• Title/Summary/Keyword: 형태주의

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Neuroprotective Effect of Extracts from Root Bark of Morus alba on Glutamate-induced Cytotoxicity in Neuronal Cells. (Glutamate가 유도하는 세포독성으로부터 신경세포를 보호하는 상백피 추출물의 효과)

  • Kim, Hyun-Jung;Kim, Ji-Hyun;Son, Eun-Soon;Lee, Jeung-Min;Park, Hae-Ryong
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.19 no.7
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    • pp.963-967
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    • 2009
  • This study evaluated the neuroprotective effect of extracts from the root bark of Morus alba (MA) against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in neuronal cells. Glutamate-induced cytotoxicity was shown by MTT reduction assay. The neuroprotective effects of methanol, ethanol, and acetone extracts from MA against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity were measured. Among the three extracts, the methanolic extracts showed the highest protective effect, as determined by the results of an morphological assay, a lactate dehydrogenase release assay. Furthermore, the methanol extracts were fractionated sequentially with hexane, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, and water layer according to degree of polarity. The hexane fractions exhibited a neuroprotective effect against glutamate-stressed N18-RE-105 cells. Therefore, these results suggest that extracts of MA could be a new potential candidate as a protective substance against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity.

Phellinus linteus Extract Regulates Macrophage Polarization in Human THP-1 Cells (상황버섯 추출물의 인간 유래 THP-1 단핵구 세포주의 분극화 조절)

  • Lee, Sang-Yull;Park, Sul-Gi;Yu, Sun-Nyoung;Kim, Ji-Won;Hwang, You-Lim;Kim, Dong-Seob;Ahn, Soon-Cheol
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.30 no.2
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    • pp.113-121
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    • 2020
  • Macrophages are initiators for regulating a host's defenses to eliminate pathogens and trigger tissue repair. Macrophages are classified into two types: classically (M1) activated macrophages and alternatively (M2) activated macrophages. M1-phenotype macrophages directly or indirectly kill infectious organisms and tumor cells via pro-inflammatory responses, whereas M2-phenotype macrophages remodel wounded tissue through anti-inflammatory responses. In this paper, we investigated how Phellinus linteus hot water extract passed from Diaion HP-20 resin (PLEP) regulates polarization of M1-like or M2-like macrophages in human THP-1 cells. PLEP did not have cytotoxicity at a high concentration of 300 ㎍/ml. We observed morphological alteration of the THP-1 cells, which are stimulated by PLEP, LPS/INF-γ (M1 stimulators) or IL-4/IL13 (M2 stimulators). PLEP exposure induced morphology contiguous with LPS/INF-γ. qPCR was also performed to determine whether PLEP influences M1 or M2 polarization-related genes. M1-phenotype macrophage-specific genes, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, CXCL10 and CCR7, were enhanced by PLEP in a dose-dependent manner similar to LPS/INF-γ. Conversely, M2-phenotype-specific genes, such as MRC-1, DC-SIGN, CCL17 and CCL22, were suppressed by PLEP. PLEP also significantly up-regulated secretory inflammation cytokines related to M1 polarization of macrophages, including TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6, which was similar to the gene expression. Further, MAPK and NF-κB signaling were increased by treatment with PLEP, resulting in enhancement of cytokine secretion. PLEP might therefore be used as a promising booster of pro-inflammatory responses through M1 polarization of human THP-1 cells.

Characterization of HtrA2-deficient Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast Cells Based on Morphology and Analysis of their Sensitivity in Response to Cell Death Stimuli. (HtrA2 유전자가 결손된 mouse embryonic fibroblast 세포주의 형태학적 특징 및 세포사멸 자극에 대한 감수성 조사)

  • Lee, Sang-Kyu;Nam, Min-Kyung;Kim, Goo-Young;Rhim, Hyang-Shuk
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.522-529
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    • 2008
  • High-temperature requirement A2(HtrA2) has been known as a human homologue of bacterial HtrA that has a molecular chaperone function. HtrA2 is mitochondrial serine protease that plays a significant role in regulating the apoptosis; however, the physiological function of HtrA2 still remains elusive. To establish experimental system for the investigation of new insights into the function of HtrA2 in mammalian cells, we first obtained $HtrA2^{+/+}$ and $HtrA2^{-/-}$ MEF cells lines and identified those cells based on the expression pattern and subcellular localization of HtrA2, using immunoblot and biochemical assays. Additionally, we observed that the morphological characteristics of $HtrA2^{-/-}$ MEF cells are different form those of $HtrA2^{+/+}$ MEF cells, showing a rounded shape instead of a typical fibroblast-like shape. Growth rate of $HtrA2^{-/-}$ MEF cells was also 1.4-fold higher than that of $HtrA2^{+/+}$ MEF cells at 36 hours. Furthermore, we verified both MEF cell lines induced caspsase-dependent cell death in response to apoptotic stimuli such as heat shock, staurosporine, and rotenone. The relationship between HtrA2 and heat shock-induced cell death is the first demonstration of the research field of HtrA2. Our study suggests that those MEF cell lines are suitable reagents to further investigate the molecular mechanism by which HtrA2 regulates the balance between cell death and survival.

The Aspects of Change of Sijo (시조의 변이 양상)

  • Kang Myeoung-Hye
    • Sijohaknonchong
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    • v.24
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    • pp.5-46
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    • 2006
  • Korean verse has flexibly changed its form and contents according to the historical background of the times. This fact arouses reader sympathy because it has reflected ideas, historical aspects and realities of the times. However, korean verse has kept its own characteristics in some ways, allowing it to exist today. It holds its form as 3 verses of three by three or four meter and three letters of the last of three verses. It makes every different version which has specific aspects of each times in the same 'sijo' area. 'Sijo' in Korean poems, is the first form that has been changed from formal to private functionally. As a result of that common verses in the Goryeo to Joseon eras were going with the stream of the times. Verse was the plate for justice so that there was no double meaning, symbols, or technical sentences. It had to show the idea of Myungchundo Jwonginryun. The theme was commonly fitted within certain areas. such as blessings, fidelity, devotion, etc. Around the end of the Joseon era, there was activation of private verses - a form of sijo with no restrictions on the length of the first two verses. Some ideas had been changed because Sarimpa gained power, domestic conflict, and the introduction of practical science. These things had an effect on the form of Sijo. After all, it shows the ideas of collapsing feudalism, resistance of confucian ideas, equality of the sexes, and opposition to the group who rule the government. Thus Sasul Sijo seems to have the tendency of resistance to reality. It was a specialty of realism poetry It explained our life in detail and reflected real life by being an intermediary of realism. This met and represented the demand of a reader's expectations. After 1905, there was new form of sijo that is very different, in form and content, from the previous versions. It was even different in areas of what people accepted. They started to think sijo was not the form of lyrical verse that is once was. It became a 'record of reading'. The form changed to 'hung or huhung' that satirized the times and the ending of a word in the last verse. Although this form could deliver the tension in statement, it was too iu from the original form. Therefore, it didn't last long, and its position got smaller because of the free verse that had western influence and was emerging in the times. In the middle of 1920, there was a movement of Sijo revival. It was lead by Choinamsun. He wrote poems and Sijo which were effected by western ideas in his early works. Although he worked with that, he took the lead in the movement of Sijo revival. He published the collection of Sijo $\ulcorner$Baekpalbunnwoi$\lrcorner$ that has one major theme-patriotic sentiment. He thought an ancient poem was a part of racial characteristics so that he expressed the main theme which represented the times and situations of his era. Modern Sijo is difficult. Sijo has to have modern and Korean verse characteristics at the same time. If it considers a modern aspect too much, it could not be distinguished from sijo and free verse. If it overly leans toward Sijo. it would seem to be too conservative which it then could be said to have no real charm of a poem. In spite of these problems, it is written constantly, because it has its own specialty. It has been focused on some works because they reflect awareness of modern times, the democratic idea, and realism. Overall, the authors of Modern Sijo express various themes by using different forms. The more what we can guess in this work, Sijo will exist permanently because of its flexibility. Furthermore, one special characteristic-flexibility of the korean verse will make it last forever and it will be a genre in Korean poetry.

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An Electrical Resistivity Survey for the Characterization of Alluvial Layers at Groundwater Artificial Recharge Sites (지하수 인공함양 지역 충적층 특성 평가를 위한 전기비저항탐사)

  • Won, Byeongho;Shin, Jehyun;Hwang, Seho;Hamm, Se-Yeong
    • Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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    • v.16 no.3
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    • pp.154-162
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    • 2013
  • Vertical electrical sounding and 2D electrical resistivity survey were applied for evaluating the characteristics of alluvial layers at a groundwater artificial recharge site. The fine particles in alluvial layer, main target layer of groundwater artificial recharge, may cause clogging phenomena. In this case, electrical resistivity method is an effective technique to verify the spatial distribution of low-resistivity layers, such as saturated silts and clays. On the other hand, much attention should be paid to interpret the resistivity data in unconsolidated layers, because thick clayey overburden sometimes produces a masking effect on underlying interbedded resistive sands and gravels. Considering these points, we designed 35 points arranged in a grid form for vertical electrical sounding and 10 lines for 2D electrical resistivity survey, and concentrated our effort on enhancing the vertical and horizontal resolution of resistivity images. According to the results, 15 meters thick layers consisting of sands and gravels are located in 30 meters below ground. And the spatial distribution of silts and clays are mapped, which may cause clogging. Consequently, this approach can contribute to design and determine the location and depth of injection and observation wells for groundwater artificial recharge.

Drinking conditions of adolescents ; Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (청소년의 음주 실태 ; 청소년 건강행태 온라인 조사를 중심으로)

  • Choi, Young-Sil
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.18 no.9
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    • pp.186-192
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    • 2017
  • Thepurpose of this study was to provide a basic data health plan & education program for adolescents by examining the recent 3 year Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey data obtained in 2013, 2014 and 2015. The data was analyzed with theSPSS 18.0 statistical program using the t-test and cross-analysis. After confirming the drinking habits of teenagers in Korea, the issue was slightly lower in the issue of problem drinking. However, the first time for drinking alcohol was the 2nd grade of middle school(21.5%) and the average alcohol intake was 20 to 29 days(3.8%) and usually consisted ofmore than two bottles (12.2%)s. Also, the method of buying liquor was found to be mainly at convenience stores(32%), and the adolescents werefound not to have been trained for drinking(52%). As a result of comparing the general characteristics of these items, it was found that there was a significant difference between the coeducation type, the high school type, the trace in the residence type, and the 'middle-high level' in terms of the socio-economic level.When comparing the results of the drinking behavior during these three years, the outcome of the trend is still noteworthy, as health education for drinking alcohol is still important, and attention needs to be paid to this problem.

A Study of the "erlaubtes Risiko" in Aviation (항공 운항에서의 허용된 위험 법리에 대한 연구)

  • Ham, Se-Hoon
    • The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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    • v.25 no.2
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    • pp.201-230
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    • 2010
  • With starting the industry of automobiles, railroads and mining, the legal principle of "erlaubtes Risiko" that began as a means of maintaining the revitalized world for the cause of social utility has interpreted as a system of negligence theory in the precedent while it has gained academic recognition. Yet in aircraft operation, which is one area of high technology, CAT which can be the cause of some accidents or events or thunderstorm with turbulence is an abnormal meteorological phenomenon with frequent change that cannot be monitored perfectly just as some patient with unstable condition and that cannot be ascertained about not only the possibility of its happening but also the degree of how big the accident is. Yet the use of jet current which has the possibility of CAT can be an act of high social utility where we not only drastically cut down on time fuel also guarantee the arrival and departure on schedule when landing in airports that have thunderstorm which does not appear as fatal risk. Although we could take some measures where we can predict and avoid the potential risk, easing the regular duty of care is necessary by applying the legal principles of permitted risk concerning the incidents and accidents caused by operating in areas with the risk of turbulence or CAT with the low probability by the reason of social utility.

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1985년 인구 및 주택센서스 확정결과보고

  • 경제기
    • Korea journal of population studies
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    • v.10 no.2
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    • pp.99-145
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    • 1987
  • Change in the future household members is closely related to the change in the size and structure of the population which, in turn, is affected by factors of fertility and mortality and the household itself due to changing social values on family. This study aims to estimate the number of households and to thereby analyze the characteristics of household, using a household projection method chosen by reviewing various methods for Korea. In selecting the method of estimating households, the irregularity of the source data should be carefully taken into consideration with a society like the Korean society which is changing rapidly. The review on the proojection methods suggests the breakdown of the ages into two groups, namely 34 years old or less and 35 years old or more, for projecting the households for Korea. Thus, the Exponential Method for the former age group and the Net Transitional Method for the latter are adopted in this study. As a result, the number of households is expected to increase from 12,956 thousand in 1995 to 20,006 thousand in 2030 or by 54% during this period. The average number of members per household will decrease from 3.3 persons in 1995 to 2.5 persons in 2030. One of the main features of change in the housohold structure will be a rapid increase in the number of one person households and a decrease in the number of households with three generations or more.

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Sex Differentials in the Utilization of Medical Services by Marital Status (배우자유무에 따른 남녀간 의료서비스 이용의 차이)

  • Choi, Soo-Hyeong;Cho, Young-Tae
    • Korea journal of population studies
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    • v.29 no.2
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    • pp.143-166
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    • 2006
  • It has been well known that women live longer but suffer more from degenerative diseases than men do, which, in turn, results in frequent utilization of medical care services among women. Previous studies, mostly based on Western society, have discussed that women, particularly married women, are more likely to utilize medical care services than men even after considerations of different health status and demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Social interests in women's health and socialization process of caring for health among women are known as causes. This study examines sex differentials in the medical care service utilization in Korean society, particularly focusing on marital status. Feministic perspectives in Korea have argued that sex division of labor within family puts women in a position that has to continuously provide physical and emotional services to other family members, which keeps them from taking care of their own health. This study empirically tests if this feministic perspective holds true in Korea. Results show that Korean women and those with spouse are more likely to utilize medical care services than their men and the spouse-less counterparts, net of other risk factors. However the effect of existence of spouse on the medical care utilization is much smaller among women than men. These results suggest that the feministic perspective is in part applicable to explain sex differentials on medical care service utilization in Korea.

Exploring the Value of the Maker Mind Set at Maker Education (메이커 교육(Maker education)을 통한 메이커 정신 (Maker mindset)의 가치 탐색)

  • Kang, Inae;Kim, Hongsoon
    • The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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    • v.17 no.10
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    • pp.250-267
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    • 2017
  • Maker activity, mainly practiced in informal or non-formal education environments activities, was expanded to the form of maker education' due to its various educational values and effects. Yet, one of the difficulties in practicing the maker education in school education is the lack of makerspace as a space for the maker activities. In this context, this study aimed to examine the process of how the students make the makerspace in their school and to define its educational effects defined as 'maker spirits.' For this purpose, this study developed a maker education program for 22 $10^{th}$ graders in an high school for 8 weeks who had participated in the project of 'Making Makerspace'. The results of the program were analyzed through data collected from reflective journals, interview, and observation journals. In conclusion, this study presented a practical and helpful way to make 'Makerspace' in school and at the same time, confirmed Maker education as constructivist learning environments re-encountered in the $21^{st}$ and as an alternative learning approach suitable for the $4^{th}$ Industrial Revolution Age.