• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.357-366
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was identify the factors affecting serum vitamin D deficiency in korean women. This study used the data from the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examinations Survey and analyzed the demographic characteristics, health related factors and serum vitamin D in women aged 19 and over. Data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS 18.0 program. As a result, vitamin D deficiency rate in Korean women was 81.4%. There were significant differences according to age, marital status, region, type of residence, family income, education level. The risk factors of vitamin D deficiency were age, marital status, region, without walking. According to the results of this study, further studies on the vitamin D deficiency factors by age group should be conducted and the stress relieve and physical activity of women should be promoted to prevent vitamin D deficiency.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.498-506
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• 2015

This paper investigates the association of among alcohol consumption and blood vitamin D and lead concentrations. Subjects to 4,074 with adults over the age of 20 in the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, correlation analysis is used to validate the relations between an average daily alcohol consumption and blood vitamin D and lead concentration, and to study the effects of blood vitamin D to the lead concentration is carried out regression analysis. The correlation analysis shows that alcohol consumption has the correlation with blood vitamin D and lead concentration(p<0.01). As the results of regression analysis, age(p<0.01), education(p<0.01), occupation(p<0.05), alcohol consumption(p<0.01), vitamin D(p<0.05) appear significant influence on lead concentration in male. Alcohol consumption increases not only lead concentration but also vitamin D. Blood vitamin D also contributes to the rise in lead concentration, but in the reverse the metabolic activity of blood vitamin D by influence of lead receives a negative effect in our body.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.437-446
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to estimate dietary intake of vitamin D and the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentration and bone mineral density (BMD) in Korean adults using the 2011 data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Methods: Daily intake of vitamin D and ratio of subjects that consumed less vitamin D than adequate intake (AI) were estimated in 4,879 Korean adults. The relationship between daily intake of vitamin D and serum 25OHD and BMD were analyzed. Results: Average daily intakes of vitamin D were $3.84{\pm}0.23{\mu}g/day$ for men and $2.22{\pm}0.11{\mu}g/day$ for women. Approximately 72~97% of men and 80~99% of women consumed less than the AI of vitamin D for Koreans. Serum 25OHD concentration increased with age, and the ratios of serum vitamin D deficiency (< 20 ng/mL) were 47.8~81.1% for men and 59.4~92.8% for women. Average intake of vitamin D was higher in subjects aged < 50 yr than in those ${\geq}50yr$, but lower in serum 25OHD concentration. In subjects aged < 50 yr, serum 25OHD was higher in subjects that consumed $10{\mu}g/day$ of vitamin D than in those that consumed less than $5{\mu}g/day$. In female subjects aged ${\geq}50yr$, average intake of vitamin D was associated with higher bone mineral density. Conclusion: It was found that dietary intake of vitamin D could increase serum 25OHD concentration in young adults and bone mineral density in old women. Therefore, nutrition policies for enriched foods with vitamin D and nutrition education to consume more vitamin D-rich foods are needed to ameliorate vitamin D status of the Korean population. Adequate intake for Korean population aged < 50 yr might be adjusted upwardly up to $10{\mu}g/day$.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.89-98
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• 2014

Purpose: Association of low intake of calcium (Ca) and inadequate vitamin D (VD) status with higher prevalence rates of obesity has been reported. This study was conducted in order to investigate the effects of different levels of whey Ca and VD intake on lipid metabolism in growing rats. Methods: A total of 56 five-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into seven groups and fed for five weeks. Ca groups were divided into three levels, low, normal, and high (0.25%, 0.5%, 1%). VD subgroups in the low and high Ca groups were divided into three levels, low, normal, and high (10 IU, 1,000 IU, and 5,000 IU). The effects of Ca and VD on each group were evaluated by two way ANOVA. Results: Significantly higher amounts of abdominal fat, visceral fat, and epididymal fat were observed in the Low-Ca groups than in the Normal-Ca and High-Ca groups. Serum leptin levels of Low-Ca groups were higher than those of Normal-Ca and High-Ca groups. The highest serum parathyroid hormone concentration was observed in the low Ca low VD group. The levels of serum 25(OH)D were significantly increased with increasing dietary VD levels. Significantly higher serum levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol were observed in the low Ca groups than in the normal Ca and high Ca groups. Conclusion: These results indicate that low calcium intake increased serum lipid level and body fat amount.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.59-64
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• 1999

Purpose: The aims of this study are to measure the serum levels of fat soluble vitamins (vitamin A and D) from bile duct ligated rats, and to evaluate the effect of oral bile acids administration to facilitate absorption of fat soluble vitamins. Methods: We measured serum ALT, total bilirubin, vitamin A, and vitamin D of Sprague-Dawley rats 1 week before and 4 weeks after experimental bile duct ligation. Rats were consisted with 3 groups. Group 2 had been fed bile acids and group 3 ursodeoxycholic acid after operation for 4 weeks. Multi-vitamin was given to all groups. Results: 1) Base line (mean value before duct ligation): ALT 74.2 IU, total bilirubin 0.26 mg/dL; vitamin D 13.01 ng/mL vitamin A $0.87\;{\mu}g/mL$, total bile acids $25.16\;{\mu}mol/L$. 2) Four weeks after ligation: ALT 100.7 IU, total bilirubin 2.58 mg/dL; vitamin D 7.89 ng/mL vitamin A $1.37{\mu}g/mL$, total bile acids $278.22\;{\mu}mol/L$. 3) 4 weeks after ligation, each group (group 1, group 2 and group 3) showed vitamin D (7.62, 8.10 and 7.99) ng/mL, vitamin A (1.68, 1.06 and 1.33) ${\mu}g/mL$, total bile acids (233.17, 345.80 and 268.57) ${\mu}mol/L$, which were statistically not significant. Conclusion: Serum level of vitamin A is increased after bile duct ligation although vitamin D is decreased. Oral administration of bile acids does not affect the serum levels of vitamin A and D in bile duct ligated rats.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.139-148
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• 2021

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, recurrent, inflammatory skin disease that is a well-known allergic disease with severe itching, making daily life difficult. Since the immunomodulatory action of vitamin D has been reported, several researchers have attempted to determine the correlation between vitamin D and atopic dermatitis. In this review, 41 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were selected and reviewed from the articles published to date. Several studies have reported that low vitamin D levels are associated with the onset of atopic dermatitis and severe atopic dermatitis, but the opinions remain conflicting. Similarly, there are conflicting opinions on the improvement effect of oral vitamin D supplementation on atopic dermatitis, but some possibilities have been suggested. To apply vitamin D as a therapeutic agent for atopic dermatitis, a more systematically designed experiment should be conducted, and an appropriate intake dose for an immunomodulatory function should be obtained.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 2016

Purpose: Vitamin D status is associated with several chronic diseases related to obesity. In this study, we evaluate the nutritional status of vitamin D and its relation to obesity indices in Korean women. Methods: A total of 156 healthy women participated. Vitamin D status (serum $25-OH-vitamin\;D_3$ level) and obesity indices (body mass index, body fat mass, waisthip ratio, and body fat percentage etc.) and serum lipid profiles and serum adipokine (leptin and adiponectin) levels were analyzed. Results: The $25(OH)D_3$ level showed an extremely skewed distribution from 4.1 ng/ml to 24.4 ng/ml and mean $25(OH)D_3$ level was $9.0{\pm}4.0ng/ml$. With cut-off level for vitamin D deficiency (< 12.0 ng/ml), insufficiency (12-19.9 ng/ml) and sufficiency (${\geq}20ng/ml$), 77.6%, 19.2%, and 3.2% of subjects showed vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency, and sufficiency status, respectively. The $25(OH)D_3$ level showed positive correlation with weight (r = 0.2461, p < 0.01), body mass index (r = 0.2913, p < 0.001), body fat contents (r = 0.1691, p < 0.05), fat free mass (r = 0.2330, p < 0.01), and waist hip ratio (r = 0.1749, p < 0.05) after adjusted by age. The $25(OH)D_3$ level showed no significant correlation with serum lipid profiles and adipokine levels. Conclusion: Most subjects (76.6%) in this study, who had a vitamin D deficient status and serum $25(OH)D_3$ level, showed positive correlation with several obesity indices, however further research based on a large Korean population is needed to confirm the relationship.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.287-294
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and dental caries experience in Korean adolescents based on the 2010 ~ 2014 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Methods: The study subjects were 2,655 Korean adolescents aged 10 to 18 years. Subjects were classified into four groups according to their serum 25(OH)D levels. We used logistic regression to evaluate the relationship between vitamin D and for dental caries experience after adjusting for age, household income level, recipient of basic livelihood, tooth brushing and visiting dental clinics. Result: Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that serum 25(OH)D insufficiency (20 ng/mL ${\leq}25(OH)D$ < 30 ng/mL) was associated with increased odd ratios (ORs) for dental caries experience in boys (OR = 2.577, 95% CI = 1.013-6.557), compared with serum 25(OH)D sufficiency (25(OH)D ${\geq}30ng/mL$). Conclusion: The serum 25(OH)D levels were found to be related to risk of dental caries experience in Korean adolescent boys.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 2016

Sixty Hanwoo steers(15 months of age; 409±29.2 kg of BW) were used to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamins A and D restriction on carcass characteristics. Steers were allotted randomly to 1 of 4 treatments: Control(diet supplemented with vitamins A, D and E), -A (diet supplemented with vitamins D and E), -D(diet supplemented with vitamins A and E) and -AD(diet supplemented with vitamin E only). Steers were fed the experimental diet for a period of 8 months(until 23 months of age), and then supplemented with vitamins A and D at 0.05% of the diet(as fed-basis) from 24 to 26 months of age, and at 0.1% of the diet from 27 to 31 months of age(harvesting time). Dietary restriction of vitamins A and D did not affect DM intake, daily gain and feed conversion ratio. But the concentration of serum retinol was significantly(P<0.05) decreased by vitamin A restriction with the lowest concentration being seen at 23 months of age(345.0 ㎍/L and 326.7㎍/L for control and -D treatment versus 169.3 ㎍/L and 175.4 ㎍/L for -A and -AD treatments). The serum concentration of 25(OH)D₃ was also decreased significantly(P<0.05) by vitamin D restriction and the lowest concentration was seen at 18 months of age(53.7ng/ml and 61.8ng/ml for control and - A treatment versus 24.0 ng/ml and 24.5 ng/ml for -D and -AD treatments). After the restriction period of vitamins A and D, the concentrations of retinol and 25(OH)D₃ for - A, -D and -AD treatments were recovered at those of control. Dietary restriction of vitamins A and D did not affect carcass weight, backfat thickness, ribeye area, quality grade and yield grade. But marbling score was significantly increased by vitamin A restriction compared with control(6.73, 6.87 and 5.73 for -A, -AD and control, respectively). The results of the present study suggested that dietary vitamin A restriction could improve marbling score in Hanwoo steers.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.723-735
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• 1998

Background : Vitamin C has been reported to have a role in the decrease of airway hyperresponsiveness in animal models. This data is based on some metabolic actions of vitamin C, such as promotion of histamine degradation, producing more $PGE_2$ than $PGF_{2\alpha}$ in cyclooxygenase pathway, decrease of smooth muscle contraction, and acting as reducing agent of oxidant. It has been also known that heavy smokers have lower blood levels of vitamin C than nonsmokers and this deficiency in heavy smokers have been explained by several mechanisms, such as increased oxidation by oxidants and free radicals, increased biosynthesis of catecholamine and serotonin released by nicotine, and inadequate dietary intake. In this study, We attempted to assess effect of vitamin C on bronchial hyperresponsiveness in heavy smokers who have bronchial hyperresponsiveness and role of vitamin C on bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Method: To assess acute effect of vitamin C on airway hyperresponsiveness, blood sample for vitamin C level and spirometry, methacholine challenge test were done in 17 smokers and 8 nonsmokers, and one hour after oral administration of vitamin C 3 g, blood sample for vitamin C level and spirometry, methacholine challenge test were repeated. To assess chronic effect of vitamin C on airway hyperresponsiveness, after daily administration of vitamin C 1 g for one week in 17 smokers, blood sample for vitamin C level and spirometry, methacholine challenge test were done. To assess role of vitamin C, after oral administration of vitamin C 3 g plus indomethacin 100 mg in 12 of 15 smokers who were reactive to methacholine challenge test, spirometry and methacholine challenge test were done and after oral intake of indomethacin 100 mg in 12 smokers who were reactive to methacholine challenge test, spirometry and methacholine challenge test were repeated. Result: There were no significant differences in whole blood vitamin C levels between smokers($1.17{\pm}0.22$ mg/dL) and nonsmcikers($1.14{\pm}0.19$ mg/dL) (p>0.05). Fifteen of the 17 smokers(88.2%) were reactive to methacholine challenge test and 10 of the 15 smokers who were reactive to methacholine challenge test were less than 8 mg/dL in $PC_{20}FEV-2$, and 7 of the 8 nonsmokers(87.5%) were nonreactive to methacholine challenge test There were significant decrease in bronchial responsiveness after oral administration of vitamin C 3 g in 13 of the 15 smokers who were reactive to methacholine challenge test This significant decrease persisted with maintenance daily administration of 1 g for one week. $PC_{20}FEV-2$ were not correlated to vitamin C levels in smokers. After oral administration of indomethacin 100 mg, significant reduction of bronchial responsiveness that occured after oral administration of vitamin C 3 g in smokers were attenuated. Conclusion: Although there were no significant differences in whole blood vitamin C levels between smokers and nonsmokers. heavy smokers have significant increase in bronchial responsiveness than nonsmokers. This bronchial hyperresponsiveness of heavy smokers can be attenuated by vitamin C supplement. Disappearance of vitamin C effect by indomethacin supplement may suggest that vitamin C exert its effect via alteration of arachidonic acid metabolism.