• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.180-190
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• 2022

This study reviews the current status of Korean traditional creative music groups that have entered the North American World Music market. It also explores some success factors and strategies behind the artists' sustainable activities in the region as well as improvements needed for the Korean government's support. For the purpose of realistic suggestions, music groups that have entered the North American World Music market and experts in artists' global activities have been interviewed for analysis. The interview questionnaire consisted of the following items: 1. how the music groups reached the North American market, 2. what made them successful, 3. what strategies they used to perform in the region, 4. what challenges they faced, and 5. how the government support could be improved. The study found the following success factors: the groups' participation in Korean and international music markets, existence of a local agency, uniqueness and popularity of Korean music, and possibility to organize workshops. It also identified the following challenges: absence of lucrative touring plans, complicated visa issuance, and limitations of networking. It is hoped that this research will provide useful information for music groups planning to enter the North American World Music market and that it will make some meaningful policy suggestions to relevant organizations.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.527-540
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• 1997

이 글에서는 해외지역연구에 있어 세계와와 관련한 여건 변화, 지리하계의 동향, 그리고 21세기의 새로운 지역연구에 지리학의 역할이 어떠하여야 할 것인가를 살피고자 한다. 해외지역연구는 2차대전 이후 미국을 중심으로 발달하였다. 냉전기에 세계적 우위를 유지하고 국익을 보호하기 위하여 외국 현지어 구사 능력을 포함한 해외 정보 수요가 늘어 지역연구의 발달을 보게 된 것이다. 이러한 배경 때문에 지역연구는 개성기술적(ideographic)성격을 띠게 되었다. 요즘에는, 지역연구가 주로 초국적기업, 국제 경영대학원 등을 중심으로 이루어 지고 있다. 새 지역연구는 해외시장정보 수집 등 경제적 동기로 이루어지고 있어, 경제적으로 편향되는 취약점이 있다. 세계화는 요즘 하계의 화두(話頭)로, 세계 경제와 사회에 일고 있는 이 변화를 바로 이해하는 것은 향후 지역연구의 방향을 정립하는데 매우 중요하다. 세계화는 세계 어디서나 똑같이 일어나는 동질적인 현상이 아니라, 매우 다양하고 여러 의미가 담긴 현상이다. 마치 동전에 양면이 있듯이, 세계화는 수렴과 분화를 동시에 일으키고 있는 것이다. 따라서, 국경을 개방하고 장애를 없애 하나의 동질적인 세계시장환경을 지향하는 신자유경제 논리에 바탕한 지역연구는 설득력이 약하다. 지리학이 지역연구에 기여하기 위해서는 다음과 같은 노력이 계속되어야 한다. 첫째, 해외지역을 이해하려면 공간(space)과 장소(place)연구가 필수적이라는 점을 인식하고, 둘째, 인간과 환경의 상호작용 관점에서 지리적 차이를 파악하려는 노력이 필요하다. 셋째, 지리학은 이론정립 노력을 계속해야 하며, 넷째, 그 이론들은 해외지역의 현장답사와 정보수집을 통하여 검증되어야 한다. 지리학은 일찍부터 도시, 농촌 등 미시적 수준의 연구를 수행해왔기 때문에 경험적 연구에 강하다. 다섯째, 정부와 기업 등 조직에 대한 지리학적 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이다. 경제활동 분포에 대한 조직의 역할, 소유권에 대한 정부의 규제, 생산 조직의 환경 영향 등의 연구가 그 예이다. 여섯째, 지리학의 발달을 위하여 국가, 국제적 학술 기구를 활용하는 전략이 필요하다. 국제지리학연합(IGU)에서 개발한 지리교육과정, 미국National Research Council에서 세계지리에 밝지 못한 국민을 대상으로 펴낸 지리서 등이 그 사례이다. 지역연구는 사회과학 이론과 문화연구가 서로 접목되도록 새롭게 방향이 설정되어야 하며, 지리학의 인간-환경 연구 전통이 여기에 기여할 수 있을 것이다. 그러나 지리학의 역할이 효율적이기 위해서는 지리학 자체의 담론을 다시 확립해야 한다. 지리학계에서 지난 20여년간 추구해왔듯이 일반적 법칙을 지향(nomothetic)하는 접근법을 활용해야 하며, 여타 사회과학 및 환경과학과도 긴밀한 관련을 유지할 필요가 있는 것이다.

• Air Cleaning Technology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.29-40
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• 2015

중국의 급속한 산업화로 대기, 수질, 폐기물 등 환경오염문제가 심화, 고착화되면서 이를 개선하기 위해 중국 정부는 환경규제를 지속적으로 강화하고 있다. 또한 외국인 투자유치로 제조업 육성에 어느 정도 성공을 거둠에 따라 외국인 투자 유치와 제조업 경영활동에 있어 환경 이슈를 매우 중요시하고 있어 신규 및 사업확장에 제동이 걸리고 있다. 중국은 신규법인수 기준으로 우리나라의 최대 해외직접투자국이며, 제조업종에 대한 투자금액이 전체 투자금액의 88.3%를 차지하고 있다. 중국에 진출한 기업들은 중소기업이 전체 진출기업의 약 90%로 중국의 환경규제 강화는 중국에 진출한 우리 중소기업들에게 직접적인 영향을 미치고 있다. 중국 정부는 분야별 환경목표를 강화하고 오염물질배출 업체를 퇴출시키는 등 강력한 조치를 전개하고 있으며, 중앙 정부의 환경목표 강화 기조와 더불어 해당 지역민의 친환경에 대한 요구가 점차 커짐에 따라, 각 지방정부는 환경 관련 지역 목표 달성을 위해 업체 관리감독을 대폭 강화하고 있는 추세이다. 이러한 중국의 환경규제 강화는 진출 기업이나 진출을 준비하는 기업들의 설비투자비나 오염배출비용 부담 증가 등 상당한 리스크로 작용하고 있으며 향후에도 중국의 환경규제 강화 기조는 지속될 것으로 전망된다. 실제 중국에 진출한 기업들은 환경규제를 직접적으로 체감하고 있다. 규제집행의 강도가 눈에 띄게 높아져 엄격한 기준을 적용받고 처벌수위 역시 높아졌으며, 과거 관시를 통해 원만한 해결이 가능했다면 이제는 환경규제에 대해 원칙적이고 보수적인 공무원의 태도로 인해 관시로도 해결이 어려운 경우가 다반사이다. 또한, 주민들도 환경규제에 대한 인식수준이 높아짐에 따라 미미한 사안에도 즉각적인 반응을 보여 민원제기 사례가 빈번히 발생하고 환경안전 기준이 점점 높아짐에 따라 이에 대응하기 위해 환경안전 설비추가, 친환경연료 사용 등 추가적인 비용이 발생하고 있다. 이에 이미 진출한 기업들은 소재지 환경규제의 강화 전망 및 이로 인한 손실정도를 사전에 파악하고 다양한 옵션에서 대응전략을 마련해야 하며, 향후 중국 진출계획을 가지고 있는 기업들은 진출에 앞서 지역별로 차별화된 시장기회와 환경규제 강도 등 현지 실사를 통한 현장중심 리스크 분석을 실시해야 한다. 또한 이미 진출한 기업 및 진출예정 기업 모두 환경규제가 강화되고 있는 중국에서 사업을 하기 위해서는 법규와 기본원칙을 반드시 준수하고 규제가 더 강화될 것 이라는 기조를 인식할 필요가 있다.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.1-41
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• 2008

The Korean semiconductor industry has made a great contribution to growth of Korean economy for the last decades by maintaining a top position in terms of Korean total annual export volume. However, the advanced semiconductor equipment and materials that are used for the production of semiconductor devices still depend on the suppliers from Europe, Japan, and America who have an influential position in the Korean semiconductor industry. The objective of this study is to empirically investigate the attributes determining the extent of autonomy in decision making for the Korean subsidiaries of multinational corporations in the semiconductor industry. This study found there were differences in the extent of autonomy in decision making in terms of the global strategies the multinational corporations pursue. This study surveyed employees at the Korean subsidiaries and joint venture companies of semiconductor multinational corporations and collected 726 survey questionnaires. Several statistical analyses including frequency analysis, reliability analysis, factor analysis, multiple regression analysis and ANOVA were performed using the collected sample data. Based on the analyses, this study found as follows: Firstly, from the factor analysis, this study found Korean subsidiaries faced three sources of uncertainties stemmed from political conditions, competent conditions, demand and supply conditions. The internal resources were characterized by the independencies of production capability, financial capability, marketing capability and human resource management capability. The operational performance was determined by total revenue, net profit and market share growth. Secondly, it was found the uncertainties from political condition and competent condition and the independencies of financial capability and marketing capability partially influenced the extent of autonomy in decision making. The independencies of production capability and human resource management capability significantly influenced the autonomy of decision making in the most areas. It was also found an increase of total revenue, net profit and market share growth partially affected the extent of autonomy in decision making of the Korean subsidiaries. Finally, it was found that the polycentrism of global management by multinational corporations seemed to bring a higher extent of autonomy in decision making than ethnocentrism or geocentrism of global management. Based on the results, this study provided managerial implications regarding the extent of autonomy in decision making for Korean subsidiaries of multinational corporations in order to help management to enhance their business capabilities.

• 한국벤처창업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.135-168
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• 2008

The Korean semiconductor industry has made a great contribution to growth of Korean economy for the last decades by maintaining a top position in terms of Korean total annual export volume. However, the advanced semiconductor equipment and materials that are used for the production of semiconductor devices still depend on the suppliers from Europe, Japan, and America who have an influential position in the Korean semiconductor industry. The objective of this study is to empirically investigate the attributes determining the extent of autonomy in decision making for the Korean subsidiaries of multinational corporations in the semiconductor industry. This study found there were differences in the extent of autonomy in decision making in terms of the global strategies the multinational corporations pursue. This study surveyed employees at the Korean subsidiaries and joint venture companies of semiconductor multinational corporations and collected 726 survey questionnaires. Several statistical analyses including frequency analysis, reliability analysis, factor analysis, multiple regression analysis and ANOVA were performed using the collected sample data. Based on the analyses, this study found as follow: Firstly, from the factor analysis, this study found Korean subsidiaries faced three sources of uncertainties stemmed from political conditions, competent conditions, demand and supply conditions. The internal resources were characterized by the independencies of production capability, financial capability, marketing capability and human resource management capability. The operational performance was determined by total revenue, net profit and market share growth. Secondly, it was found the uncertainties from political condition and competent condition and the independencies of financial capability and marketing capability partially influenced the extent of autonomy in decision making. The independencies of production capability and human resource management capability significantly influenced the autonomy of decision making in the most areas. It was also found an increase of total revenue, net profit and market share growth partially affected the extent of autonomy in decision making of the Korean subsidiaries. Finally, it was found that the polycentrism of global management by multinational corporations seemed to bring a higher extent of autonomy in decision making than ethnocentrism or geocentrism of global management. Based on the results, this study provided managerial implications regarding the extent of autonomy in decision making for Korean subsidiaries of multinational corporations in order to help management to enhance their business capabilities.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1147-1152
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• 2018

In the recent, Chinese insurance market has taken a introduction of InsurTech. It is a combination of insurance and fintech. This means that the policyholder design their own insurance and take out the policy on-line without insurance planner. This trend is remarkable issue. Growth rate of InsurTech in China have significantly been growing. In addition, Chinese insurance market has kept generally stable and fast growth rate, although Chinese forecasting economic growth is subject to massive uncertainties. Nevertheless, the increase in the number of Korean insurance companies fails to settle into Chinese insurance market due to lack of awareness about newness of Chinese insurance market. Moreover, Korean insurance company in China or planning to enter are not prepared for InsurTech yet. Chinese insurance market is valuable for Korean insurance companies. This paper suggests implications of re-entry into Chinese insurance market to Korean insurance companies by analyzing policies which could make environment to endorse Chinese insurtech and case of Chinese insurtech companies.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.5-28
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• 2009

As a result of this study only a few Korean firms have a certain management methods designed to predict the possibility of risk occurrence and establishment of systematic countermeasure. Besides, the Korean firms do not have enough data on the risk of Chinese Market. The risk management department inside the firm does not function efficiently, and when it comes to investigation of risk, it heavily depends on that of local branches. Accordingly, in order to accurately recognize and manage, the firms need to not only specialize risk management department but also outsource by using a consulting firm.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.191-200
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• 2020

Companies are seeking to maximize profits through exports and imports in the ultra-fast, ultra-high-speed modern society. It is only possible to sustain its survival if it targets the global market, not based on any specific region. The K-POP group is also targeting overseas markets in a manner similar to the various global strategies used when companies make inroads into foreign markets, including exports, contracts and direct investment. The K-POP group is engaged in various forms of activities, ranging from simple forms of performance (export) that are visited and staged by an invitation from a certain foreign country to series performances (license) by an invitation from a local promoter and tour performances using its capabilities. The K-POP group is seeking to go beyond the art of single-stage performances and make a systematic plan and make inroads into foreign countries in the form of direct investment suitable for each foreign country. The K-POP group made inroads into overseas markets in the form of simple performances from the late 1990s to 2005, when 'Korean Wave' was first introduced. Group H.O.T., etc. are typical examples. Since then, it has sought to enter overseas markets in the form of franchises by accepting overseas members by 2018, starting with Super Junior in 2005. Since then, the K-POP group in the form of joint investment attempted as group IZ*ONE in 2018 appeared, and a voice story came out in September 2018 when South Korea's JYP Entertainment and Tencent of China joined forces. Unlike K-POP Group, which has entered foreign markets with a global strategy based on the existing export method (H.O.T.), 'Boystory' is a representative group that is made with joint investment, which is a direct investment method. In February 2020, RBW released 'D1Verse,' a five-member group selected by Vietnam's reality show, as a joint investment-type group. This shows the possibility that domestic and foreign companies will release a group in the form of joint investment in order to pursue both globalization and localization.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.9
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• pp.1388-1398
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• 2015

Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is the most complete and comprehensive method for translating what customers need from a product. This study utilized QFD to develop sauces made from Gochujang and to determine how to fulfill international customers' requirements. A customer survey and expert opinion survey were conducted from May 13 to August 22, 2014 and targeted 220 consumers and 20 experts in the U.S. and China. Finally, a total of 208 (190 consumers and 18 experts) useable data were selected. The top three customer requirements for Gochujang sauces were identified as fresh flavor (4.40), making better flavor (3.99), and cooking availability (3.90). Thirty-three engineering characteristics were developed. The results from the calculation of relative importance of engineering characteristics identified that 'cooking availability', 'free sample and food testing', 'unique concept', and 'development of brand' were the highest. The relative importance of engineering characteristics, correlation, and technical difficulties are ranked, and this result could contribute to the development Korean sauces based on customer needs and engineering characteristics.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.85-111
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• 2016

Global semiconductor companies is investing enormous capital worldwide. And direct investment in China is increasing greatly these days, Especially, global semiconductor companies are setting up a factory in China due to expanding market rather than utilizing low labor cost. Therefore, this study is trying to analyze the background and process of direct investment from global Korean and Taiwanese semiconductor companies in China. Firstly, In 1996, Samsung semiconductor established a back end process factory in Suzhou. And in 2014, Samsung semiconductor set up a front and back end factory in Xian. Secondly, In 2006, SK Hynix built a front and back end factory in Wuxi. and SK Hynix set up a back end factory named Hitech semiconductor with Chinese company in 2009. Later in 2015, SK Hynix established a back end factory in Chongqing. Thirdly, In 2004, TSMC started to operate a factory in Shanghai, and in 2018, TSMC is going to establish a factory in Nanjing. Lastly, UMC bought a stock to produce product in Chinese local company named HJT, and at the end of 2016, UMC is going to finish building a factory in Xiamen. As a result, it was proved that most companies hoped to expand the chinese market by setting up a factory in china. In addition, Samsung expected to avoid a risk by setting up a factory in china, and SK Hynix wanted to avoid a countervailing duty by setting up a factory in china. Based on the result of this study, this study indicates some implications for other semiconductor companies which are very helpful for their future foreign direct investment.