashion styles, cosmetics style, skin care, and body management behavior factors that were converged with trends. And negative (-) influence on the use of health equipment. Based on the study of the trend management behaviors of college students, I will expect to utilize the reference materials for new product development research of the beauty industry and will continue to study the new management mode of appearance management.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.19-38
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• 2013

This study focuses on the differences in general self-concept, academic self-concept, significant others self-concept and emotional-physical self-concept in relation to appearance management behavior. It goes on to show that appearance management behaviors such as styles in clothing, makeup, skin care, hair care, cosmetic surgery and body shaping, weight control management are strongly influenced by self-concept. Therefore, this study was carried out with the aim of providing basic understanding and information on the appearance management behavior of middle school students. It was also done in an effort to find ways of improving the self-concept of students through education as a part of the domestic science curriculum. The results obtained in this study are as follows: On average, the middle school students who took part in this study showed low self-concept and appearance management behavior which indicates a negative image of themselves. This suggests that efforts need to be made so that students can see themselves in a positive way and improve their self-concept through appearance management behavior. Middle school students with a positive self-concept try to present themselves by keeping their skin clean and their hair attractive. They express their self-esteem and personality through fashion and by keeping and maintaining their clothing, shoes and bags. They also tend to show a positive attitude towards their studies and are more likely to understand and get along with others. The students who showed positive attitudes towards their bodies and emotions have a higher interest in clothing and try to express the image that they want for themselves. They are also less likely to change their bodies unnaturally through cosmetic surgery and body shaping. Appropriate appearance management behavior can help middle school students see themselves in a more positive way.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.135-144
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to determine cosmetic preferences and purchasing behavior of two segmented groups(career women vs. college females). We employed questionnaires and collected data from 443 people. Only 400 reliable questionnaires were used for a statistical analysis with SPSS program on the frequency, Chi-square test, and t-test. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The amount of makeup, and the reason for makeup were statistically associated with the segmented groups which are career women and college females. Also we realized that there was a significant difference in 'sophisticated' and 'sexy' makeup images. Both images were more highly sought in career women. 2. The preference of lip colors & textures, types of eye liner, and types of foundation were associated with the segmented career/college female groups. Both groups favored more glossy lipstick. Career women preferred liquid eye liner and foundation, while college females like to use no foundation. 3. Both career women and college females acquired information about cosmetics from the friend's advice rather than TV or magazine. In purchasing, career women considered the most quality, while college females considered suitable cosmetics for their natural skin types.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.514-525
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• 2010

In the rapidly changed 21st century when the flow speed of information is so fast and the quantity of information is too much increasing, personal appearance and characteristic image-formation is highly evaluated. Nowadays personal appearance is very essential to competition and may be considered the non-linguistic expression of self-image. The beauty action of the youth is shown to follow the object which youth want to rely on or long for and it is affected by the influence of the sociocultural elements. The purpose of this study is to identify the corelation between appearance and beauty action according to the sociocultural elements of the juveniles concerning appearance and to make an inquiry into how they pursue beauty in the restrictive bound compared with the adults. As their restrictive beauty action, the practical reflection percentage of hair-style, management of face, hand and nail control will be investigated and analyzed. Furthermore this basic material of this survey was used for the development of beauty article, cosmetics and education program. With the findings of the beauty articles in which the growing generation have a deep interest, this study provided the basic materials to the customer analysis and also the reference materials to the beauty marketing.