• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.12-16
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• 2008

This study was carried out to produce haploid plants to verify a systematic breeding program and genetic analysis. Effect of developmental stage of pollen grains and pre-treatment temperature on production of haploid plants was investigated. Microscopic investigation of the explants (Lilium Asiatic hybrid 'reamland' revealed that the length of flower bud at 23.0-24.9, 25.0-26.9, and 27.0-28.9 mm long coincided with tetrad, uninucleate, and binucleate, respectively. When the efficiency of the anther culture from microgametogenetic stages was tested, late uninucleate to early binucleate stage, having the length of 23.0 to 28.0 mm long flower bud, was the best. The frequencies of the callus induction and plant regeneration from the stage mentioned above were 17.8 and 6.7%, respectively. When calli were cultured on the MS medium containing picloram and zeatin at $25^{\circ}C$, shoots were obtained. Roots of regenerated plantlets were confirmed as haploid through an microscopic observation.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 2011

Effect of daminozide concentration and application methods, in combination with different planting period, on the growth of chrysanthemum was investigated for small pot-plant production. Daminozide, a plant growth regulator widely used for plant height control, was applied by drench or sub-application. For pot chrysanthemums of first planting time, plant height was reduced over $4,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$, when daminozide was drenched directly into the pot medium. However, $5,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of daminozide drench affected plant height reduction for secondarily planted pot chrysanthemum. Analysis of variance revealed the plant height was affected by planting time. For sub-application experiment of daminozide, it showed that the daminozide affected the number of flower buds formation and fresh and dry weight. These results suggest that planting period affected growth retardation of chrysanthemum. Therefore, application of growth retardant in combination with planting time and application methods may provide more efficient growth control for pot-chrysanthemum production.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 1988

This experiment was carried out to obtain the basic information for the improving of leaf quality by topping time and depth in flue-cured tobacco. Development of palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma were in order of button stage＆gt;early flower stage＆gt;late flower stage by topping time, and were in order of 4th leaf topping from floral axis＆gt;2nd leaf topping from floral axis＆gt;floral axis by topping depth. When 2nd leaf from floral axis were topped at late flower stage in A grade field and at early flower stage in B grade field, total sugar to nicotine ratio ralating to organoleptic characteristics were desirable as 9.0 and 9.7, and petroleum ether extract contents relating flavor of flue-cured tobacco were high as 9.9% and 8.4%, respectively. In ecological tissue, percentage of direct effect on quality were 43.2% in palisade parenchyma. 26.5% in spongy parechyma. 17.7% in tissue ratio, 6.7% in leaf thickness, 3.1% in intercellular space, 2.8% in leaf type and in chemical components, were 40.6% in nicotine. 35.7% in T-sugar/nicotine, 10.0% in total sugar, 7.0% in T-nitrogen/nicotine, 4.6% in total nitrogen, 2.1% in petroleum ether extract. The optimum topping depth were desirable at topping under second leaf from floral axis at late flower stage in A grade field and at early flower stage in B grade field for good leaf quality.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.151-160
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• 2016

Inflammatory cytokines play a major role in osteoclastogenesis, leading to the bone resorption that is frequently associated with osteoporosis. Sulforaphane, isolated from the Broccoli(Brassica oleracea var. italia) florets, inhibits the production of inflamatory cytokine. In the present study, we determined inhibitory effect of sulforaphane on Receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand(RANKL)-induced osteoclast formation. Sulforaphane inhibited the expression of osteoclast marker genes, such as tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP), cathepsin K, matrix metalloproteinase 9(MMP-9), and calcitonin receptor in RANKL-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage. Also, sluforaphane inhibited the expression of osteoclast protein, such as TRAP, MMP-9, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6(TRAF6) and transcription factor nuclease factor of activated T cells(NFAT)c1. Sulforaphane inhibited RANKL-induced activiation of nuclear factor kappaB(NF-kappaB) by suppression RANKL-mediated NF-kappaB transcriptional acitivation. We are confirmed that sulforaphane inhibits not only transcriptional activity of NF-kappaB but also expressions of the osteoclastogenesis factors(TRAP, cathepsin K, MMP-9, calcitonin, TRAF6) and trranscription factor NFATc1.

• Journal of the Korean Society of International Agriculture
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.497-502
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• 2011

Broccoli is considered as one of the functional foods to offer a hearty supply of the nutrient-rich vegetable in the world. Broccoli contains high level of phytochemicals, and that is selected as one of the top 10 vegetables for human health promotion. Especially, glucosinolates and flavonoids are well known as anti free oxygen radicals in vegetables and fruits. In Korea, broccoli consumption has increased to well known on the health-beneficial vegetables since 2000. However, broccoli has many problems of postharvest management since the quality of harvested heads quickly declines. Major problems are the floret yellowing, wilting, off-odor, and decay. The multiple postharvest applications improve broccoli quality and cold treatment including pre-cooling extends on the shelf-life with circumstance of optimum storage which is 0℃ temperature and a range of 95-100% relative humidity. Controlled atmosphere or modified atmosphere packaging can be used as supplemental treatments to extend postharvest life. 1-2% O₂ + 5-10% CO₂ is currently recommended for broccoli. Postharvest management is important for broccoli because price fluctuations depend on harvest time and quality. In this study, we tried to review physiological change of broccoli after the harvest, storage method, and various techniques to optimize quality during distribution.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.151-156
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• 2000

Field experiments were conducted to investigate the yield and paeoniflorin content between healthy peony and blight plot of top part with every year during 3 years at June, July, August, September, separately. Stem length and diameter, No. of stem in the blight plot of peony were decreased in early in blight time compared with those in no blight growth. No. of flower buds per plant was 5.2, 4.6 in 3 year- grown and 4year-grown plots at late June blight compared with 11.5, 16.2 in no blight. No. of axillary flower was also similar to as above. Main root length and root diameter was most decreased in the plot of late June blight compared with healthy peony. No. of root more than 10mm of root diameter was small in order of blight time, namely Late June, July, August and September. The root dry yield of 4 year healthy peony was most high in 1,603kg per 10a, but it was lowed in 1,007kg in the plot lasted blight during 3years at late June. Paeoniflorin content was no different between 3year-grown and 4year-grown, but it was high in late June blight plot increased with the early in blight time.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.275-280
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of drip irrigation level on soil salinity and growth of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) at the 'Saemangeum Reclaimed Tidal Land' from April to June, 2015. Drip irrigation was conducted at 1.5, 3.0 and $6.0mm{\cdot}day^{-1}$ level for reduction of resalinization in the plastic vinyl house using 10cm spacing drip irrigation tape. At harvesting stage, the average EC of surface soil was $10.9dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ for $1.5mm{\cdot}day^{-1}$, $11.5dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ for $3.0mm{\cdot}day^{-1}$ and $5.1dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ for $6.0mm{\cdot}day^{-1}$ and was significantly reduced by 52~56% in $6.0mm{\cdot}day^{-1}$ treated plot compared to those in 1.5 and $3.0mm{\cdot}day^{-1}$ plots. The fresh bud weights of 1.5, 3.0 and $6.0mm{\cdot}day^{-1}$ treatment plots were 60.9, 129.1 and $371.3g{\cdot}plant^{-1}$, respectively. The estimated soil EC for 50% yield reduction was $7.6dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ and the desalinization depth by drip irrigation was 30~40cm in soil profile. The total amount of drip irrigation water was estimated to be 422mm and the daily drip irrigation level was $6.0mm{\cdot}day^{-1}$ for the prevention of resalinization during the broccoli growing period at the 'Saemangeum Reclaimed Tidal Land'. Our results suggested that drip irrigation shows effectiveness on the lowering the soil salinity according to the drip irrigation quantity but it needs more research on this study because dynamics of salts in soil can vary with many factors such as soil physico-chemical properties and seasonal climate.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.279-288
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• 2014

To understand changes in composition and distribution of nutrients during early shoot growth of persimmon, organic compounds and inorganic elements of terminal shoots were analyzed for about 40 days from the time of foliation. Sample shoots were collected from mature 'Fuyu' trees for this three-year experiment and they were divided to stem, leaves, and the fruits including flower buds at the earliest stage. During shoot growth, concentration of soluble sugars increased in both leaves and fruits, but that of starch increased only in leaves. Those of amino acids tended to decrease in all the parts but there was no consistent change in proteins. As shoots grew, contents of all the organic compounds in a shoot increased, and they were especially higher in May leaves accounting for more than 60% of the shoot total for each nutrient. Along with shoot growth, concentrations of N and P gradually decreased in all three parts, while K decreased only in stem. However, those of Ca and Mg did not show notable changes in all the parts with wide variations depending on the year. Due to the quantitative increase in growth, contents of inorganic elements in a shoot increased in all the parts and the leaves accounted for 54-82% of the shoot total. At the cessation time of extension growth, a shoot contained 526-768 mg of soluble sugars, 245-844 mg of starch, 26-31 mg of amino acids, and 66-103 mg of proteins for three years. On the other hand, a shoot contained 203-388 mg of K, the greatest among the inorganic elements, followed by 132-159 mg of N. Changes of the nutrients in a shoot were much greater during the earlier stage of growth after foliation than during the later stage toward growth cessation, suggesting the importance of mobilizing reserve nutrients for the early growth of the shoots. The results of this study also suggested that the rate of nutrient changes, especially during the earlier stage of shoot growth, could be affected by environmental and cultural conditions.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.368-373
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• 2008

In order to investigate the effects of low temperature pretreatment of floral bud and plant growth regulators on anther-derived callus and shoot differentiation, anthers were cultured on 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D, NAA, BA and TDZ. This plant depends on the plant growth regulators, for these anthers couldn't respond on 1/2 MS medium without plant growth regulators. 2,4-D was a prerequisite substance in this experiment, especially 52.6% of callus formation on MS medium with 2.0mg/L 2,4-D alone. However, the optimum medium was on 1/2 MS medium with 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.0mg/L BA for continuous growth and shoot differentiation from the anther. Calli derived from on MS medium with 2.0mg/L 2,4-D transferred to the 1/2MS medium with TDZ and BA. TDZ were less superior to BA, only one anther could produce shoot on MS media with 1.0mg/L TDZ. On the other hand, when the calli transferred to the medium with 3.0mg/L BA, adventitious shoots were proliferated, subsequently, regenerated shoots elongated from the embryogenic calli. After floral buds of one week before anthesis were incubated at $5^{\circ}C$ refrigerator for eight or fifteen days, anthers seperated from floral buds were cultured on 1/2MS medium supplemented with 0.1mg/L 2,4-D and 1.0mg/L BA. Callusing and shoot differentiation on anthers from treated at $5^{\circ}C$ for eight days were more effective than those of fifteen days or control.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.60-66
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• 1994

This study was conducted to determine the optimum conditions of inducing callus, proliferating callus, forming somatic embryos, and regenerating plantlets via somatic embryogenesis, for the purpose of producing artificial seeds and substantially developing plant factory technologies that can be employed to all seasons production of Bupleurum plants. Callus was efficiently induced from leaf tissues at three leaf stage in the MS medium supplemented with 2, 4-D 2mg /1 and thidiazuron(TDZ) 0.lmg /1. Callus induction from leaf tissues at maturity was mostly effective in the mixture of 2,4- D 2mg /1 and TDZ 1.0mg /1 while that from flower bud tissues was fairly good in the MS medium containing 2,4-D 1 or 2mg /1.Callus was formed in 15 to 20 days after culture initiation in the MS media supplemented with 2, 4- D 1-2mg /1 and TDZ 0.l-1.0mg /1. Such hormones as kinetin 3mg /1, GA 1mg /1, and the mixture of GA 1mg /1 and TDZ 1mg /1 effected markedly to proliferate the callus cells.The optimum temperature and light intensity for callus culture were found to be $25^{\circ}C$ and 3000 Lux, respectively. Direct plant regeneration from cultured callus was fairly made on hormone-free MS or half-strength MS medium. Somatic embryogenesis was most frequently observed in hormone-free media:60 somatic embryos per 20ml in MS medium and 28 somatic embryos per 20ml in half -strength MS medium. There were three stages-globular, heart, and torpedo-in development of somatic embryos, among which globular stage was more frequently observed in MS medium rather than in half-strength MS medium. Somatic embryos induced from suspension culture fairly differentiated a number of shoots and roots on hormone-free and half-strength MS solid medium.