• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.181-196
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• 1975

Rabbit follicular oocytes were cultured in a basic medium containing 0.4% bovine serum albumin (BSA), carbohydrates and amino acids in various combinations. Osmolarity of the medium was maintained at 308 mOsm. The carbohydrates, pyruvate, lactate and glucose were all about equally beneficial, but not essential for rabbit oocyte maturation. Glutamine and proline, but not methionine or phenylalanine stimulated oocyte develoment. Glutamine stimulated more follicular oocytes to develop to prophase and metaphase II than did any of the three carbohydrates tested alone or in combination. Ammonia production after 24 hours of culture was highest in medium containing glutamine(15.2$\\mu$g/ml) but this was not inhibitory to maturation. Negligible amounts of ammonia were found with the other amino acids added. The optimum level of osmolarity for rabbit oocyte maturation appears to be ranged from 250$\\sim$310 mOsm with the maximum level of 270 mOsm. With 0, 0.08, 0.4, 2, 10 and 50 mM of glutamine in the medium, plus BSA but without carbohydrates, 30, 73, 70, 71, 59, 45% of the oocytes developed to prophase or metaphase II respectively. This indicates that no carbohydrate is required of the maturation of rabbit oocytes when 0.08$\\sim$2 mM of glutamine is included, which are the optimum range. Follicular oocytes could develop in the medium containing $^14 C$-glutamine and BSA but without carbohydrates or other organic compound. From the $^14 CO_2$ produced and TCA precipitable material isolated, it is suggested that glutamine probably is utilized by oocytes and cumulus cells as a source of energy as well as for protein synthesis.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.389-409
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• 2012

The Switched Bill of Lading(SBL) has been in frequent use in recent years as intermediary trade increases with the growing number of companies' overseas subsidiaries. Its frequent use, though, has brought about disputes regarding its illegal issue. Although there are several legal cases regarding this, studies on this issue are hard to find. Therefore, this study tries to provide countermeasures and precautions against unlawful issues of SBL through examining the legal cases resulting from illegal issuing practices of SBL. When the Switched Bill of Lading is issued, the shipper, consignee, port of loading and unloading, and shipping date of the original bill of lading are usually changed. Statements which may put the shipper at a disadvantageous position may also be deleted and/or the bill of lading may be either divided or integrated when it is issued. However, if the carrier issues the SBL 1)without withdrawing original BL, 2)indicating the shipping date, port of loading and port of discharge falsely, or 3)deleting the statements which may give him disadvantages, it may be regarded as an illegal issue. These unlawful issues of SBL may pose a huge threat to the shipper, banks and the parties relating to the trade. That is, the shipper may take a substantial loss when the goods can be delivered to a third party by SBL without his collecting the proceeds. The issuing bank and the negotiating bank may also have their security rights to the goods hampered by the illegal and improper issue of SBL. In most cases, the carrier has no choice but to issue the SBL without collecting the original BL for fear of hurting the relationship with the intermediary traders. This practice of issuing more than two sets of BL may pose a potential risk to the carrier.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.159-173
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• 2004

Using a generalized translog multiproduct cost function model, this paper examines economies of scale and scope in the vertically-integrated Korean railway industry. The paper then conceptualizes that the Korea National Railroad (KNR) produces four outputs (passenger-kilometers, ton-kilometers of freight, average length of passenger trips, and average length of freight haul) using three input factors(labor, fuel and maintenance, and rolling stock and capital). Using time series data collected from the KNR's annual records for the years from 1977 to 2002, the simultaneous equation system consisting of a cost function and two input share equatins is estimated with the Zellner's iterative seemingly unrelated regression. The findings show that the cost function corresponding to a non-Cobb-Douglas, non-homothetic, and non-homogeneous production technology adequately represents the KNR's cost structure. On the other hand, the Korean railway industry experiences sizeable overall scale economies, which result from substantial product-specific scale economies associated with passenger-kilometers and freight ton-kilometers and from scope economies associated with their joint production. In addition, the magnitude of economies of scope is influenced largely by the ratio of passenger trips, and has increased over time as the former has increased while the latter has decreased.

• Proceedings of the Korea Inteligent Information System Society Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.149-166
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• 2002

국내·외 사회 전 분야의 급속한 전자상거래 발전에 따라 해운·항만 분야에도 인터넷 사업의 진출기회가 확대되고 전략적 활동이 증가하고 있다. 그 중에서도 인터넷을 기반으로 세계가 하나의 시장으로 통합되는 경향을 보이고 있어 기업의 활동 범위가 광역화되고 있으며, 시간과 장소의 통합이 기업간 거래에서 중요시 되고 있다. 지금 세계 각 국은 해상연계 물류, 무역 등 물품의 중개 관련 사이트 및 선박 운송에 따른 각종 해운관련 서비스를 가상 공간에서 제공하는 사이버 해운 시장의 선점 및 구축에 모든 힘을 쏟고 있다. 해상 운송에 따른 각종 수송서비스를 생산, 공급하는 경제활동을 해운 활동이라 한다. 해운 시장의 불확실성, 다변성, 국제성, 개방성을 특성으로 하는 해운 거래는 전자상거래를 통해 효율적으로 처리될 수 있다. 즉, 해운 거래의 비용 감소와 양질의 서비스로 선주, 화주 등 거래 당사자들의 만족도를 높일 수가 있다. 이에 따라 국내에서도 오프라인상의 해운 거래소가 사이버 해운거래소로 옮겨질 예정이다. 가상 공간을 통한 해운 거래의 구체적인 장점은 다음과 같다. 구매업체는 기존 공급업체에 대한 접근 및 새로운 공급업체의 확보가 용이하며, 경쟁 입찰 등을 통해 저렴한 비용으로 물품을 구입할 수 있다. 판매 업체의 경우 채널 확장이 가능하며 판매비를 절감할 수 있다. 또한 e-Marketplace의 입장에서 보면 해운 산업 전체를 위한 새로운 시장을 형성할 수 있으며, 이를 통해 지속적인 수익 창출도 가능하다. 이러한 해운 거래의 B2B e-Marketplace의 출현은 향후 해운 거래의 새로운 패러다임으로 자리 잡을 것이다. 사이버 해운 거래소는 선박 매매와 용선, 화물 거래를 위한 선·화주의 연결, 표준화된 카탈로그 구축, 각종 전자문서 생성, 전자 결제, 온라인 보험 가입, 해운 선용품 판매 및 관련 정보 제공 등 해운 거래를 위한 종합적인 서비스가 제공되어야 한다. 이를 위해, 본문에서는 e-Marketplace의 효율적인 연계 방안에 대해 해운 관련 업종별로 제시하고 있다. 리스트 제공형, 중개형, 협력형, 보완형, 정보 연계형 등이 있는데, 이는 해운 분야에서 사이버 해운 거래가 가지는 문제점들을 보완하고 업종간 협업체제를 이루어 원활한 거래를 유도할 것이다. 그리하여 우리나라가 동북아 지역뿐만 아니라 세계적인 해운 국가 및 물류 ·정보 중심지로 성장할 수 있는 여건을 구축하는데 기여할 것이다.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.27-43
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• 2023

The maritime industry is playing an increasingly vital part in global economic expansion. Specifically, the Baltic Dry Index is highly correlated with global commodity prices. Hence, the importance of BDI prediction research increases. But, since the global situation has become more volatile, it has become methodologically more difficult to predict the BDI accurately. This paper proposes an integrated machine-learning strategy for accurately forecasting BDI trends. This study combines the benefits of a convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory neural network (LSTM) for research on prediction. We collected daily BDI data for over 27 years for model fitting. The research findings indicate that CNN successfully extracts BDI data features. On this basis, LSTM predicts BDI accurately. Model R2 attains 94.7 percent. Our research offers a novel, machine-learning-integrated approach to the field of shipping economic indicators research. In addition, this study provides a foundation for risk management decision-making in the fields of shipping institutions and financial investment.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.212-218
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• 2006

당금시대(當今時代), 정진입도동서방문명형성상호간적융합공제(正進入到東西方文明形成相互間的融合共濟), 병탐색착이상생적관계진행발전적전절기(幷探索着以相生的關係進行發展的轉折期). 동양사상통과관찰정체적직관여통합적사유방법(東洋思想通過觀擦整體的直觀與統合的思維方法), 설명료우주변화규율화인간적각종난해지미(設明了宇宙變化規律和人間的各種難解之謎), 종이창조출료위대적음양오행론사상(從而創造出了偉大的陰陽五行論思想). 단시수착 '서세동점' 적조류(但是隨着 '西勢東漸' 的潮流), 신위동양인이교육화사유방법이축보서양화(身爲東洋人而敎育和思維方法已逐步西洋化), 미능계승아문적위대전통(未能繼承我們的偉大傳統), 반피서양적과학문명화물질문명소흡수(反被西洋的科學文明和物質文明所吸收). 연이(然而), 서양적임하일종철학급과학(西洋的任何一種哲學及科學), 몰유일개능구이일종원리래설명우주화인간급만물적변화(沒有一個能구以一種原理來說明宇宙和人間及萬物的變化), 즉몰유일개능여동양적음양오행론상필적적철학화이론(卽沒有一個能與東洋的陰陽五行論相匹敵的哲學和理論). 포괄음양오행론재내(包括陰陽五行論在內), 동양사상이기흔강적설복력, 수착과학진보(隨着科學進步), 기가치개시중신피인식(其價値開始重新被認識). 이전뇌화수자혁명위대표적현대문명(以電腦和數子革命爲代表的現代文明), 역시근거음양론적이진법위기초이창조출래적(亦是根據陰陽論的二進法爲基礎而創造出來的). 애인사탄(愛因사坦), 탕천수수(湯川秀樹), 니극발이(尼克勃이), 가포라등(기布羅等), 균대동양사상적위대성가이인가(均對東洋思想的偉大性加以認可), 병종차득도영감(幷從此得到靈感), 취득위대적과학성과(取得偉大的科學成果). 음양오행론시불가마살적절대진리(陰陽五行論是不可磨殺的絶對眞理). 불관대기이론가치급본질무지적인(不管對其理論價値及本質無知的人), 즘양급여평가, 단시저일이론시일개해석자연화인간본질급설명기변화적이론(但是這一理論是一個解釋自然和人間本質及說明其變化的理論), 결부회상실기진정적가치(決不會喪失其眞正的價値).

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.23 no.8 s.86
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• pp.89-98
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• 2005

The privatization and commercialization of airports has moved forward at the globa1 level. individual countries have begun to focus less on the public welfare aspect of airports, and to emphasize the need to uncover means of increasing their respective airports economic performance and profitability. Although there is a need for Korean airports to be managed in accordance with this global trend. In order to conduct an accurate comparison and analysis of the managerial performances of the fourteen airports, the WLU(Work Load Unit) a concept which integrates the two outputs of airports, namely, passengers and freight, was employed in this study. Furthermore, in order to overcome the limitations of conducting a financial comparison based solely on WLU, the DEA model was also employed to evaluate airport efficiency: moreover, the benchmarking method was used to establish the input-output goals.

• Proceedings of the Safety Management and Science Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.40-51
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• 2005

우리나라 상품의 대외경쟁력은 대체적으로 국내 물류비에서 결정된다. 이 좁은 국토(거리상으로)에서 왜 그리도 많은 내륙 물류비를 부담해야 하는 지 많은 이들이 의아해 한다. 제대로 갖추어져 있지 못한 국가차원의 사회간접자본(SOC) 시설, 승용차 중심의 도로운송시스템도 문제지만 제품공장과 수출입관문인 항만.공항간의 연결점에 있는 물류거점시설들이 활성화돼 있지 않다는 것이 요인으로 지적되고 있다. 민간업자 차원에서는 국토 요소요소에 물류센타를 세워놓고 고객들의 화물에 대한 일괄 물류서비스를 제공하려고 많은 노력들을 하고 있다. 이곳에서는 보관, 재고관리, 유통가공, 보세운송, 수배송, 물류대행, 물류컨설팅 등 종합(통합) 물류서비스들이 이루어진다. 이에 본 연구에서는 이러한 물류센터의 실태를 조사하여 수요에 따른 물류센터의 공급능력을 평가하면서 물류의 일괄서비스 측면에서의 효율성을 점검해 보고져 한다. 또한 향후 이 분야에 있는 연구나 조사 필요성이 있는 과제가 무엇인지를 검토하여 단계별 연구과제를 정의하여 체계적인 연구가 진행될 수 있도록 하는데 그 믿걸음이 되고져 한다.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.143-149
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• 2004

Recently, RFID technology play a key role to implement ubiquitous sensor network(USN). In this paper, we introduce trends of RFID technology, standardization, and then its applications. The purpose of this work is to suggest prosperous applications of RFID, which is applicable on marine information system, such as ship inventory management, management of container and its contents, sensing of environments within cargo hold, management of fishery boats. In case that RFID technology is utilized on marine information systems, it makes safety at sea and marine environments protection.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2019.11a
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• pp.191-192
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• 2019

The transport market has continued to change to provide services for each cargo. Currently, tank containers are widely used for the transport of liquids, and the tank container transportation market is continuously growing. Accordingly, the demand for handling for tank containers is also increasing. The purpose of this study is to suggest the improvement of transportation process and management method based on the case analysis of the current tank container transportation market. Therefore, this is paper suggests that an integrated system is needed to eliminate the period of information disconnection, secure information continuity, and improve the efficiency of managing dangerous goods.