• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.290-296
• /
• 2008

This study examined the physicochemical properties of chemically and enzymatically cross-modified waxy rice starches. The waxy rice starch was cross-linked using phosphorous oxychloride, and then partially hydrolyzed with four commercial ${\alpha}$-amylases (Fungamyl, Termamyl, Liquozyme, Kleistase). Swelling power and the moisture sorption isotherm did not change with cross-modification. Two cross-modified waxy rice starches (hydrolyzed with Termamyl and Liquozyme) showed higher solubilities than native starch and the two other cross-modified starches (hydrolyzed with Fungamyl and Kleistase). In terms of RVA characteristics, the two cross-modified waxy rice starches hydrolyzed with Termamyl and Liquozyme, respectively, had lower peak viscosity, holding strength, and final viscosity than the native starch. However, the two starches hydrolyzed with Fungamyl and Kleistase, respectively, revealed higher peak viscosity, holding strength, and final viscosity than the native starch. No differences were displayed in the X-ray diffraction patterns and DSC thermal characteristics of the cross-modified waxy rice starch as compared to both the native and cross-linked starches, indicating that cross-linking and enzymatic hydrolysis occurred in the amorphous region and did not alter the crystalline region.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.37 no.6
• /
• pp.752-760
• /
• 2008

Scale-up production of low-trans fat containing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA-TFO) was performed through lipase-catalyzed synthesis. Blend of fully hydrogenated soybean oil, olive oil containing conjugated linoleic acid and palm oil with 1:2:7 ratio was interesterified through Lipozyme RM IM in the 1 L-batch type reactor at $65^{\circ}C$ for 12 hrs, and the physicochemical and melting properties of CLA-TFO were compared with conventional (high trans fat) or commercial low-trans fat shortening. The trans fatty acids content in the conventional shortening (48.8 area%) was much higher than that of low-trans shortening (0.4 area%) and CLA-TFO (0.3 area%+CLA; 7.6 area%). Acid, saponification and iodine values of CLA-TFO were 0.4, 173.9 and 59.0, respectively. Their ${\alpha}$-, ${\gamma}$-tocopherol contents showed 4.7, 1.0 mg/100 g. Differences were observed in the solid fat contents (SFC), melting point of the conventional or low-trans fat and CLA-TFO. Each SFC of conventional, low-trans fat and CLA-TFO was 32.0, 29.3 and 30.4% with melting point of 38.5, 43.0 and $39.5^{\circ}C$ at $35^{\circ}C$, respectively. In texture profile analysis, hardness of conventional, low-trans fat and CLA-TFO was 111.7, 75.2 and 63.8 g.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.113-125
• /
• 2010

Objectives: We have evaluated the effects of conservative treatment on one patient who was diagnosed to thoraco-lumbar junction and lumbo-sacral junction transitional zone syndrome. so, we investigate thoraco-lumbar junction and Jumbo-sacral junction tranzitional zone syndrome that was suggested by Maigne R. Methods : One patient was diagnosed as T12-L1 herinated intervetebral disc through MRI. We diagnosed the patient to transitional zone syndrome by symptoms and physical examination and used Acupuncture therapy, Cox technique to the patient. We measured Visual Analog Scale(VAS) before and after treatment. Results: After treating Acupuncture therapy, Cox technique in the case, We find out that the patient was improved. VAS score changed from 7 to 2 and physical examinations are improved. Conclusions: We improved the patient who had thoraco-lumbar junction and lumbo-sacral junction transitional zone syndrome by Cox technique and Acupuncture therapy, and we found that thoraco-lumbar junction related lumbo-sacral junction.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.97-102
• /
• 2020

With the advancement of technology, there are almost no constraints on expression in virtual reality (VR) art; however, it still has some limitations. VR artists can be largely classified into two groups in terms of style. The first group is artists who create their works as a live performance. In this case, a major limitation is that the artist cannot see how the audience reacts to the work because he/she wears a VR device while performing, and the audience cannot fully experience the work, since they view it only on-screen without any VR devices. This problem can be solved if all members of the audience wear VR devices; however, that requires astronomical costs and brings about another problem related to device management. If the price of VR devices decreases as technology develops, it may help solve this problem. The second group is exhibition artists who regularly display their works online. In this case, the limitation is that their work using VR remains only in the virtual digital space. In this case, a solution may be creating space in exhibition halls, and providing VR devices to audience members in existing art exhibitions.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.34-45
• /
• 2014

A variety of physical, chemical, and microbiological techniques have been developed to deal with soil and groundwater contamination. However, in the presence of the large portion of soil micro-environments, contaminant rebound and/or tailing have been frequently reported. Case study of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) removal by full-scale land farming showed that contaminant rebound and/or tailing occurred in 9 out of total 21 cases and subsequently resulted in problems of a long term operation to satisfy TPH guidelines of contaminated soil and groundwater. The main cause of contaminant rebound and tailing is considered to be the strong interactions between contaminants and micro-environments including micro-particles, micro-pores, and organic matter. Thus, this study reviewed the effects of soil micro-environments of soil and groundwater on the removal efficiency for both heavy metals and petroleum contaminants. In addition, the various methods of sampling, analysis, and assessment of soil micro-environments were evaluated. Thorough understanding of the effects of soil micro-environments on contaminant removal will be essential to achieve a cost-effective and efficient solution to contaminated sites.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
• /
• 2003.05a
• /
• pp.55-55
• /
• 2003

최근 높은 해상도의 평판 디스플레이 장치 특히 차세대 TFT-LCD를 개발하기 위해서는 건식식각공정의 개발이 필수 불가결하며 이는 플라즈마 공정장치의 대면적화가 가능해야 한다. 따라서 산업계는 이러한 제조 조건에 알맞는 대면적 플라즈마 반응기 개발을 추구하고 있다. 이를 위해서는 건식식각공정의 개발이 필수 불가결하며 이를 위해선 플라즈마 공정장 치의 대면적화가 가능해야 한다. 이러한 대면적 공정을 위해서는 낮은 공정압력, 고밀도, 높은 플라즈마 균일도가 요구된다. 또한 이러한 대면적 고밀도 플라즈마에의 적용을 위하여 새로운 유도결합형 플라즈마 소오스의 개발이 진행되고 있으며, 안정적인 300mm웨이퍼 공정을 위하여 여러 형태의 안테나가 연구되어지고 있다. 그러나 차세대 TFT-LCD에 적용 가 능하게끔 기존의 ICP 소오스를 직접적으로 대면적화 하는데 있어서는 안테나의 인덕턴스의 값이 키지며, 유전물질의 두께 증가 및 그에 따른 재료비의 상슴에 의해 그 한계점을 나타 내었다. 본 연구에서는 차세대 TFT-LCD 및 POP 대면적 공정에 적용 가능한 고밀도 플라즈마를 발생시키기 위해서 내장형 유도결합형 선형 안테나를 사용하였다. 내장형 유도결합형 선형 안테나가 가지고 있는 고유의 정전기적 결합효과를 최소화시키기 위해 직사각형모양의 플라즈마 챔버(830mm*1,020mm)에서 영구자석을 사용하였다. 영구자석을 사용하여 외부자 장을 인가하였을 때가, 그럴지 않은 때보다 RF 안테나에 걸리는 코일의 전압을 낮춰주었으며, 영구자석의 배열에 따라 코일의 인덕턴스의 값이 크게 변함을 알 수 있었다. 그리고, 최적화된 자장의 배열은 플라즈마의 이온밀도를 증가시켰으며, 플라즈마 균일도 또한 10% 이 내로 유지됨을 알 수 있었다. 따른 식각 메커니즘에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. $CF_4/Cl_2$ gas chemistry 에 첨 가 가스로 $N_2$와 Ar을 첨 가할 경 우 텅 스텐 박막과 하부 layer 간의 etch selectivity 증가는 관찰되지 않았으며, 반면에 첨가 가스로 $O_2$를 사용할 경우, $O_2$의 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 etch s selectivity 는 계속적으로 증가렴을 관찰할 수 있었다. 이는 $O_2$ 첨가에 따라 형성되는 WOF4 에 의한 텅스텐의 etch rates 의 감소에 비하여, $Si0_2$ 등의 형성에 의한 poly-Si etch rates 이 더욱 크게 감소하였기 때문으로 사료된다. W 과 poly-Si 의 식각 특성을 이해하기 위하여 X -ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)를 사용하였으며, 식각 전후의 etch depth 를 측정하기 위하여 stylus p pmfilometeT 를 이용하였다.X> 피막이 열처리 전후에 보아는 기계적 특성의 변화 양상은 열역학적으로 안정한 Wurzite-AlN의 석출에 따른 것으로 AlN 석출상의 크기에 의존하며, 또한 이러한 영향은 $(Ti_{1-x}AI_{x})N$ 피막에 존재하는 AI의 함량이 높고, 초기에 증착된 막의 업자 크기가 작을 수록 클 것으로 여겨진다. 그리고 환경의 의미의 차이에 따라 경관의 미학적 평가가 달라진 것으로 나타났다.corner$적 의도에 의한 경관구성의 일면을 확인할수 있지만 엄밀히 생각하여 보면 이러한 예의 경우도 최락의 총체적인 외형은 마찬가지로

• Polymer(Korea)
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.54-61
• /
• 2014

Water-soluble sulfobetaine chitosan (SCs) was prepared for a blending film with Bombyx mori silk fibroin (SF) by reacting chitosan with 1,3-propanesultone. A series of SF/SCs blended films were successfully prepared by mixing aqueous solutions of B. mori SF and SCs. The SF/SCs blended films were examined through spectroscopic and thermal analysis to determine the morphological changes of SF in the SCs. The effects of the SF/SCs blend ratios on physical and mechanical properties were investigated to discover the feasibility of using these films as biomedical materials such as artificial skin and wound dressing. X-ray analysis showed good compatibility between the two biopolymers. The in vitro degradation behavior of the SF/SCs blended films was systematically investigated for up to 8 weeks in phosphate buffered saline solution at $37^{\circ}C$ and showed a mass loss of 46.4% after 8 weeks. All films showed no cytotoxicity by MC3T3-E1 assay. After 3 days of culture, the relative cell number on all the SF/SCs films was slightly lower than that of an optimized tissue culture plastic.

• Journal of Marine Life Science
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.25-33
• /
• 2020

The Asan Bay, which has semi-diurnal tide with macro-tidal range, is affected by both freshwater discharge from the sluice gates in the sea dikes and tidal seawater inputs from the Yellow sea. Understanding water quality change in response to tides is important since tides can impact the short-term variations in physical and chemical water properties as well as the response of biological properties. The diel variations in water quality were seasonally investigated at 2 hour intervals from a fixed station in the Asan Bay. In the results, water temperature and salinity consistently fluctuated in phase or out of phase with tidal height. Especially salinity was positively correlated with tidal height. The concentrations of total suspended solids were higher in the bottom water than in the surface and fluctuated greatly over the tidal cycle recording higher values at low tide than at high tide. Nitrite+nitrate levels also fluctuated out of phase with tidal height and correlated negatively with tidal height. Other nutrients also showed a similar pattern. The pattern was distinct in July when freshwater was discharged before the field sampling. The concentrations of organic materials, total nitrogen and total phosphorus greatly fluctuated over the tidal cycle and were generally out of phase with tidal height. Most materials except particulate organic forms were correlated with salinity indicating that freshwater inputs were sources for the materials similarly to the dissolved inorganic nutrients. The results suggest that water quality (except dissolved oxygen and pH) and nutrients including organic materials was largely affected by tides in the Asan Bay.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.50
• /
• pp.131-172
• /
• 2018

It is noted that nowadays, the bride wealth custom takes an extremely distorted form in African society. Such a phenomenon is a result that the male-dominant culture, Western religions, and capitalist economic system have been negatively combined into dynamic factors seen as bride wealth. This means that the concept of bride wealth has been incessantly reconstructed in the middle of clash and conflict of tradition and modernity. There is also little doubt that the practice is inextricably tangled with the common and current ways of livelihood, early marriage, polygyny, kinship/family structure, poverty, and migration labor. Bride wealth has become an increasingly commercialized element under a capitalist economic system. Accordingly, its traditional symbolism is seen to be subsequently weakening, whereas a tendency towards the reification of women is strengthening more in modern society that embraces modern customs bent on the protection of women's human rights. Its commercialization has produced a result, which instigates the noted violations of women's basic human rights, gender inequality, and promotion of domestic violence. The ways that people perceive bride wealth vary according to their own sex, generation, stratification, and ethnic background. Those people who negatively recognize bride wealth will increase with the deepening of its commercialization due to the influence of capitalism. Its color and effect will deepen and depend on how its agents correspond to socioeconomic changes. They will constantly reinterpret and reconstruct it within their own environments, but the basic human rights efforts are constantly under review by concerned individuals seeking to promote equality for women as a global effort.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.23-33
• /
• 2019

Naeseong Stream is a sand-bed river that flows through the northern area of Gyeongbuk province. It is characterized by dynamic sandy bedforms developed in response to the seasonal hydrological fluctuation and by its unique riverine landscape called "white river." However, changes including construction of Yeongju Dam from 2010 and the extensive vegetation establishment around 2015 occurred along the Naeseong Stream. This paper aims to analyze climate, hydrology, and water quality as factors and to examine the possibility of channel changes accordingly. The second least precipitation during the last 60 years happened in 2015, which led to the lowest peak discharge in 50 years. The sediment characteristics of Naeseong Stream were not significantly different along the upstream and downstream reaches, but it was confirmed that annual minimum water level of the stream decreased continuously regardless of the dam construction. This suggests that intermittent drought and change in water quality are likely to provide favorable conditions for riparian vegetation establishment and the resulting physical changes have affected riverbed degradation. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct diversified monitoring in connection with river vegetation change in order to analyze the causes of river changes.