• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.221-237
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• 2006

Domestic laws such as Korea Marine Pollution Prevention Law which has been made and amended according to the conclusions and amendments of various international conventions, especially by MARPOL 73/78, were reviewed and compared with major contents of international conventions, and several alternative measures for legislating new laws or amending existing laws such as Korea Marine Pollution Prevention Law in accordance with new contents and recent amendments of existing and new international conventions were proposed. Annex VI of MARPOL 73/78 has been recently accepted in Korea Marine Pollution Prevention Law which should be applied to ships which are the moving point sources of air pollution at Sea rather than in Korea Air Environment Conservation Law which should be applied to automobiles and industrial installations which are the line and/or point sources of air pollution in land. International Convention for Ship's Ballast Water/Sediment Management should be accepted in Korea Marine Pollution Prevention Law or by a new law in order to prevent domes marine ecosystem and costal environment from the invasion of harmful exotic species through the discharge of ship's ballast water. International Convention for the Control of Harmful Anti-Fouling Systems on the Ships should be accepted in Korea Marine Pollution Prevention Law which should be applied to ships which are navigating in open sea and coastal waters rather than in Korea Noxious Chemicals Management Law. Basel Convention which shall regulate and prohibit inter-nations movements of noxious chemical substances should be accepted in Korea Marine Pollution Prevention Law in order to prevent the movement and transfer of scrap-purpose tanker ships containing bilge water of oil/water mixtures and chemicals remained on board from advanced countries to developing and/or underdeveloped countries and to conserve global marine environment after all.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.273-277
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• 2011

오늘날 기후변화는 기후 시스템을 구성하는 대기, 해양, 생물, 빙하, 육지 등의 다양한 구성요소에 작용하여 자연 생태계와 인간의 사회 및 경제 시스템에 커다란 영향을 미친다. 특히 최근 인간의 활동에 의해 야기된 기후변화는 극치적인 기후 현상의 빈도와 강도에 영향을 미칠 뿐만 아니라, 기후변화 현상은 수환경 시스템, 하천 생태계와 유역관리 등의 다양한 분야에 걸쳐 심각한 문제를 발생시킨다. 이에 따른 수자원의 효율적인 관리와 안정적인 물공급에 어려움을 증대시킬 것으로 전망되며, 현재 이것은 각 분야별로 해결해야 할 범지구적 문제로 인식되고 있다. 기후변화를 탐지하고 예측하기 위해서는 SRES 배출시나리오를 이용한 미래의 기후변화 장기시나리오가 필요한데, 이를 위한 기본적인 도구로 전지구기후모형(Global Climate Models, GCMs)이 있다. 기후변화에 따른 지역적 차원의 수자원에의 영향 분석을 위해서는 GCMs의 결과를 바탕으로 지역 규모에서의 기후 자료로 변환하는 규모내림(downscaling) 기법을 이용한다. 본 연구는 기후변화 분석의 가장 기본이라 할 수 있는 국내에 적합한 GCM의 선정 및 우리나라의 시공간적 기상패턴의 정밀한 구현을 위한 규모내림기법의 적용을 통하여 실시하였다. 현재 뿐 아니라 미래 90년간 (2011년 ~ 2100년)의 기상 자료를 생산하고 이를 SWAT 모형에 적용하였다. 이러한 GCMs-규모내림-SWAT 모형으로 이어지는 시나리오 기반의 기후변화에 대한 낙동강 유역의 유출 분석은 기후변화 연구에 기술적 방법론의 제시와 함께 앞으로 타 유역에의 적용을 통하여 보다 정량적이고 신뢰성 있는 전국 단위의 기후변화에 따른 유출 분석연구의 기초가 될 수 있을 것이라 기대한다.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.6D
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• pp.1011-1017
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• 2006

It is so sensitive that the wetland ecosystem very weak in artificial interference and environment change. wetlands are a transitional zone between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. This natural property is important to people and life. It is necessary to preservation and protection of the wetland with a countermeasure. we really need to Environment-GIS (E-GIS) and digital map which is included correct position, attribute data and range of the wetland. In this study, we take priority of making a database of wetland management. Moreover, we standardize a digital map production of wetland in our research and we improve accuracy of control survey using GPS surveying. The main purpose of this study is to suggest a pre-estimated wetland that have not yet been discovered. by analysing terrain, geological feature, a geographical distribution of plants and animals using GIS.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2008

This study examined principles and techniques of efficient water quality management as well as total coastal pollutant loads and the relevant examples in the advanced countries from the viewpoints of water quality improvement and pollution control in coastal areas. The problems and improvements in an estimation of the current total pollutant loads were also pointed out. In addition, discussion was made on the relationship between total pollutant loads and environmental capacity as well as particulars requiring extensive examination on access to and study on water quality model used as prediction tool for marine environment. Furthermore, this study proposed details of and improvement plans for water quality control to be reflected and absorbed into systems and policies related to coastal water quality. In coastal areas, which are subject to total coastal pollutant loads, it is necessary to calculate pollutant loads reduction and allocation, to propose them in detail in statement in relations to new pollution sources for the corresponding projects or plans in environmental impact assessment and prior environmental review system. Also, in relations to regional plans for coastal management, the local government concerned must focus more on environmental management plan to implement data on pollution sources and pollutant loads flown into sea areas under basic jurisdiction, therefore it is required to actively respond to expansion and introduction of total coastal pollutant loads system in the future. Total coastal pollutant loads system must be expanded and executed by considering characteristics of sea area and changes in the environment of land. For pollution sources in land, the competent authorities in charge of coastal environment will need to initiatively administer supervision, monitoring activities and achieve integration and operation of the related laws by preparing legal bases for management system or adjusting the related laws.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.293-300
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• 2011

Many countries of the world, including IMO, has noticed that foreign marine hazardous organisms, which were introduced by ballast water, have disturbed the marine ecosystem of its own nation, and posed a serious threat to human health and the value of environment and economy. Therefore, IMO has tried to manage the introduced species by assessing the risk of ballast water, and suggested three risk assessment methods, such as environmental matching risk assessment, speciesbiogeographical risk assessment, and species-specific risk assessment. In this thesis, species-specific risk assessment method was considered, and a risk assessment program established by applying it was described.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.244-257
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• 2024

Considering the negative impact of IUU fishing on fishery resources and fishery management, a revised approach for estimating risks of the ecosystem-based fisheries assessment (EBFA) of Zhang et al. (2011) was developed that incorporates three components of the IUU (illegal, unreported and unregulated) fishing as penalties. In this study, we introduced ways to develop indicators of IUU fishing suitable for the Korean fishery and apply them to ecosystem-based resource assessment. The indicator for the illegal fishing component was set as the fishing without licenses or permits, and that for the unreported fishing component was set as unreported fishing activities. Indicators for the unregulated fishing component were set as fishing operated by illegal fishing gear, illegal fish capture, fishing operations in prohibited fishing area, and fishing with restrict permits. IUU fishing significantly impacts the stock of target species. Therefore, in this study, the influence of IUU fishing is included in the Species Risk Index (SRI) at the species level, and weights are assigned based on the ratio of the stock, as $SRI={{\sum\limits_j}{\lambda}_j{\cdot}ORI/{\sum\limits_j}{\lambda}_j}+P_f(B_i/B)$. The revised ecosystem-based fisheries assessment method, which considers the impact of IUU fishing, was applied to major fisheries on the south coast of Korea. It is necessary to reduce the non-reporting rate through the expansion of the TAC system and improve the accuracy of statistical compilation. To this end, the electronic fishing reporting system, which is being implemented on all vessels in Korean distant water fishing vessels, should be introduced to the coastal and offshore fisheries as well.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.380-384
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• 2016

홍수완화의 관점에서 강을 관리하기 위하여 수자원의 이용과 생태계보전, 하천흐름과 형태학적 변화들에 대하여 충분히 이해하고 합리적으로 설명하는 것이 필요하다. 최근에 수변지역에서 발달된 식생은 홍수시에 감속영역과 생물들의 피난처를 제공하는 것 이외에 횡단방향의 혼합작용을 활성화하여 유사와 식물의 씨앗 및 입자성 유기물(POM)을 포착하는 기능을 하고 특히 흐름과 유사이송 및 하도 지형변화에 큰 영향을 주기 때문에 중요하다. 입자성 유기물(POM)은 하천생태계를 지탱하는 에너지원으로서 다양한 형태로 존재하고 미생물의 분해를 받아 무기화된 식생의 번무와 물질순환의 시발점이 되기도 하지만 현재까지 식생영역 내에서 그 공급과정에 관련이 있는 운동기구에 관한 연구는 아직 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 식생영역의 유사퇴적 및 분급작용, 입자성 유기물의 포착을 일으키는 원인과 흐름의 특징 중 식생영역 내에서 흐름방향으로 감속에 주목하여 수리 모형실험을 실시하였고 수변식생에서 부유사와 POM의 퇴적과정에 대하여 검토 및 모델링을 실시하였다. 수리 모형실험 결과 CPOM과 FPOM 모두 유사의 퇴적없이 그 자체로는 퇴적이 되지 않았고 수변식생의 종방향 이송의 경우 식생에 의해 퇴적된 부유사가 사련 형태로 형성이 되어 CPOM이 사련의 배후에서 캡쳐 되었다. 또한 두가지 샘플 움직임의 상호작용은 사련의 파고와 파장의 전파속도를 감소시켰다. 식생지역에서 횡방향 분산의 경우에 대해서는 각각의 유사 크기에 대한 퇴적물의 능선은 식생의 경계를 따라 형성되었고 운동의 범위는 유사 퇴적의 능선에 의해 촉진되어 횡방향으로 확산하며 확장되었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 제한된 경험적인 지식보다 오히려 실험을 통하여 식생을 동반하는 장소에서 유사와 POM의 거동특성 차이 및 간섭작용을 명확히 한 후 현장에서 관측된 현상과 비교 검증이 필요하다고 사료되며 추후에 운동기구를 모델링 및 업그레이드 해 나가는 것이 앞으로의 하천생태계 예측평가에 필요하다고 판단된다.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.111-125
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• 2016

Cordgrass (Spartina spp.) is recognized as a highly invasive plant in estuaries throughout the world because of remarkable versatility and resiliency, significant reproduction, strong adaptability, rapid spreading, and vigorous growth. In this review, therefore, to provide insights on the effective management practices, the previous research works were summarized and discussed. Spartina spp. is a perennial halophyte, warm-season (C4) grass that reproduces both sexually through seeds and asexually by rhizomes. Management strategies for cordgrass have included various physical, biological, and chemical controls. Herbicides are usually the most cost-effective means of control. Currently, glyphosate, imazapyr, fluazifop and haloxyfop have been practically used. To improve the control efficacy, a combination of two more than methods (example, mowing-spraying) is needed to be applied consistently every year for at least 3 to 4 years and to be sprayed with enough dry time (>4-6 hr) at an early growth stage (before flowering). Consistently repeated application of same herbicide have to be avoided to prevent an unexpected emergence of herbicide-resistant lines. On the other hand, Spartina spp. have many positive functions for agricultural and eco-engineering purposes. Thus, we have to give more intensive research for effectively managing advantages and disadvantages of Spartina plantations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.135-143
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• 2008

An emergy concept was used to evaluate the environment and economy of the estuarine areas of Yeongsan River, Seomjin River, and Han River in Korea. The emergy evaluations clearly showed ecological and socioeconomic characteristics of the estuarine areas that act as ecological and economic centers of surrounding areas. River, tide, and rain provided most of the renewable emergy inputs to the estuarine areas with their contribution to the total emergy input less than 8%. The estuarine areas mostly relied for their operation on the purchased emergy which accounted for $92{\sim}98%$ of the total emergy input to the systems. Emergy indices such as emergy use per unit area, population carrying capacity, environmental loading ratio, and emergy sustainability index revealed that the estuarine areas of Yeongsan River, Seomjin River, and Han River are not sustainable at the current level of economic activities in the areas. The ecological economic values of the environment of the areas were in the range of $7.29{\sim}22.06$ million Em\/ha/yr. They are more than twice that for the whole country, indicating the ecological and economic importance of the eatuarine areas. It is, therefore, urgent to establish and implement estuarine management policies to protect and restore the ecological and economic potentials of the estuarine areas of Yeongsan River, Seomjin River, and Han River. Management plans for the estuarine areas should include both demand-side measures such as reduction of population and economic concentration and consideration of ecological carrying capacity in planning stages for utilization and development of the areas, and supply-side ones such as restoration of degraded ecosystems and construction of new productive ecosystems.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.14-28
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• 2001

This study is to discuss the problems due to the maldevelopment occurred at the reserved areas of natural environments of the Ulleung Island, Gyeongsangbuk-do province, and it also suggests the ways of solving them The types of the maldevelopment practiced on the Ulleung Island consist of the change of land use, the opening of a round road, the destruction of mountains for the construction of harbor, the development of tourist areas, and the construction of military facilities. The decreased habitat of animals and the pollution of drinking water are occurred by the change of land use. The destruction of ecological system is due to the opening of a round road. The damage of natural landscape and the change of ocean eco-system is closely related to the construction of harbor and the destruction of mountains. Finally, the damage of rare plants and the pollution of drinking water are due to the development of tourist areas and the construction of military facilities. In the followings, the ways of solving the problems occurred by the various types of maldevelopment are suggested. First, the planning of pro-environmental development has to be established and practiced to preserve rare plants which are damaged due to the change of land use. Second, the destruction of natural landscape and resources has to be minimized by the implementation of environmental impact assesment when road and harbor are constructed. Third, the stones needed for the development of islands ought to be imported from mainland. Fourth, the established tourist areas are needed to rationally manage and the potential tourist areas has to be transferred to the reserved areas of natural environments. Fifth, military facilities should be constructed though the cooperation of autonomous local government. Finally, government officers' and residents' conscience of protecting and reserving natural environments is needed, and government has to give residents financial supports.