• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.319-345
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• 2019

Recently planification and effort for management, assessment and discovery of geological heritagesare being increasingly demanded with institutional strategies such as geopark, as their preservation is asked socially. In this study, we discovered geological heritages in the Jeolla Province and then performed assessment of the value and grading of them and finally suggested a promising and suitable site for the National Geopark. A total of 325 geological heritages are listed on literature review and then detailed description in field and assessment of the value for selected 158 geoheritages are completed. The assessment items are categorized into intrinsic value, subsidiary value, and preservation/management part. The intrinsic value is subdivided into scientific/educational value, composed of representativeness, rarity, geodiversity, typicality, reproducibility, and particularity, and geomorphological/landscape value composed of scale, naturality (integrity), scenery (aesthetic value). Also, subsidiary value consist of 7 subsections of soil function, ecological function, tourism value, geological resource, historical value, folk tale or legend and symbolic value, and accessibility, convenient facility (infrastructure), management condition (legal protection) is evaluated in preservation/management part. The heritages in the Jeolla Province subdivided into three types: 73 geological heritages, 42 geomorphological heritages, and 42 composite heritages. Based on points acquired in intrinsic value, all geological heritages are graded Class-I to -V. As a result, numbers of geoheritage belong to Class-I (protection at world level), -II (protection at national level), -III (nationdesignated management), -IV (involved management list), -V (candidate management list) are 12, 39, 52, 34, 21, respectively. Finally, we construct database based on Arc-GIS with all informations for each geological heritage and suggest three promising and suitable sites, 'Jirisan-Seomjingang Area' and 'south coast area of Jeolla Province', for the National Geopark.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.250-259
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• 2018

We investigated the petrological features of the stone materials used in the Jeolla Usuyeong rampart and estimated their provenance through the geological survey. The Jeolla Usuyeong was designated as a historic site (No. 535) on 2016. Since the remaining rampart is less than 15%, it is necessary to make conservation on it. In this study, we discriminated the stone materials used for the rampart according to their petrographic characteristics and estimated the volume proportion of each stone by the rock type. Also, we measured the whole-rock magnetic susceptibility. The petrographic features of the stones in the rampart were compared with those in the vicinity by their mineral composition and texture. The stone materials of the rampart mainly consist of the tuff, lapilli tuff, and lapilli stone. Among these three kinds of rocks, lapilli tuff is quantitatively the most abundant (60.3%), the next is tuff (34.7%), and lapilli stone (2.5%) shows the least amount. The whole-rock magnetic susceptibility of the tuffaceous rocks can be divided by the value of $1.0{\times}10^{-3}$ SI unit. Also, the compressive strength of tuff exhibits about 156 MPa, which is adequate to reuse for the repairing work. Petrological comparisons between stone materials and outcrop rocks distributed around the Hwawon peninsula leads to a conclusion that the stone materials of the rampart are likely to have been delivered from the Dongoeri and Sindeok-ri. Judging from the results of the comparison on the frequency of use and physical properties among the tuffaceous rocks, tuff is considered to suitable for restoring the rampart.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.23 no.4 s.61
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• pp.221-232
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• 1984

A series of experiments were carried out in the laboratory and fields to reevaluate the effects of Padan (cartap) to the brown planthopper (BPH). Nilapanata lugens. The $LD_{50}\;land\;LC_{50}$ values for the female and male BPH were determined by the topical application and seedling- dipping/root -soaking methods. The values were differed with the sex and test methods, and the BPH mortality was greatly increased with a rise in temperatures $(25-35^{\circ}C)$. In a viewpoint of honeydew excretion and offsprings produced, there was no any possibility in BPH resurgence at the sublethal exposures of Padan. The BPH mortality to Padan 4 G was greatly low in the pot tests compared with those to diazinon and carbofuran, but in the paddy fields the efficacy of Padan 4G was nearly reversed. A single application of Padan 4G at the rate of 4kg/10a dramatically suppressed the BPH populations in the paddy fields, and the control effect was much more accelerated in the drained paddy field than in the submerged paddy field.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.329-336
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• 2012

In September 2009, a perfectly preserved fossil of a dinosaur egg nest was discovered in the Cretaceous formations of the Aphaedo area in Shinan, Jeollanam-do, South Korea. In order to estimate the age of dinosaur eggshells and the depositional age of the Cretaceous sediments in Aphaedo area, a whole-rock K-Ar dating was carried out on volcanic pebbles showing a sedimentary structure contemporaneous with the Aphaedo strata, acidic tuffs overlaying the strata conformably, and acidic dike rocks intrude to both of them. Volcanic rocks observed in the strata are 3-20 cm in diameter as pebbles found in lenticular conglomerate and pebble bearing mudstone strata. K-Ar whole-rock dating was performed on six different volcanic pebbles which show a sedimentary structure contemporaneous with the dinosaur egg nest contained in the strata, and all samples show Late Cretaceous ages: Cenomanian ($97.6{\pm}1.9$Ma), Coniacian ($87.6{\pm}1.7$ Ma), Santonian ($84.5{\pm}1.7$Ma) or Campanian ($82.5{\pm}1.6$, $77.3{\pm}1.5$, $75.7{\pm}1.5$ Ma). The K-Ar whole-rock age of acidic tuffs overlaying the Cretaceous formation conformably was estimated to be Campanian ($79.2{\pm}1.6$ or $77.3{\pm}1.5$Ma), when the dating was carried out under the same conditions. The acidic dike intruding both Cretaceous formation and acidic tuff showed a K-Ar whole-rock age of $70.9{\pm}1.4$Ma (Campanian). Therefore, the depositional age of the Cretaceous formation in the Aphaedo area and the time when dinosaurs lived in the study area are considered to be 77-83 Ma. Such results indicate that the ages of dinosaur eggshells from Aphaedo area can be correlated with the ages of the Seonso Formation (81Ma) with dinosaur egg nest fossils and the Uhangri Formation (79-81Ma) with dinosaur, pterosaur and web-footed bird tracks.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.87-99
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• 2017

Recently the increase in an abnormal climate events and meteorological disasters which causes a great damage to greenhouse facilities. To minimize and evaluate the expected damages it is necessary to prepare countermeasures and a management system in advance. For this purpose, a quantitative analysis of weather and abnormal climate are needed to investigate protected cultivation areas which are vulnerable to natural disasters. This study focused on protected cultivation areas in Jeolla province, South Korea. Surrogate variables were calculated to analyze the vulnerable areas to meteorological disasters, and spatial distribution analysis was also performed by using GIS to present vulnerable areas on map. The map thus created and was compared with actual data of damages by meteorological disasters which occurred in target areas. The result of the comparison is as follows: About 50% of the target areas showed an agreement between the map created in this study and the actual data, these areas includes Gwangju metropolitan city, Naju city, Yeongam County, Jangseong County, Hampyeong County, and Haenam County. On the other hand, other areas, including Gunsan city, Mokpo city, and Muan County, suffered low damage in spite of high levels of vulnerability to meteorological disasters. This result was considered to be affected by such variables as different structural designs and management systems of greenhouses by region. This study carried out an analysis of meteorological data to find out more detailed vulnerability to protected cultivation area and to create a map of vulnerable protected cultivation areas. In addition, the map was compared with the record of natural disasters to identify actual vulnerable areas. In conclusion, this study can be utilized as basic data for preventing and reducing damages by meteorological disasters in terms of design and management of greenhouses.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 1994

This study was conducted to investigate the degree of ground water pollution used for drinking water in Cheju Island. Samples were collected monthly from 31 wells of 10 divided areas and were analyzed for $NO_3-N$, pH, $SO_4$, Cl and hardness from 1987 to 1992. $NO_3-N$ concentrations in the samples, with the exception of sample No.23, did not exceed the standard concentration of drinking-water(10mg/l). $NO_3-N$ concentrations at area 10, unpolluted area, ranged from <1.0 mg/l to just over 1.2 mg/l. However, samples from the business district of the area 8 showed the concentrations ranging from 5 mg/l in 1987 to 8.l mg/l in 1992 with a mean of 6.8 mg/l, about 5 times higher than those from the area 10. $NO_3-N$ concentration in sample No. 23 increased from 4 mg/l in 1987 to 12.6 mg/l in 1991. Average rate of increase in $NO_3-N$ in samples of No. 1, 2, 4, and 8 at area 8 was about 1.2mg/l per year in the study period. The ground water at area 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 showed in the range of pH 7 to 8.1, being similar to area 10. However, pH at area 8 was in the range of 6.6 to 7.3, being lower than that in the other areas. Hardness at area 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 were in the range of 30 to 80 mg/l, being higher than that at area 10. Those at area 8 were the highest among all the other areas tested. The results of this study suggest that $NO_3-N$ contamination in ground water could be a problem at hotel complexes and business district in Cheju Island.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.18-29
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• 2016

The effects of water temperature, salinity, water column nutrient contents, and phytoplankton primary productivity on pigment composition and concentration, as well as primary productivity of Pyropia yezoensis Ueda purple lavers were studied at the primary cultivation areas in the Manho (Jindo-Haenam) region on the southwestern coast of Korea in March 2014. The water temperature was $9.1{\sim}9.6^{\circ}C$, salinity was 32.5~33.1, and transparency was 0.7~1.5 m. The shallow euphotic depth resulted from the high turbidity. Water column dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), and silicate concentrations were $3.59{\sim}5.73{\mu}M$, $0.16{\sim}0.41{\mu}M$, and $12.41{\sim}13.94{\mu}M$, respectively. Chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration was $0.51{\sim}1.25{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$. Nanoplankton ($0.7{\sim}20{\mu}m$ size class) accounted for 58% of the total Chl a concentration. Fucoxanthin was the dominant photosynthetic pigment at all sites. Microplankton ($20{\sim}200{\mu}m$ size class) accounted for 64% of the total fucoxanthin concentration. The primary productivity of phytoplankton was $57.72{\pm}4.67(51.05{\sim}66.71)mg\;C\;m^{-2}d^{-1}$. The nanoplankton ($0.7{\sim}20{\mu}m$ size class) accounted for 77% of the total phytoplankton primary productivity. The calculated phytoplankton primary productivity was $11,337kg\;C\;d^{-1}$. The primary productivity of Pyropia blades was $1,926{\pm}192(1,102{\sim}2,597)mg\;C\:m^{-2}d^{-1}$, i.e., calculated as $39,295kg\;C\;d^{-1}$. The total primary productivity of phytoplankton and Pyropia blades was $50,632kg\;C\;d^{-1}$. The primary productivity of Pyropia blades was 3.5 times greater than that of phytoplankton in the Manho region on the southwestern coast of Korea.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.449-455
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• 1993

Vibrio vulnificus is a recentry recognized halophilic organism that may cause human infections. Patients infected with Vibrio vulnificus often have a history of exposure to the sea, suggesting that the organism may be common inhabitant of marine environment. In this studies 314 samples were collected from 9 sites of Chonnam coastal area, from April to Jun, 1993. Isolation rates of V. vulnificus were 7.1% in total samples, 33.3% in sea water, 55.5% in sediment, 1.7% in fish and shellfish, 6.3% in kitchen environment. In each areas of Chunnam V. vunificus were isolated from 3.6% to 11.4%. The isolation rates of V. vulnificus was correlated positively with organic matter and COD in sea warer and sediment. In sea water, Microorganism population were $4.5{\times}10^3{\sim}3.5{\times}10^5\;CFU/ml$, Vibrio strains were $1.8{\times}10^l4.6{\times}10^3\;CFU/ml$, Coliform bacteria were $1.9{\times}10^1{\times}3.7{\times}10^2\;CFU/100ml$. In sediment, Microorganism population were $4.8{\times}10^3{\sim}5.2{\times}10^5\;CFU/ml$. Vibrio strains were $1.9{\times}10^2{\sim}8.4{\times}10^4\;CFU/ml$, Coliform bacteria were $7.2{\times}10^1{\sim}9.9{\times}10^2\;CFU/100ml$.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.175-182
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• 2018

Knowledge of the optimum cultivation period for Chinese cabbage would help growers especially in spring in Korea. Growth and yield of Chinese cabbage in a temperature gradient chamber was evaluated for the growing periods of 64 days from three set of transplanting dates including March 6, March 20, and April 3 in 2017. Air temperature in the chamber was elevated step-by-step, by $2^{\circ}C$ above the ambient temperature. This increment was divided into three phases; i.e. low (ambient+$2^{\circ}C$, A), medium (ambient+$4^{\circ}C$, B), and high temperature (ambient+$6^{\circ}C$, C). The fresh weight of Chinese cabbage was greater under B and C conditions in the first period and A in the second period, which indicated that GDDs affected the fresh weight considerably. However, leaf growth (number, area, length, and width) did not differ by GDDs. Bolting appeared under A condition in the first period, which was caused by low temperature in the early growth stage. Soft rot was developed under C condition in the second period and all temperature conditions in the third period, which resulted from high temperature in the late stage. Fresh weight increased when GDDs ranged from 587 to 729. However, it decreased when GDDs > 729. The maximum expected yield (16.3 MT/10a) was attained for the growing period of 64 days from transplanting date during which GDDs reached 601. The GDDs for optimum cultivation ranged from 478-724 under which the yield was about 95% (15.5 MT/10a) of maximum fresh weight. Such an optimum condition for GDDs was validated at five main cultivation regions including Jindo, Haenam, Naju, Seosan, and Pyeongtaek in Korea. In these regions, GDDs ranged from 619-719. This suggested that the optimum GDDs for Chinese cabbage cultivation would range from 478-724, which would give the useful information to expect the cultivation periods for ensuring maximum yield.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.199-205
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• 2008

This study was carried out to find out causes of high Ni content and characteristics of potential increase of Cu and Zn contents in the soils of Jeju area. Soil samples were collected from 4 series of Alfisols, 35 series of Andisols, 9 series of Entisols, 16 series of Inceptisols, and 1 series of Ultisols, respectively. Parent material (gravel) samples were also collected from the same sites where soil samples were taken. Both soil and parent material samples were analyzed for Ni, Cu, and Zn. The average Ni content of all the soil samples was $79.2mg\;kg^{-1}$, which was exceeded warning standard for Ni against the Soil Conservation Act in Korea, whereas that of Cu and Zn contents were lower than the warning standard for Cu and Zn. The difference of Ni, Cu and Zn content was not consistent depending upon soil color. Ni content in the soil samples from Entisols was particularly high, whereas that from the other soil orders was similar to each other. Cu and Zn contents in the soil samples were similar regardless of the difference in soil order. Ni content in Seongsan Formation(SSF), Cinder cone(C) and acicular Feldspar Olivine Basalt(FOB) was high, while that in Feldspar Basalt(FB) and Trachy Andesite lava(TA) was low. Ni content in the non-agricultural land was higher compared with that in the agricultural land, whereas Cu and Zn contents in the non-agricultural land were significantly lower than that of agricultural land. The topsoil/subsoil ratios for Ni content in most of the soil samples were less than 1, while that for total contents of Cu and Zn in many of the soil samples were larger than 1 indicating potential Cu and Zn accumulation in topsoil by artificial reasons.