• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.108-113
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• 2019

Almost 30% of arable lands of North Korea are covered with paddy rice. In rice cultivation of North Korea, rice blast disease is the most important fungal disease and bacterial leaf blight is the most important bacterial disease. Seven North Korean rice cultivars had been tested for the disease resistance against rice blast pathogen, Magnaporthe oryzae and bacterial leaf blight pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The responses of seven cultivars against 17 different M. oryzae races from South Korea had been quite different. Among seven cultivars, Giljoo1ho was very resistant to all 18 different M. oryzae isolates from South Korea, nevertheless KI or KJ. Pyungdo5ho was very susceptible, it showed susceptible responses to 8 out of 10 KI races and 7 out of 8 KJ races of M. oryzae isolated in South Korea. However, the response to bacterial leaf blight was different from the response to rice blast pathogen. Gijoo1ho, Wonsan69ho, Onpo1ho, and Pyungdo15ho were susceptible to KXO42 (K1) and KXO90 (K2), respectively. Pyungdo5ho was resistant to KXO85 (K1) and KXO19 (K3), and Pyungyang21ho was resistant to K1 races. Based on these results, Giljoo1ho can be a good resource for the breeding of resistant rice cultivar against M. oryzae isolates from South Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.39
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• pp.281-318
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• 2014

This article aims to inquire into the decision making system and the sources of the original documents made by means of it in Imperial Japan, the colonial Chosun, GHQ, and the occupied Japan in terms of the post-war treatments of compensation on the Japanese colonial rules. It deals with them from 1910 to 1952 in the perspective of history and archivistics. This article attempts to establish the foundation on which the perception of the documents made in the Imperial Japan, its colony, and the occupied territory would be widened by placing the colonial rules and the compensation on them into a continuous line. The records of Japan's forced occupation of Korea during 1910-1945, and the original records documenting the decision making process of post-war compensation under GHQ, 1945-1952, have been dispersed in Korea, Japan and the United States. This dispersed preservation was mainly due to the complicated decision-making process among Governor-General of Chosun, the Japanese Imperial government, and the GHQ. It was the top-down styled, dual decision making system, in which the critical policies, personnel, and budget had been decided in Imperial homeland, while their implementations were made in the colonies. As a result, the records documenting the whole process of domination have been preserved dispersedly in Japan and its colonies. In particular, the accounts of not yet paid Korean workers that was forced to mobilize in Japan's colonial periods, which is emerging as the diplomatic conflict between Korea and Japan, had been dealt in the decrees of the Japanese government and policy-making of GHQ. It has already been changed to the problem as 'economic cooperation' from the 'debt'. Also, the critical records for post-war compensation were preserved dispersedly in the United States and Japan under the top-down decision making process of GHQ-Japan. Therefore, the dispersed records of 1910-1952 about the colonial rules by the Imperial Japan and the post-war compensation on them must be re-investigated for the adequate documentation in the context of time and space.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.38
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• pp.75-124
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• 2013

This study aims, by paying attention to the special values of records of Constitutional Court, to discuss the characteristics of them and figuring out their present state, and to suggest some measures for improvement in the records management. First of all, I defined the concept of the records of Constitutional Court and its scope, and made an effort to comprehend their types and distinct features, and on the basis of which I tried to grasp the characteristics of the records. Put simply, the records of Constitutional Court are essential records indispensible to the application of Constitutional Court's documentation strategy of them, and they are valuable particularly at the level of the taking-root of democracy and the guarantee of human rights in a country. Owing to their characteristics of handling nationally important events, also, the context of the records is far-reaching to the records of other constitutional institutions and administrations, etc. In the second place, I analyzed Records Management Present State. At a division stage, I grasped the present state of creation, registration, and classification system of records. At an archives repository stage, I made efforts to figure out specifically the perseveration of records and the present of state of using them. On the basis of such figuring-outs of the present situation of records of Constitutional Court, I pointed at problems in how to manage them and suggested some measures to improve it in accordance with the problems, by dividing its process into four, Infrastructure, Process, Opening to the public and Application. In the infrastructure process, after revealing problems in its system, facilities, and human power, I presented some ways to improve it. In terms of its process, by focusing on classification and appraisal, I pointed out problems in them and suggested alternatives. In classification, I suggested to change the classification structure of trial records; in appraisal, I insisted on reconsidering the method of appropriating the retention periods of administration records, for it is not correspondent with reality in which, even in an file of a event, there are several different retention periods so it is likely for the context of the event worryingly to be segmented. In opening to the public and application, I pointed at problems in information disclosure at first, and made a suggestion of the establishment of a wide information disclosure law applicable to all sort of records. In application, I contended the expansion of the possibility of application of records and the scope of them through cooperation with other related-institutions.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.40
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• pp.131-180
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• 2014

Various theoretical studies have been conducted to activate university archives, but the services provided currently in the field haven't been much studied. This study aims to investigate the usage and users of the domestic university archives, examine the types of the archival information services provided, understand the characteristics and limitations of the services, and suggest the development direction. This study set 3 objectives for the research. First, Identify the users of the university archives, the reason of the use, and the kinds of archival materials used. Second, the kinds of services and programs the university archives provide to the users. Third, the difficulties the university archives face to execute information services, the plans they consider in the future, and the best possible direction to prove the services. The authors of the study determined to apply interviews with the staffs at university archives to identify the current status of the services. For this, the range of the services offered in the field of university archives was defined first, and then, key research questions were composed. To collect valid data, authors carried out face to face interviews and email/phone interviews with the staff of 12 university archives, as well as the investigation of their Web sites. The collected data were categorized by the topic of the interview questions for analysis. By analyzing the data, some useful information was yielded including the demographic information of the research participants, the characteristics of the archives' users and requests, the types and activities of the services the university archives offered, and the limitations of archival information services, the archives' future plans, and the best possible development direction. Based on the findings, this study proposed the implications and suggestions for archival information services in university archives, in 3 domains as follows. First, university archives should build close relationship with internal university administrative units, student groups, and faculty members for effective collection and better use of archives. Second, university archives need to acquire both administrative records by transfer and manuscripts and archives by active collection. Especially, archives need to try to acquire unique archives of the universities own. Third, the archives should develop and provide various services that can elevate the awareness of university archives and induce more potential users to the archives. Finally, to solve the problems the archives face, such as the lack of the understanding of the value of the archives and the shortage of the archival materials, it was suggested that the archivists need to actively collect archival materials, and provide the valuable information by active seeking in the archives where ever it is needed.

• Journal of Legislation Research
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• no.54
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• pp.303-343
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• 2018

In 2013 a new era for EU patent law system was launched. The creation of the EU patent with unitary effect and the establishment of the Unified Patent Court established a new legal framework on substantive patent protection and patent litigation in Europe. This year the EU Patent Package would become a reality. It includes a regulation on a unitary patent, a regulation on the translation regime and an international Agreement on the Unitary Patent Court. In contrast to the classical European patent, the post-grant life of unitary patent will be governed by the newly created unified patent court and it will have unitary effect. In this article, I highlight the effect of the unitary patent and the jurisdiction of the unified patent court over unitary patents (and 'traditional' patents granted under the EPC that are not opted-out) for actions in relation to patent infringement or to revocation of a European patent and to licences of right. This article explores on the one hand the relation between national patent, the classical European patent and EU patent with unitary effect and on the other hand the relation of unified patent court to the Brussels $I^{bis}$ Regulation. Particular attention is paid to the institutional changes created by the unitary patent package abd the new supplementary forum that enables the UPC to hear disputes involving defendants from third States that relate to an infringement of a European patent and give rise to damage inside as well as outside the Union. Furthermore on the perspective North-east Asia this essay examines the lessons from the experiences of EU patent package.

• Journal of Legislation Research
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• no.55
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• pp.167-191
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• 2018

Despite international cooperation, piracy has not yet been eradicated in major waters around the world. From the perspective of South Korea, which is absolutely dependent on exporting and importing, it's a lifeline for us to secure safe maritime traffic so it is a situation we have to be vigilant about maritime safety and security. However, criminal law on punishment of piracy is still insufficient and legislative consideration is needed. Since pirates are regarded as enemies of humankind, all nations can punish pirates regardless of their damage. The international community has done its best in cooperation from hundreds of years ago to secure maritime trade through this universal jurisdiction and marine transportation in international waters which is an essential space for military activities, particularly in the Gulf of Aden, the advanced nations have dispatched fleets to combat maritime security threats through joint operations to crack down on Somali pirates. Even if universal jurisdiction is allowed for piracy in accordance with the International Convention on Human Rights and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, it is difficult to effectively deal with piracy if it not fully complied with a domestic legal system for this purpose or is stipulated as different from international regulations. In other words, universal jurisdiction corresponding to international norms and constitution of piracy should be defined in criminal law in accordance with criminal statutory law. If the punishment of pirates by unreasonably applying our criminal law without prejudice to such work can lead to diplomatic disputes in violation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights or other international norms. In South Korea, there is no provision to explicitly prescribe piracy as a crime, but punish similar acts like piracy in criminal law and maritime safety law. However, there is a limit to effective piracy punishment because we are not fully involved in internationally accepted piracy. In this study, we critically examine the proposals of the constitutional elements of piracy, propose the legislative direction, and insist on the introduction of globalism to pirate sins.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.49-57
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• 2020

Traditional landscape is a cultural asset left by Seonhyeon to modern society, and it can not only understand the landscape culture of ancient tradition but also provides / provided a new creative material for modern landscape designs / designed. However, it is well known that Korea and China have a relationship between the development and exchange of landscaping in a global background, the succession of traditional landscape architecture culture in a global background covers many dimensions, including protection, development and innovation, and that "traditional and modern" and "regionally and internationality" should be harmonized with each other. This study uses traditional Korean and Chinese landscaping buildings as research subjects to extract and organize related data through various channels, including basic literature research that understands the history and culture of the two countries. I interpreted the cultural backgrounds of the two countries by dividing them into religious ideas, traditional culture, and natural views, and highlighted the history of development and the relationship between the two countries. Based on this, it analyzed the differences created by traditional landscaping between Korea and China, and also specifically analyzed the "creation of righteous army" and "the law of righteous army." In particular, this study sought to inherit and innovate traditional landscape culture for the internationalization of "One Belt, One Road" based on the characteristics of Korea and China's landscape through a comparative analysis of the construction elements and methods of Yihwawon of the Ming and Qing periods and Gyeongbokgung Palace of the Joseon Dynasty on the theoretical background of landscaping and the significance of landscaping. The direction for the development and exchange with landscaping between the two countries was presented in line with the development trend of Korea-China landscaping in the global environment. In the future, the development of landscaping between the two countries is expected to be key to international cooperation in traditional culture, creative combination of local characteristics, creation of a harmonious landscape architecture environment, and co-prosperity of various cultures.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.155-165
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• 2021

The measures to extend local education autonomy are as follows: First, it is necessary to correct the confusion of the legal system of the local education autonomy system. For this, Article 12, Paragraph 2 and 4 of the 「Special Act on Local Autonomy and Decentralization, and Restructuring of Local Administrative Systems」 which state that "The State shall endeavor to consolidate systems for autonomy in education and local government" and "The implementation of autonomy in education and the autonomous police system shall be prescribed separately by Acts" should be deleted. Second, it is necessary to clarify unnecessary legal matters and regulatory measures for unification at the national level and to proactively consider the introduction of the legal trust system, in which education affairs are designated as local governments' own work and the state carries out specific affairs. The decentralization of local education finance is a key factor for the development of local education autonomy, and it requires the transfer of authority and resources to the region, and the enhancement of local autonomy and corresponding responsibility. First, the ratio of special grants must be adjusted further (from 3% to 2%) or the ratio of national policy projects must be lowered. Second, the provision that requires a consultation with a mayor/governor when making a budget covered by transfers from general accounts should be deleted. Third, it is necessary to remove the elements that limit the authority of city and provincial councils. Fourth, it is necessary to integrate the national education tax and the local education tax to create the education autonomy tax (tentative name) for only one independent purpose. Fifth, it is necessary to strengthen the distribution of the total amount of grants and abolish the settlement regulations for the measurement items of standard financial demand. Sixth is the expansion of the participation of stakeholders and experts in the grant distribution process. Seventh, it is necessary to establish a long-term employment system by designating the education finance field as a special field. Eight is the expansion of cooperative governance.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.207-235
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• 2022

In a knowledge-based society where knowledge and information industries are the main pillars of the economy, knowledge sharing and diffusion and its systematic management are recognized as essential strategies for improving national competitiveness and sustainable social development. In the field of Information Systems (IS) research, where the convergence of information technology and management takes place in various ways, the evolution of knowledge occurs only when researchers cooperate in turning old knowledge into new knowledge from the perspective of the scientific knowledge network. In particular, it is possible to derive new insights by identifying topics of interest in the relevant research field, applied methodologies, and research trends through network-based interdisciplinary graftings such as citations, co-authorships, and keywords. In previous studies, various attempts have been made to understand the structure of the knowledge system and the research trends of the relevant community by revealing the relationship between research topics, methodologies, and co-authors. However, most studies have compared two or more journals and been limited to a certain period; hence, there is a lack of research that looked at research trends covering the entire history of IS research. Therefore, this study was conducted in the following order for all the papers (from its first issue in 1977 to the first quarter of 2022) published in the MIS Quarterly (MISQ) Journal, which plays a leading role in revealing knowledge in the IS research field: (1) After extracting keywords, (2) classifying the extracted keywords into research topics, methodologies, and theories, and (3) using topic modeling and keyword network analysis in order to identify the changes from the beginning to the present of the IS research in a chronological manner. Through this study, it is expected that by examining the changes in IS research published in MISQ, the developing patterns of IS research can be revealed, and a new research direction can be presented to IS researchers, nurturing the sustainability of future research.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.169-185
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to apply the clothing teaching-learning plan from a critical science perspective developed to improve teenager's empowerment, and to examine it's effects. A total of 12 plans of 5 modules(Module A to E) developed from critical science perspective were implemented for four weeks. Second-year students (N 42) of K Middle School located in Y-si, Gyeonggi-do participated in the study in the study, and the survey results were analyzed quantitatively using t-tests. For the quality analysis, The student interview data, action reports and etc. were collected, and qualitative analysis was conducted using empowerment model as the analysis framework. The findings of study are follows. First, two hours each for modules A to D, and four hours for module E were assigned, because module E included an action project. In the action projects by for groups, students were expected to take the lead in conducting the activities such as developing promotional posters, posting opinions online, promoting videos, informing how to make recyclables, and donating to the community. Second, as a result of analyzing the pre-implementation vs post-implementation empowerment scores, a significant difference was found in social-political empowerment (t=-2.06, p<0.05). According to the analysis of student interviews and students project's reports, students were found to become aware of empowerment through the instruction. On the intrapersonal level, positive self-awareness and self-efficacy, and on the interpersonal level, smooth communication and democratic decision-making were confirmed. This study is meaningful in that regular a home economics instruction class from a critical science perspective have made a quantitative and qualitative impact on teenagers' improvement empowerment, providing opportunities to find their roles in the soceity, cooperate with others, and behave responsibly as members of society.