• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1019-1030
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• 2003

The study was conducted to isolate and identify highly fibrolytic anaerobic fungi from the guts of a Hanwoo steer and a Korean native goat, and then investigate the characterization of cellulolytic activity of an anaerobic fungus. Twenty-one anaerobic fungal colonies were isolated in the study, in which 16 colonies were isolated from the rumen contents of the Hanwoo steer and 5 colonies from the duodenal fluids of the Korean native goat. Four anaerobic fungi were selected based on higher cellulolytic enzyme activities to identify under a optical microscope. NLRI-M003 and -T004 belong to Neocallimastix genus and NLRI-M014 belongs to Piromyces genus based on the morphology of their thallus, sporangia, rhizoid and the number of flagella. NLRI-M001 appeared to be an unknown strain of anaerobic fungi due to its different morphology from existing types of anaerobic fungi, though the morpholgoy is similar to Orpinomyces sp. Supplementation of 2% anaerobic fungal culture(NLRI-M003) in rumen-mixed microorganisms increased in vitro DM degradability of rice straw and filter paper up to 4 and 11%, respectively, compared with non-supplementation(control). CMCase and xylanase activities in in vitro culture were also higher in 2% fungal supplementation than controls in both rice straw and filter paper substrates.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1426-1434
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementation of synbiotics manufactured with anaerobic bacteria, yeast and mold on preservation of total mixed ration (TMR) by exposing days. Eight treatments were composed of untreated synbiotics(US), bacterial synbiotics (BS), yeasty synbiotics (YS), moldy synbiotics (MS), bacterial and mouldy synbiotics (BMS), yeasty and moldy synbiotics (YMS), bacterial and yeasty synbiotics (BYS), and bacterial, yeasty and moldy synbiotics (BYMS). After 7 days of anaerobic fermentation, fermented-TMRs were exposed to the air during 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 days. One hundred forty four (8 treatments${\times}$6 days${\times}$3 replications) fermented-TMRs were manufactured by vinyl bag ($43\;cm{\times}58\;cm$). Although no significant differences in the activities of carboxymethylcellulase, xylanase and amylase were observed among treatments, theirs acivities were seemed to increase by treatment of BYS or YMS containing yeast. Total bacterial and mold counts also decreased in the treatments containing yeast. Potential pathogenic bacteria were less detected in BYS and BMYS for E. coli, BMYS and YS for Salmonella, and BMS and BMYS for Shigella than those of the other treatments, MS was, however, contaminated easier than US by pathogenic bacteria. From above results, synbiotics containing facultative anaerobic yeast have effects for preservation of TMR fermented anaerobically. Particularly, BMYS treatment having good results in nutrient contents, dry matter loss and pathogenic bacteria amounts was a resonable synbiotics for preservation of the fermented-TMR.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.241-248
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• 2009

In order to investigate the effects of synbiotics on change of chemical composition and fermentation characteristics of total mixed ration (TMR), eight TMRs fermented by synbiotics composing the anaerobic microbes (bacteria, yeast, mold) were alloted to the experimental treatments. Treatments were composed of untreated synbiotics(US), bacterial synbiotics (BS), yeast synbiotics (YS), mold synbiotics (MS), bacterial and mold synbiotics (BMS), yeast and mold synbiotics (YMS), bacterial and yeast synbiotics (BYS), and bacterial, yeast and mold synbiotics (BYMS). After 7 days of anaerobic fermentation, fermented-TMRs were exposed to air during 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 days. One hundred forty four (8 treatments ${\times}$ 6 exposing days ${\times}$ 3 replications) fermented- TMRs were manufactured by vinyl bag sized of 43 cm by 58 cm. The results obtained were as follows. Moisture contents of the fermented TMRs anaerobically ranged from 41% to 45%, and was similar to those of basal TMRs. As results of anaerobic fermentation, the concentration of crude protein was decreased by 11.7% to 14.8% in the untreated sample, while was rather increased by 11% when the TMR was fermented with BMYS. And also BMYS treatment showed decreases by 32% for crude fiber, 15.5% for NDF and 26.1% for ADF. Internal temperature of fermented-TMRs was highest at 7 day of exposing in the air. The pH of fermented-TMR juice was significant difference betweentreatments after 7 day of exposing in air, and that of BMS was highest at 14 day after exposing in air (P<0.05). Acid buffering capacity was increased in proportion to the exposing day of TMR, and peaked at 7 or 14 days after exposing. Ammonia concentration of fermented-TMRs was highest at 5 day after exposing in the air. Individual volatile fatty acid of fermented-TMR juice was very low level in all treatments. Although BMYS treatment to TMR inclined to increase in crude protein and decrease in fibers, but there were no positive effects on the fermentation characteristics after exposing in the air by supplementation of anaerobic synbiotics to TMR.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.415-424
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the fungal growth and enzyme production under different carbohydrate substrate conditions. The anaerobic fungus Neocallimastix sp. NLRI-3 isolated from the rumen of Korean native goat was incubated with different carbohydrate media containing 0.2% of glucose, starch, rice straw, filter paper, carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC), Sigmacell cellulose, xylan or xylose, respectively. The culture head gas production was the highest in the culture of filter paper medium, and the lowest in the culture of CMC medium at 96h incubation (P<0.05). The fungal zoospore production reached peak at 72h incubation, and its number was the highest in rice straw medium among the treatments (P<0.05). At 96h incubation, carboxymethyl cellulase(CMCase) activity was the highest in the culture of filter paper medium and the lowest in the culture of starch medium (P<0.05). While xylanase activity was the highest in the culture of rice straw medium and the lowest in the culture of xylose medium(P<0.05) at 72h incubation. There were no differences in culture supernatant protein expression among the treatments. However, the patterns of enzyme expression were different among the treatments with zymogram analysis. Six CMCases and 4 xylanase were detected from the results of zymogram analysis. Therefore the present study indicating that the fungal enzyme expression could be stimulated with insoluble substrates in the culture medium.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.203-206
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• 2005

시중의 정육점 및 백화점 등에서 유통 중인 10종의 우육 원료에 대한 일반 세균수, 저온균수, 고온균, 혐기성균 및 진균류, 대장균군에 대한 미생물학적 분포와 병원성 미생물에 대한분리${\cdot}$동정을 실시하였다. 실험결과 원료 우육에서 중온균은 $3.8{\times}\;10^3{\sim}1.4{\times}\;10^5\;cfu/g$으로 높은 분포를 보였다. 저온균은 $9.2{\times}\;10^3{\sim}1.0{\times}\;10^5\;cfu/g$으로 지표세균 중에서 가장 높은 분포를 나타내었고, 혐기성균은 중온균, 저온균과 유사한 분포를 보였으나 상대적으로 적게 검출되었고, 고온균은 모든 검체에서 검출되지 않았다. 대장균군 또한 모든 시료에 대해서 검출되지 않았다. 효모와 곰팡이류는 $2.2{\times}\;10^1{\sim}7.8{\times}\;10^2\;cfu/g$으로 검출되었다. 병원성 미생물은 우육 sample B, G, H에서 B. cereus 만이 검출되었고, 동정결과 99.8%의 상동성을 보였다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.763-772
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• 2004

The patterns of fungal growth and fiber digestion under the microscope, and tile productions of fibrolytic enzyme were studied in an in vitro culture with Neocallimastix frontalis SA when either filter paper or rice straw was provided as sole energy source. Under the microscopic observation, active zoospores attachment, sporangium development and complex rhizoidal system were founded on the surface and at the edge of filter paper. After 7 days of incubation, a reduced fiber mass, a decreased fiber cohesion and a weakened fiber structure by fungal digestion were clearly observed. Similar fungal development was observed with rice straw, but fungal growth and digestion took place mostly on the damaged and exposed portion of rice straw. Although there were some differences in absolute concentration and pattern, the concentration of both cellulase and xylanase increased with incubation time with the higher activity being obtained with filter paper. Their differences were large especially after 48 and 96hr of incubation(P< 0.05). The filter paper was more good inducer of cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes compared with complex substrate, rice straw. These findings suggest that the filter paper is the better energy source for N frontalis than the complex substrate, and structural disintegration by physical process is able to help rumen fungal growth on the lignified roughage although anaerobic rumen fungi have mechanical and enzymatic functions for fiber digestion.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.207-211
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• 2005

시중의 정육점 및 백화점 등에서 유통 중인 10종의 돈육 원료에 대한 일반 세균수, 저온균수, 고온균, 혐기성균 및 진균류, 대장균군에 대한 미생물학적 분포와 병원성 미생물에 대한 분리${\cdot}$동정을 실시하였다. 실험결과 원료 돈육에서 중온균은 $3.9{\times}10^2{\sim}3.9{\times}10^5\;cfu/g$으로 높은 분포를 보였고, 저온균은 $1.5{\times}10^3{\sim}8.6{\times}10^2\;cfu/g$, 혐기성균은 중온균, 저온균과 유사한 분포를 보였으나 상대적으로 적게 검출되었고, 고온균은 모든 검체에서 검출되지 않았다. 대장균군 또한 모든 검체에 대해서 검출되지 않았으며, 곰팡이와 효모 등 진균류는 $3.8{\times}10^1{\sim}5.1{\times}10^2\;cfu/g$으로 검출되었다. B. cereus 는 돈육 sample B와 J에서 분리되었고, S. aureus의 경우 돈육 sample B에서만 검출되었다. B. cereus는 99.8%의 상동성을 보였고, S. aureus는 97.8%의 상동성을 보였다.

• Monthly Korean Chicken
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• v.63 no.57 s.123
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• pp.118-121
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• 2005

육계농장을 방문할 때마다 자주 듣는 이야기가 병아리가 층아리가 많다, 이번 파스는 적다라는 이야기다. 육계에서 층아리를 발생시키는 대표적인 질병이 흡수불량증후군이다. 흡수불량증후군은 빈혈이 도는 닭, 황색 분변, 장내용물고 분변내에 소화가 되지 않은 사료가 보이며 비정상적인 날개(헬리콥터병). 위축, 구루병, 대퇴골두괴사증, 근위염 등의 질병이 한가지 이상 또는 복합적으로 나타나는 질병으로 주로 육계나 백세미에서 증체 지연과 사료효율 감소 등으로 인한 피해를 일으키는 질병이다. 흔히 말하는 층아리 발병이 많게 되는 질병이라 하겠다. 이 병은 레오바이러스, 곰팡이 독소, 아데노바이러스, 엔테로바이러스, 파보바이러스, 혐기성 미생물과 여러 밝혀지지 않은 유전적인 요인까지 복합적으로 원인체가 작용하는 질병이다. 따라서 그 원인을 밝히기가 어려우며, 명확한 대책의 수립도 쉽지 않은 질병이다. 그러나 이 중에서 개연성이 높은 질병인 레오바이러스 감염증을 위주로 해결책을 찾아보기로 하겠다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.108-113
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• 2006

This study was conducted to analyze the acidity and turbidity changes of immersion solutions as well as changes in aerobic bacteria, E. coli, anaerobic bacteria, yeast and mold counts of mulberry leaf soybean curds during storages at $4^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ in different immersion solutions such as distilled water, grapefruit seed extract (300 ppm) and alkaline ionic water. The acidities of immersion solutions of distilled water, grapefruit seed extract and alkaline ionic water after 18 days of storage at $4^{\circ}C$ were 0.021, 0.008 and 0.002%, respectively. After 5 days of storage at $25^{\circ}C$ were 0.042, 0.029 and 0.009%, respectively. The turbidities of the above mentioned immersion solutions were 0.50, 0.29 and 0.21 after 18 days of storage at $4^{\circ}C$ and 0.38, 0.34 and 0.27, respectively, after 5 days of storage at $25^{\circ}C$. The acidity and turbidity changes of immersion solutions were sensitive to storage temperatures. The aerobic bacteria count of mulberry leaf soybean curds after 18 days of storage at $4^{\circ}C$ was still below $10^7\;CFU/g$, the beginning point of soybean curd putrefaction; in contrast, this value was reached within one day in distilled water at $25^{\circ}C$ and between 2 and 3 days in alkaline ionic water. Grapefruit seed extract and alkaline ionic water had a better preservative effect at $4^{\circ}C$ than at $25^{\circ}C$ storage temperature.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.927-930
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• 2002

Spinach minimally processed using cook-chill and sous vide techniques was vacuum-packed in low gas permeable plastic film, pasteurized at $70^{\circ}C$ for 2 min, cooled rapidly at $3^{\circ}C$, and stored at 3 and $10^{\circ}C$. Contents of mesophilic bacteria, psychrophilic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, spore-forming bacteria, total coliforms, yeast and molds, fecal Streptococcus, and Enterobacteriacea were measared to identify the degree of food contamination. Number of mesophilic bacteria, detected at $2.2{\times}10^8\;cfu/g$ in raw spinish, decreased to about $6.0{\times}10^3\;cfu/g$ after cook-chill process. During the storage at 3 or $10^{\circ}C$, levels of mesophilic, psychrophilic and anaerobic bacteria increased, whereas total coliforms, yeast and molds, fecal Streptococcus, and Enterobacteriacea were not detected. Twelve strains of Aeromonas hydphila, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica, Bacillus cereus, Campylococcus spp., Clostridium perfringens, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus were examined for detecting the presence of pathogenic bacteria in spinach. B. cereus and C. perfringens were isolated from raw, washed, and cook-chilled spinach, whereas A. hydrophila was isolated only from washed spinach. S. aureus was isolated from raw and washed spinach, but not from cook-chilled spinach. Other pathogenic organisms were not detected in raw, washed, and cook-chilled spinach.