• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.245-262
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• 2007

On 25 December 2000, China and Vietnam signed the Agreement on the Delimitation of the Territorial Seas, EEZs and Continental Shelves in the Tonkin Gulf. Three and a half years after signature, in June 2004, China and Vietnam both ratified a maritime boundary agreement for the Tonkin Gulf (Beibu Gulf) and the agreement entered into force. A potentially complicating factor in the negotiation process was likely to have been the status of the Sino-French Agreement of 1887. In the end, the agreement reached indicated that even if the status of the Sino-French Agreement of 1887 was part of the negotiations, both sides eventually agreed that it would not have an impact on the delimitation of maritime zones in the Gulf of Tonkin. Another crucial issue was the impact of the islands, in particular, the Vietnamese controlled Bach Long Vi Island and Con Co Island. Especially, Bach Long Vi Island was entitled to a half suite of maritime zones (3n.m. EEZ) and would impact the tracing of a line of equidistance in the Gulf of Tonkin. Minor as the point might be, Con Co Island also would have an impact for it would play a fixing terminal point for the boundary. Article 7 of the agreement is about minerals and hydrocarbons of cross-boundary deposit, and if any single geophysical structure of oil and gas or other mineral deposits should straddle the demarcation line, an agreement is to be reached on the development of the structure or deposit and on the most effective manner to equally share the profits resulting from the development.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2012

Korea has maritime jurisdiction over an area 4.5 times larger than the nation's inland area, but negotiations with surrounding nations on the maritime boundary delimitation have still not been completed satisfactorily. In particular, maritime boundary delimitation has become an important issue in terms of maritime security and resource exploration. Considering national interests, the delimitation of the maritime boundary is essential. However, no system to help the decision-makers involved in maritime boundary delimitation has yet been systematically constructed. Therefore, the aim of this study was the development of a system to support such decision-making. In this study, considerations related to maritime boundary delimitation were investigated through expert advice and international precedents. Based on these considerations, data were collected from several organizations, and a spatial database was systematically constructed. Finally, MBDSS (maritime boundary delimitation support system) was developed to support maritime boundary delimitation. This GIS-based system provides visual information about the considerations for the maritime boundary delimitation. Thus, it could help decision-makers to choose appropriate boundaries during the negotiation. Furthermore, this system is expected to be utilized as a scientific tool on the delimitation of maritime boundaries.

• 한국마린엔지니어링학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국마린엔지니어링학회 2006년도 전기학술대회논문집
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• pp.135-136
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• 2006

There are several Disputes relating to the delimitation of maritime boundary and the policy of maritime jurisdiction of the states around the Korea Peninsula. These disputes are connected with the place of 'Tokdo' dominated practically by Korea, 'Senkaku islands' dominated practically by Japan, and 'Kurile islands' that is under disputing between Russia and Japan. North Korea has also the problem. The delimitation of Maritime Boundary among these States would be concluded in very near future. Therefore, we need to understand the maritime jurisdiction policy of these states. South Korea also has to set the policy.

• 해양환경안전학회:학술대회논문집
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• 해양환경안전학회 2005년도 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.53-61
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• 2005

Dokdo, a group of 33 small and rocky Islets, in the East Sea have been administered by Korea for years since 1953 and are currently occupied by Korean Police Unit. Located about 217Km off the eastern border of Korea and 87Km east of UIleung Island in North Gyeongsang Province. Situated in the East Sea of Korea, Dokdo itself has valuable strategic implications for Korea as well as another countries such as Russia, Japan, U.SA etc. The first historical testimonies to Dokdo were in Korean documents referring to it as a part of an independent island district known as Ulleung Island(Usanguk), which was incorporated into Silla Kingdom in 512 A.D. in '1454 Sejong Authentic History'. Historically, since at least 1881, the island has been called Dokdo by Koreans, meaning 'Rock Island' or 'Lonely Island'. Also Korea, which regained a full sovereignty and have exercised it for decades continuously, keeps a small police detachment on the Island. That is, Dokdo is under effective control of Korea until today. Therefore Dokdo, which is a problem that is related to our territory and sovereignty, is clearly a cluster of Islands of Korea.

• Strategy21
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• 통권40호
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• pp.235-254
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• 2016

최근 남중국해(South China Sea: 南中國海)가 동아시아 해양안보의 중심 이슈로 대두되고 있다. 아울러 남중국해 문제가 당사국 간 해양분쟁 및 해양경계획정 이슈만이 아닌, 제3자 개입 등의 다자간 해양분쟁과 대립으로 확산되는 매우 복잡한 양상을 보이고 있다. 이러한 남중국해 해양문제는 미국과 중국 간의 강대국 경쟁구도가 적용되어 힘의 시현을 위한 대결 국면이 되는 반면, 중국이 전통적 해양이익을 구단선(nine dash line)을 근거로 주장하면서 국제법 적용 문제에 따른 법적 문제의 성격을 나타내고 있다. 이에 따라 최근 남중국해 상황은 '항해의 자유(Freedom of Navigation)' 보장을 주장하는 미국, 역사적 권리 보장을 위해 일반적 조치를 강행하고 해군력을 증강시키는 중국, 그리고 남중국해를 경유하는 수많은 선박들의 항해 안전(navigational safety)을 강조하는 역내 국가 간 의견이 표출되는 복잡한 양상으로 나타나고 있다. 특히 최근 중국이 상설중재재판소의 남중국해 중재판결을 무시하여 국제법 적용이 어려운 가운데 포괄적 동아시아 해양안보 차원에서 남중국해 이슈 해결을 위한 새로운 접근방안이 요구되고 있다. 이는 남중국해에 대한 당사국 간 평화적 분쟁 해결과 더불어, 강대국 간의 전략적 함의에 의한 해결이 병행되어야 함을 의미한다.

• Strategy21
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• 통권30호
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• pp.177-199
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• 2012

As is generally known, the sovereignty dispute over the Senkaku Islands between China/Taiwan and Japan was triggered by a report commissioned by the UN in 1968, which reported the possibility of a substantial amount of petroleum and natural gas buried in the South China Sea. When the administrative authority over the Ryukyu Islands was transferred from the US to Japan in 1972, jurisdiction over the Senkaku Islands was also transferred. A dispute ensued between China (Taiwan) and Japan over the Senkaku Islands except during the period in which formal relations were established between the two states. This paper will take a look particularly at the events that occurred in the 2000's and discuss their recent trends and aspects of the dispute. Though China and Japan agreed to joint resource development in 2008, the agreed zone was a very small area adjacent to the Korea-Japan Joint Continental Shelf Development Zone, and the points of agreement have not been implemented. China has been developing four oil fields including Chunxiao in its waters adjacent to the median line asserted by Japan. However, China also has been excluding the participation of Japan, while Japan has been strongly objecting to the unilateral development of oil fields by China. If indeed the oil fields on China's side are connected past the median line asserted by Japan, then China's unilateral development will infringe upon the potential sovereign rights of Japan, thereby violating international law.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.55-67
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• 2007

A reference to natural prolongation appeared for the first time in the North Sea Judgement. Although it was not suggested that the concept of natural prolongation would automatically allow for the fixing of a continental shelf boundary, that concept encouraged States to request international tribunals to determine continental shelf boundaries on the basis of the geological and geomorphological features of the seabed. In the Libya v. Malta Case, however, the rejection of geological and geomorphological factors was total. Especially, Natural prolongation was the then checkmated as a relevant fact in delimitation between coasts situated less than 400 nm. apart. There can be no doubt that, in several disputed cases, prominent geomorphological variations are simply ignored ; nevertheless, there are also a few agreements where geological and geomorphological characteristics come into play and, to a certain extent, affect maritime boundaries. Physical characteristics of sea-bed are generally given serious consideration in the boundary delimitation such as the final negotiated boundary of the Australia-Indonesia Continental Shelf boundary Agreement(Timor and Arafura seas) which follows the continental slope bordering the Timor Trench.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.175-186
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• 2006

There are disputes for oil and gas development between China and Japan in the East China Sea. These involve the area where China is already carrying out activities of oil and gas development and where Japan is proclaiming its EEZ. China insists that the Chinese activities on oil and gas development area are being carried out within the Chinese jurisdictional waters even if the median line principle of Japanese proclamation is applied in delimitation. Indeed, the permit for Japanese development is causing disputes between China and Japan because its permit allows development in the waters adjacent to Chinese development area. h the event, the core of this dispute around the oil and gas field in the East China Sea relates to issues of maritime boundary delimitation and issues of resources acquisition with both states. Chinese policy on oil and gas development is to first consider development issues in accordance with a median line principle where waters toward to China from the median line should be developed by China and the area toward Japan from the median line within the Chinese continental shelf should be jointly developed. However, the Japanese position is that the East China Sea should be jointly developed, and Japan hopes to eventually convince China to accept its median line delimitation. With on-going development of such issues, Korea should establish a strategy of negotiation based on analyses of resource distributional conditions and other strategic factors in the Korean delimitation area. In particular, Korea should prepare and make the best use of joint development zone established in an agreement between the ROK and Japan concerning the development of the southern part of continental shelf adjacent to both states.

• 해양안보
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.83-113
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• 2022

중국의 해상 민병대는 긴 역사에 비해 잘 알려지지 않았으나, 최근 주변국과의 다양한 해양 분쟁을 통해 주변국들의 우려와 심각한 위협으로 부상하고 있다. 따라서, 현 시점에서 중국 해상 민병대의 실체에 대한 명확한 이해가 필요할 때이다. 중국 해상 민병대의 편성과 역할 검토를 통해 중국의 해상 민병대는 '중국의 해양이익 보호와 신장을 위한 해상 민병대의 기여'라는 목적에 맞춰 중국 정부와 인민해방군에 의해 조직적으로 관리되고 운용되는 조직이라는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 중국의 해상 민병대가 운용 되었던 주변국과의 해양 분쟁 사례 검토를 통해 이들의 위협요인을 도출할 수 있었다. 첫 번째, 중국 해상 민병대는 '회색지대전략'을 수행하며, 두 번째, 정부와 인민해방군의 지원을 받는 체계화된 조직이다. 세 번째, 전 세계에서 가장 큰 규모의 민병조직으로 간과할 수 없는 해양세력이며, 네 번째, 생업 종사와 해상 민병이라는 이중임무 수행이 가능한 전략적 유연성을 갖추고 있다는 점이다. 중국 해상 민병대의 위협은 남중국해에 위치한 동남아시아 국가들만의 문제가 아니다. 우리나라도 이어도 문제, 서해 해상 경계선 획정 문제 등 중국과의 해양 분쟁에서 자유로울 수만은 없는 국가이다. 따라서 중국과 발생할 수 있는 가장 가능성 높은 2가지 사례에 대해 시나리오 기법 분석을 통해 예상 시나리오와 대응방안을 살펴보았다. 마지막으로, 중국 해상 민병대의 실체를 직시하고 이들이 향후 어떻게 운용 및 발전될 것이며, 우리는 어떻게 대응해 나가야 할 것인지에 대한 고민을 제시하였다.

• Spatial Information Research
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.89-102
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• 2009

해저지형 정보는 바다를 이해하기 위한 기본항목이며, 항해용 해도를 제작하고 해양경계를 획정하는데 기초자료로 활용된다. 해저지형 정보를 얻기 위해서는 음향측심기를 이용하는 것이 일반적이지만 최근에는 인공위성에서 얻은 지구물리자료를 이용하여 간접적인 방법을 이용하기도 한다. 본 연구에서는 1996년과 1997년에 실시한 실측 측량성과와 인공위성 자료를 이용한 지구물리자료와 비교분석을 실시하였다. 연구대상 해역은 해저지형의 특성이 다른 울릉대지, 울릉분지, 울릉분지남부해역으로 선정하였다. 비교분석에는 실측성과를 비롯하여 Topex/Poseidon, Etopo2, JODC, BODC 자료를 이용하였다. 인공위성을 이용하여 간접적인 방법으로 산출된 해저지형 자료는 실측성과를 기준으로 할 때 전반적인 해저지형 형태와 평균수심의 값은 대체적으로 잘 맞았으나 RMS는 수심 1700m 깊이에서 100m 정도로 나타났다. 또한 국지적으로 오차가 1,000m에 이르는 경우도 발견되었으며, 선상에서 얻은 중력관측 성과에서도 해저지형의 형태가 부분적으로 자세히 나타나는 경향을 찾아냈다.