• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.38 no.9
• /
• pp.1237-1242
• /
• 2009

This study was conducted to isolate strain for the preparation of fermented antler (Cervus cornu parvum) and evaluate its physiological activities. The growth degrees of twenty-one samples from Bacillus sp., Lactobacillius sp. and mushroom strain on antler extract agar were evaluated in this study, and Bacillus subtilis KH-15, SCB-3, Cordyceps militaris, Phellinus linteus, Inonotus obliquus 26136, and Inonotus obliquus 26147 were selected. The fermented antler extract by C. militaris had relatively higher contents of total sugar (1619.3 ${\mu}g$/mL), uronic acid (302.0 ${\mu}g$/mL), sulfated-glycosaminoglycan (S-GAGs) (119.9 ${\mu}g$/mL) and sialic acid (21.6 ${\mu}g$/mL) than any other extracts. The anti-complementary activities of all fermented antler extracts were higher than non-fermented antler extract, and among these samples, fermented antler extract by C. militaris showed the highest anti-complementary activity (inhibition of 50% total complement hemolysis, $ITCH_{50}$; 50.1% at 1,000 ${\mu}g$/mL). The ability of fermented antler extract by B. subtilis KH-15 to scavenge 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical ($IC_{50}$; 4.97 mg/mL) was significantly the highest (p<0.05), whereas the extract from I. obliquus exerted significantly (p<0.05) high 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity ($IC_{50}$; 16.98 mg/mL) among all samples. The results of this study suggest that physiological effects including immuno-modulating and antioxidant activities of the antler may be increased through fermentation process.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.40 no.1
• /
• pp.63-69
• /
• 2011

To characterize the polysaccharides which exist as soluble forms in Korean traditional alcoholic beverages, the polysaccharides were isolated from Korean pear wine and their anti-complementary activities were examined. The main polysaccharide, PW-1 was purified to homogeneity from the crude polysaccharide (PW-0) in pear wine by size exclusion chromatography using Sephadex G-75. Molecular mass of PW-1 was estimated to be 150 kDa and it contained significant proportion of mannose (81.8%) and 5 different minor component sugars such as arabinose (1.2%), galactose (2.7%), glucose (8.5%), galacturonic acid (5.3%) and glucuronic acid (0.5%). These analyses indicated that the main polysaccharide in pear wine was mainly present as a mannan which had originated from the cell walls of fermenting yeasts. On the other hand, PW-1 showed potent anti-complementary activity in a dose-dependent fashion. Identification of C3 activation products by the crossed immunoelectrophoresis using anti-human C3 and anti-complementary activity of PW-1 in $Ca^{++}$-free condition suggested complement activations by PW-1 from Korean pear wine occur via both classical and alternative pathways.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.147-152
• /
• 1996

To screen inhibitors on complement system from natural resources, micro-screening method was established by using hemolytic complement assay. Complement fixation reaction was carried out in the microplate system. For standard hemolysis (50% hemolysis) of the classical pathway (CP), hemolysin and complement serum were diluted to $1/75{\sim}1/100\;and\;1/80{\sim}1/120$, respectively, when sheep erythrocytes were $5.0{\times}10^8\;cells/ml$. In case of the alternative pathway (AP), complement serum was diluted to 1/5 and EGTA and $Mg^{2+}$ were added 4 mM, $4{\sim}8\;mM$, respectively, when rabbit erythrocytes were $4.0{\times}10^8\;cells/ml$. Dimethyl sulfoxide was used for the assay of non-aquous soluble compounds or extracts and its final concentration was not more than 1%. Three phenylpropanoids showed anticomplementary activities in proportion to the concentration for both pathways and rosmarinic acid exihibited the highest inhibitory activities: $5.4{\pm}3.6%(0.063\;mM){\sim}95.8{\pm}0.2%(0.5\;mM)\;and\;35.1{\pm}0.9%(0.063\;mM){\sim}95.6{\pm}1.1%(1\;mM)$ on the CP and the AP, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.191-199
• /
• 2015

To elucidate the immuno-stimulatory activity of traditional fermented vinegar, six kinds of crude polysaccharides were isolated from traditional fermented vinegars manufactured with different raw materials in domestic or foreign countries, after which their chemical properties and immuno-stimulatory activities were evaluated. Of the six samples, three kinds of crude polysaccharides prepared from Korean brown rice vinegar (KBV-0), Japanese brown rice vinegar (JBV-0), and Korean persimmon vinegar (KPV-0) showed higher yields and interleukin (IL)-6 production by macrophages and were thus selected for further study. Anti-complementary activities of KBV-0, KPV-0, and JBV-0 increased dose-dependently. KBV-0 and KPV-0 showed higher anti-complementary activities ($ITCH_{50}$ 62 and 65%) than JBV-0 at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$. KBV-0, KPV-0, and JBV-0 did not affect growth of peritoneal macrophages at a dose of 1.6 to $1,000{\mu}g/mL$, where as they significantly augmented production of IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-${\alpha}$ in a dose-dependent manner. However, immuno-stimulatory activity of KPV-0 was the most potent among the tested polysaccharides. These results suggest that Korean fermented vinegars contain selected polysaccharides that confer immuno-stimulatory activities beneficial to human health.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.308-314
• /
• 1992

To examine the characteristics of anti-complementary compounds from Arecae Pericarpium (the pericarps of Areca catechu) which showed the highest activity during our screening procedures, the extraction and purification were performed. AC-1 fraction from Arecae Pericarpium was purified by hot water extraction, methanol reflux, ethanol precipitation, dialysis and lyophilization. This compound had total sugar 48.2%, uronic acid 14.6% and protein 36.8%. Rhamnose, arabinose, mannose and galactose were found in sugar components. By cetavlon (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) treatment AC-1 was fractionated to AC-2, AC-3 and AC-4. Among them, AC-2 showed the highest activity and yield. By periodate oxidation, AC-2 was deactivated, but had no change in activity by pronase digestion. Moreover active fractions, AC-2-IIIa and AC-2-IIIc isolated from AC-2 by two successive column chromatography using DEAE-Toyopearl $650C(Cl^-form)$ and Sephadex G-100. AC-2-IIIa was mainly made up of rhamnose, mannose, galactose and glucose, and AC-2-IIIc, mannose, galactose and glucose. These both polysaccharides were identified as homogeneous by gel filtration of Sepharose CL-4B and electrophoresis, and molecular weights of them were 120,000 and 15,000, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.197-203
• /
• 1993

Screenings were performed on edible plants to examine their complement-system activating ability (anti-complementary activity) by hemolytic complement assay $(TCH_{50})$. Among 38 kinds of plant extracts, 5 kinds showed relatively strong anti-complementary activity which decreased $TCH_{50}$ more than 60% comparison with control and the order of activity was Zingiber officinale>Colocasia antiquorum>Capsella bursapastoris>Ginkgo biloba>Alium monanthum in $1000{\mu}g/ml$. The anti-complementary activity of ZR-1 prepared from the root of Zingiber officinale which was showed the most potent activity, did not change by pronase treatment, but decreased greatly by periodate oxidation. These results indicate that not protein moiety but carbohydrate moiety in ZR-1 fraction may also contribute to the anti-complementary activity. Also, the anti-complementary activity of ZR-1 was reduced partially in the absence of the $Ca^{2+}$ ion. When crossed immunoelectrophoresis using anti-human C3 serum was carried out after incubation of normal human serum with the ZR-1 in $Ca^{2+}$ free condition, a cleavage of C3 precipitin line was observed. Furthermore this polysaccharide fraction considerably inhibited $ACH_{50}$. These results also indicate that the mode of complement activation by polysaccharide from Zingiber officinale is via not only the classical pathway but also the alternative pathway.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.15-21
• /
• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the immunomodulatory activities of proteoglycan extracted from cultured mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum IY009. The proteoglycan contained two polymer peaks, one was the higher MW peak of 2,000 kD and the other was low peaks of 12kD. To understand the part of strong pharmaceutical activity between two peak, the proteoglycan was separated by ultrafiltration and column chromatography and then examined the various pharmaceutical effects. High molecular weight fraction possesing high content of ${\beta}-linked$ glucan was exhibited high antitumor activity, against sarcoma 180 bearing ICR mouse. And also, anticomplementary activity was highly observed in high molecule fraction than low it fraction. When the raw 264.7 and murine peritoneal macrophage treated with low fraction, high fraction and other stimuli. The activities inducing tumor necrosis factor of the high factions were $2.2{\sim}2.5$ times stronger than that of low fraction.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.32 no.5
• /
• pp.1191-1197
• /
• 2000

In the preliminary study, we investigated the anti-complementary activities of 62 extracts from Korean edible seaweeds. Of those, Pachymeniopsis elliptica showed the highest anti-complementary activity. Therefore, it was purified as follows; i) PE-1 by ethanol precipitation, ii) PE-1-C by ultrafiltration, iii) PE-1-CIV by DEAE-Toyopearl 650C, and iv) PE-1-CIV-ii by Sepharose CL-6B. The purified compound, PE-1-CIV-ii, was the complexed homogeneous polysaccharide (molecular mass: 780 kDa) with 82.9% of anti-complementary activity. Also, it contained a significant amount of sulfate group (30.5%), which indicated it as a sulfated algal polysaccharide. Its structural monosaccharides were galactose (44.3%), 3,6-anhydrogalactose (34.0%), glucose (8.2%), fucose (5.4%), xylose (5.2%) and rhamnose (2.9%). After the treatment of periodate on a sample, a significant decrease in anti-complementary activity was found, which was a characteristic of bioactive polysaccharides. And-tumor activity of PE-1-A, B and C was tested in the sarcoma-180 solid tumor model. The PE-1-C with the largest molecular mass (more than 300 kDa) showed 81% of inhibition on the solid tumors, suggesting that the anti-complementary activity was, at least in part, related to anti-tumor activity. Based upon these results, the purified polysacchardes could be an immunopotentiator in vivo.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.35 no.6
• /
• pp.462-469
• /
• 1992

Two kinds of complement activating (anti-complementary) polysaccharides, which were expected to be immunomodulators were purified from Arecae Pericarpium (the pericarps of Areca catechu), and their action modes have been studied. The active polysaccharides, AC-2-IIIa and AC-2-IIIc from Arecae Pericarpium showed dose-dependent anti-complementary activities on $TCH_{50}$. The anti-complementary activities of AC-2-IIIa and AC-2-IIIc in metal ion-free condition were completely decreased in comparison with control whereas in case of $Ca^{2+}$-free condition, these activities were maintained, considerably. Also AC-2-IIIa and AC-2-IIIc showed relatively potent alternative complement pathway activities. Furthermore, after incubation of the normal human serum with polysaccharide of Arecae Pericarpium in the absence of $Ca^{2+}$ ion, a cleavage of C3 in the serum was found to have occurred through immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) with anti-human C3. Also, from the results of IEP using anti-human whole serum, the ratios of the height of 3rd peak to ${\alpha}2-M$ peak by AC-2-IIIa and AC-2-IIIc proved to be $1.50{\pm}0.04$ and $1.22{\pm}0.08$, respectively. These results indicate that the modes of complement activation by AC-2-IIIa and AC-2-IIIc from Arecae Pericarpium are via both the classical pathway and the alternative pathway.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.897-902
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study is to determine the possibility of using Crataegi fructus as natural health food source. The research was conducted to determine the biofunctional activities of Crataegi fructus extract. Methanolic extract from Crataegi fructus was partitioned by using organic solvents, including n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water. Ethyl acetate soluble fraction was shown to have the strongest antioxidant activity ($RC_{50}=4.39{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) among the fractions. In the antimicrobial activity assays, ethyl acetate soluble fraction was effective in bacterial inhibition, against the cases of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia, with minimum inhibitory concentrations in $125{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. In the anticomplementary activity assays, water soluble fraction was the most effective exhibiting 18.4% inhibitory activity.