• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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• v.46 no.11
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• pp.1038-1046
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• 2010

말과 자동차는 서로 닮은 게 몇 가지 있는데, 순환기계 및 호흡기계는 말의 엔진을 구성하고 말이 소화 시키는 사료는 자동차의 연료와 같으며, 연료는 근육에 힘을 내는 영양적 에너지로 바뀐다. 호흡기계는 대사를 촉진하기 위해 산소를 제공하고 심장혈관계 또는 순환기계는 산소와 영양소를 조직에 운반할 뿐만 아니라 엔진이 작동하면서 생긴 노폐물도 제거한다.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.197-202
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• 2020

In this study, we investigate the effect of twenties female caffeine addiction on cardiorespiratory capacity. For this study, we divided 35 female students at H university into caffeine addict group(n=17) and none caffeine addict group(n=18). Measure maximal oxygen uptake, maximal energy consumption and METs using Cycle Ergometer to assess cardiac capacity. Measure peak inspiratory pressure, peak inspiratory flow rate, peak inspiratory capacity, average inspiratory pressure, average inspiratory flow rate, average inspiratory capacity using Power Breathe K5 to assess respiratory capacity. As a result, cardiac capacity showed a statistically significant decrease in maximal oxgen uptake and METs compared caffeine addict group to none caffeine addict group(p<.001). respiratory capacity showed a statistically significant decrease in peak inspiratory pressure(p<.05), peak inspiratory flow rate(p<.01), average inspiratory pressure(p<.01), average inspiratory flow rate(p<.01), compared caffeine addict group to none caffeine addict group. Combining the results of the study, we could see that caffeine addiction reduces the cardiorespiratory capacity in twenties female. Therefore, it could be used as a basis date to prevent caffeine addiction for twenties female.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
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• 2000.12a
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• pp.20-26
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• 2000

호흡기계 및 소화기계에 감염된 전염성 바이러스에 대한 역학적 기초자료로 이용하고자 1999년 1월부터 12월까지 부산지역에서 분리된 전염성 바이러스의 특징과 계절적 발생추이, 환자의 성별, 연령별 발생에 대해 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 1999년도 바이러스 가검물 2261건에서 분리한 호흡기계감염 바이러스 279건과 소화기계 감염 바이러스 83주를 분리하였으며, 이중 인플루엔자 바이러스 A형이 96주(29.6%), B형이 107주(33.0%)로 대부분을 차지하였다. 2. 1999년의 바이러스 분리의 성별 분포는 총 360명의 환자 중 179명(49.7%)의 남성 및 181명(50.3%)의 여성으로 비슷한 양상을 나타내었다. 이중 호흡기계의 경우 279명의 감염환자 중 남성이 130명(46.6%), 여성이 149명(53.4%)으로 여성의 감염율이 비교적 높았으나, 소화기계의 경우 83명의 감염환자 중 남성이 51명(61.4%), 여성이 32명(38.5%)으로 남성의 감염율이 거의 2배정도 높게 나타났다. 3. 1999년의 연령별 분포는 10세 이하의 어린이가 194명(59.9%)으로 대부분을 차지하였으며, 이중 인플루엔자 바이러스가 99명(30.6%)으로 가장 높은 감염을을 나타내었다 유행성이하선염 바이러스의 감염어린이 중에 $l1{\sim}15$세의 연령층이 15명으로(53.3%)로 가장 높게 나타났다. 4. 1999년 월별 감염율은 호흡기계 감염증 바이러스의 경우 1월부터 4월까지, 그리고 12월에 증가 추세를 보이면서 4월에 가장 높은 감염율을 나타내었다 소화기계 감염증 바이러스의 경우 9, 10, 11월을 제외한 모든 월별에 관찰되었으며, echo와 coxsackie 바이러스는 무균성 수막염 환자에서 하절기에 집중적으로 발생하였다. 동절기에 유행하는 설사 바이러스는 12월에 비교적 높은 양상을 나타내었다. 5. 인플루엔자 바이러스는 MDCK 세포에서, 아데노 바이러스와 유행성 이하선염 바이러스는 HEp-2 세포에서, 파라인플루엔자 바이러스는 Vero 세포에서, 그리고 echo, coxsackie B 바이러스와 장내 바이러스는 HEp-2, Vero, BGM 세포에서 뚜렷한 세포병변 효과를 나타내었다. 6. 분리한 바이러스는 전자현미경으로 관찰한 결과 인플루엔자 바이러스 A 형(HINI, H3N2)은 95nm, B 형은 70nm크기의 구형을 나타내었으며, 바이러스표면의 지질 이중층이 뚜렷하게 관찰되었다. 아데노 바이러스는 외피가 관찰되지 않았으며, nucleocapsid는 symmetry이고 크기는 71nm로서 바이러스 입자 표면에 icosaheral capsomer의 배열이 명확하게 관찰되었고, 파라인플루엔자 바이러스와 유행성 이하선염 바이러스는 외피가 있는 구형의 큰 viron으로180, 170nm 크기이었다. 7. Echo와 coxsackie B group 바이러스는 모두 외피가 없는 isometric 형으로 크기는 $30{\sim}45nm$ 이었고, enteric adeno 바이러스는 84nm 크기로서 외피가 없고, 입자 표면에 capsomer의 배열이 명확하게 관찰되었고, rotavirus는 크기가 70nm이며 외층 capsid 단백질과 내층 capsid 단백질이 두층으로 되어 있는 전형적인 수레바퀴 모양을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 호흡기계 및 소화기계에 감염되는 전염성 바이러스는 연중 지속적으로 분리되고 있으며 전염성이 강하여 집단 발생은 일으키는 경우도 많고 최근 들어 유행성 이하선염과 흥역 바이러스의 발생률이 높은 추이를 나타내고 있지만 아직은 특이한 바이러스 치료제가 개발되어 있지 않았으므로 지속적인 대책과 아울러 장기적인 발생 가능에 대한 예방책을 흥보하여야 할 것으로 보이며 계속적인 바이러스성 전염병 유행예측조사 및 역학조사가 적극적으로 이루어져야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.179-188
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• 2000

Background : The decision to institute mechanical ventilation for patients with COPD is very difficult. The accurate information regarding weaning success and long-term survival will improve communication with patients and family and enhance informed consent. The aims of this study are to describe outcomes and identify variables associated with survival for patients experiencing mechanical ventilation with an acute respiratory failure of COPD. Methods : The 53 cases of mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit in the National Medical Center from 1989 to 1998 were included. Data were collected retrospectively from medical records. Weaning success rate and 3 month and 1 year survival rates were estimated. Factors associated with weaning success and survival were determined. Results : Weaning sucess was 55%. For success group with 29 cases, 3 months survival rate was 61% and 1 year survival rate 37%. APACHE II scores in weaning success group were significantly lower than those in the failure group. Factors such as age, sex, comorbid-illnes. previous steroid use, causes of respiratory failure, RVH or arrhythmia on EKG, serum albumin level, arterial blood pH, $PaO_2$, $PaCO_2$, $FEV_1$ duration of mechanical ventilation and steroid use during mechanical ventilation were not associated with weaning success. Only age and serum albumin level were associated with 3 month and 1 year survival. No COPD patients of age more than 75 years and serum albumin level less than 3g/dl had survived at 1 year after weaning success. Conclusion : While weaning success from mechanical ventilation can be predicted by APACHE II score in COPD patients, long-term outcomes of survivors may be influenced by nutritional status and age.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.500-511
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• 1999

Background: Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) using facial or nasal mask have been widely used for several years in stable patients with chronic neuromuscular disease or central alveolar hypoventilation, and recently have been tried in patients with acute respiratory failure. In a few studies, NPPV was also used to rescue the patients with post-extubation respiratory failure. However, yet it has not been adopted as a weaning method in patients on long-term mechanical ventilation. So we performed this prospective clinical study to evaluate the usefulness of NPPV as a weaning method after removing endotracheal tube intentionally in patients on long-term mechanical ventilation. Method: Twelve patients who had been on invasive mechanical ventilation over 10 days were enrolled and 14 trials of NPPV were done. All had failed at least one weaning trial and showed ventilator dependence(pressure support requirement between 8-15cm $H_2O$, and PEEP requirement between 5-10cm $H_2O$), so tracheostomy was being considered. After removing the endotracheal tube, NPPV was applied using facial mask. Respiratory rate, arterial blood gas, pressure support level, and PEEP level were monitored just before intended extubation, at 30 minutes, 1 to 6, 6 to 12, 12 to 24 hours, 2nd day, and 3rd day following initiation of NPPV, and just before weaning from NPPV. The successful weaning was defined as spontaneous breathing off the ventilator for 48 hours or longer without respiratory distress. Results: The weaning through NPPV after intended extubation was successful in 7(50%) of 14 trials, and tracheostomy could be avoided in them. There were no differences in age, sex, APACHE III score, duration of invasive mechanical ventilation, baseline respiratory rate, $PaCO_2$ $PaO_2/FiO_2$, and ventilatory requirement(PS and PEEP) between the success and failure groups. In the success group, respiratory rate, pH, $PaCO_2$, and $PaO_2/FiO_2$ were not different between invasive MV and NPPV period. But in the failure group, pH decreased after 30 minutes of NPPV initiation compared with that of invasive MV($7.40\pm0.08$ vs. $7.34\pm0.06$, p<0.05). The causes of failure were worsening of ABG(n=3), retained tracheal secretion(n=2), mask intolerance(n=1), and flail chest(n=1). Conclusion: NPPV may be worth trying as a bridge method in weaning patients on long-term invasive mechanical ventilation.

• KOREAN ASSOCIATION OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSES
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• v.2 no.1 s.3
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• pp.33-36
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• 1995

• 월간산업보건
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• s.344
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• pp.29-34
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• 2016

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.23-26
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• 1991

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
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• v.23 no.11 s.265
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• pp.136-138
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• 1991

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.329-337
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• 1997

Background : Since endotracheal tube is the most important factor involved in the imposed work of breathing during mechanical ventilation, extubation of endotracheal tube is supposed to reduce respiratory work of patient. However, some patients show labored breathing after extubation despite acceptable blood gases. We investigated the changes of work of breathing before and after extubation and the factors involved in the change of WOB after extubation. Methods : The subjects were 34 patients(M : F = 20 : 14, mean age = $61{\pm}17yre$) who recovered from respiratory failure after ventilatory support and were considered to be ready for extubation. The patients with clinical or radiologic evidences of upper airway obstruction before endotracheal intubation for mechanical ventilation were excluded. Vital sign, physical examination, chest X-ray, work of breathing and other respiratory mechanic indices were measured prior to, immediately, 6, 24 and 48 hours after extubation serially. Definition of weaning failure after extubation was resumption of ventilatory support or reintubation of endotracheal tube within 48 hour after extubation because of respiratory failure. The patients were classified into group 1(decreased work of breathing), group 2(unchanged work of breathing) and group 3(increased work of breathing) depending on the statistical difference in the change of work of breathing before and after extubation. Results : Work of breathing decreased in 33%(11/34, group 1), unchanged in 41%(14/34, group 2) and increased in 26%(9/34, group 3) of patients after extubation compared with before extubation. Weaning failure occurred 9%(1/11) of group, 1, 28.6%(4/14) of group 2 and 44%(4/9) of group 3 after extubation(p = 0.07). The change of work of breathing after extubation was positively correlated with change of mean airway resistance(mRaw). (r = 0.794, p > 0.01). In three cases of group 3 whose respiratory indices could be measured until 48 hr after extubation, the change in work of breathing paralleled with the sequential change of mRaw. The work of breathing was peaked at 6 hr after extubation, which showed a tendency to decrease thereafter. Conclusions : Reversible increase of work of breathing after extubation may occur in the patients who underwent extubation, and the increase in mRaw could be responsible for the increase in work of breathing. In addition, the risk of weaning failure after extubation may increase in the patients who have increased WOB immediately after extubation.