• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.50
• /
• pp.103-130
• /
• 2018

This research aims to explore the associated linguistic features and functions of Chinese as used for business trading purposes, and which is based on a discourse analysis through a case in which a Korean buyer and a Chinese supplier have exchanged Internet based e-mails. The research questions include first, the linguistic functions and characteristics of Chinese shown as identified in this trade case through e-mails, second, the use of Chinese trade specific terms, and third, the apparent and dynamic negotiation strategies that are identified as followed by the cultural value systems which are used for resolving interest conflicts and issues between the buyer and supplier in the course of negotiating business contracts between two parties. The participants of this research pertain to a Korean buyer, James and a Chinese supplier, Sonya. The associated data consists of 74 e-mails exchanged between the two parties, initiated in an effort to begin and complete a trade item, in this case namely the product of napkin holders. The research for the study is based on the discourse analysis and empirically analyses models of Chinese linguistic functions and features. The findings are the following. First, as identified, the specific Chinese functions used and sequenced in this trade case are of a procedure, request, informing, negotiation and persuasion. Second, the essential trade terms used in this business interaction involve the relevant issues of 1) ordering and price negotiating, 2) marking the origin of the products, 3) the arrangement of the product examination and customs declaration for the anticipated import items, 4) preparation of the necessary legal documents, and 5) the package and transport of the product in the final instance. Third, the impact of the similarities and differences in the cultural value systems between Korea and China on the negotiations and conflict resolution during a negotiated contract between two parties are speculated in terms of the use of culturally based techniques such as face-saving and the utilization of uncertainty-avoiding strategies as meant to prevent misunderstandings from developing between the parties. The concluding part of the study discusses the implications for a practical Chinese language education utilizing the linguistic functions and features of the Chinese culture and language strategies as useful in business associations for trading purposes, and the importance of intercultural communication styles based on similar of different identified cultural values as noted between two parties.

• Korea Trade Review
• /
• v.41 no.5
• /
• pp.113-138
• /
• 2016

This study analyzed the impact when Korea expands Chinese Renminbi(RMB) as invoicing currency on the trade to China using Monte-Carlo simulation. Primarily, we analyzed the impact on the balance of Korean Won(KRW) converted from RMB in a case that simulated exchange rate(Korean won to Chinese Renminbi) and realized historically identical probability distribution but in different stochastic process. In addition, we developed the simulation of the case where the volatility of RMB to KRW exchange rate abnormally expanded. The major results found in this study are as follows. First, in the case where RMB exchange rate simulated in identical probability distribution but in the different stochastic process, no matter how much RMB was utilized as invoicing currency, expansion of the RMB exchange rate and exchange rate volatility operated as positive mechanism to increase the KRW converted balance. Secondly, while the expansion of US dollar exchange rate volatility positively influences the balance on average, it caused a polarization of balance, which makes under-average-balance lower and over-average-balance higher. On the contrary, the expansion of RMB exchange rate volatility even shows a similar mechanism but the impact is more moderate than USD exchange rate volatility. Thirdly, as RMB exchange rate volatility expanded, the balance of translated invoicing currency (RMB) declined, whilst the negative impact of RMB exchange rate volatility on balance of translated invoicing currency(RMB) showed diminishing effect. Lastly, the influence of RMB's exchange rate volatility through RMB usage ratio trends similar to bull spread strategy, which is a combination of call option with put option. Therefore, since RMB usage in invoicing currency could spawn a hedging effect, corporations might utilize RMB as a strategic device for maximizing profits.

• Analyses & Alternatives
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.25-57
• /
• 2021

As the strategic competition between the United States and China for global hegemony intensifies, China is using economic sanctions against other countries more and more frequently. Republic of Korea, which has China as its largest trading partner but is an ally of the United States, is more likely to be a target of economic sanctions, as seen in China's retaliation toward its deployment of a THAAD missile-defense system. Against the background, this paper analyzes China's economic sanctions, especially focusing on its informality. China does not publicly declare economic sanctions in most cases, such as Korean one, in which the trade structure is in its favor and can take advantage of its position as a big buyer with huge markets. However, China responds in a more open and formal manner when it is related to its core interests, when it is impossible to exert substantial sanctions effect and when mutual disputes intensify and cannot maintain informality. Korea, which is vulnerable to China's informal economic sanctions, should prepare for them by analyzing the characteristics of China's economic sanctions in depth and thinking about various strategies and measures in advance.

• Korean Architects
• /
• no.5 s.421
• /
• pp.86-90
• /
• 2004

세계화의 진전으로 사실상 국가간 장벽이 없어짐에 따라, 전문직 자격에 있어서도 각국이 공통으로 적용할 수 있는 국제적 기준이 필요하게 되었고, 이에 따라 UIA는 건축사자격에 대한 국제 기준이랄 수 있는 '건축실무에 있어서의 전문성에 관한 국제기준 권장안(UIA Accord on Recommended International Standards for Professionalism in Architectural Practice, 1999)'을 발표하였다. 때마침 WTO에 의한 전문서비스분야의 시장개방문화와 함께 우리나라의 건축사제도에도 일대 변혁이 불가피하게 된 것이다. 이에 우리 협회에서는 현안에 대한 신속한 대처를 위하여 UIA와의 관계정립이 필요하다는 판단하에 UIA 회원단체로서의 가입을 추진하는 한편, 구체적인 대안마련을 위한 연구를 진행하여 '건축사자격 상호인정에 따른 대응방안(1999.9)'을 발표하였고, '한중일 건축사협의회'를 설립, 3국의 공동대처방안을 모색하는 등 지속적인 노력을 기울여 왔다. 협회 뿐만 아니라 학회를 중심으로 한 건축학교과과정의 모델연구, 건교부와 건축3단체가 참여한 '건축사자격제도 개선방안에 대한 대응방안연구(2002.12)'등을 통하여 이미 5년이상의 건축학 교육과정이 신설되었고, 건축교육인증을 위한 인증원 설립준비가 진행되고 있다. 이러한 변화는 비단 세계화 혹은 무역자유화라는 현안에 대한 대응의 필요성 뿐 아니라 궁극적으로는 우리나라 건축교육의 질을 높이고 국제기준과 동등한 건축사제도를 갖춤으로써 건축사의 자질을 향상시켜 국제경쟁력을 강화하고자 하는데 목적이 있다 하겠다. 나라마다 건축사제도의 성립 과정과 배경이 다르지만, 대부분의 나라에서 건축사제도는 건축사단체에 의하여 운영되고 있다. 우리 협회도 최근에 진행되고 있는 인증원 설립을 위한 연구에 적극적으로 참여하여 주도적 역할을 담당하고 있기에, 관련 내용을 소개하여 회원여러분의 이해를 돕고자 한다.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.183-206
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this study is to suggest the new strategies for strengthening the competi tiveness of Incheon port. To measure the calling factors and satisfaction of ports, this study developed a list of 24 items using a seven-point Likert scale through the previous literature reviews, pilot test and emerging factors. Factor analysis, regression analysis, one sample T-test, IPA and SPSS were conducted to verify the determinants choosing ports and customer satisfaction. The result of an empirical study revealed that the cargo volume and information system, etc. in Incheon port was evaluated as satisfied factors and berth availability and port charge, etc. as dissatisfied factors. Based on the outcomes of this study, to strengthen the competitiveness of Incheon port, several strategies were advised such as the inducement of North American and European cargo, port infrastructure, dedicated terminal and GTO inducement, hinterland construction, logistics companies inducement and cooperation with neighboring ports.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.577-586
• /
• 2022

The increasing trade volume between Korea and China has rapidly expanded the maritime transport between the two countries. However, safety, particularly considering the ship collisions in the Yellow Sea and East Sea waters, has not been fully ensured. These collision accidents in that region endanger traffic safety and the marine environment, moreover, it has the potential to cause legal complexity because Korea and China haver domestic legislation, that are considerably different in some aspects. International conventions and domestic legislation in China provide detailed laws with respect to ship collisions, however, the theory of ship collision infringement still needs to be improved, enriched, and developed. Because these laws are not very clear on the resolution of disputes resulting from ship collisions, we focused on the final judgments by the Supreme Court of China (SPC), and the judicial judgments set by the Maritime Court of China. This study aimed to explore the domestic legislation applicable to disputes related to ship collisions in China, and comparatively investigate the legal provisions of Korea and China on the issue of ship collisions, particularly on the aspect of damage compensation, fault ration, and liability apportionment.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.13 no.10
• /
• pp.9-17
• /
• 2015

China is the largest e-commerce market in the world. The Chinese online retail market is almost 40% larger than the US, and together these markets account for more than 55% of worldwide e-commerce. The Korea China FTA is likely to facilitate e-commerce activity between the two countries, as well as trade in the goods and services that enable e-commerce. Korean consumer goods can enjoy the benefits of the FTA because it has a competitive advantage in the Chinese market in terms of technology and quality. The purpose of this study is to examine legal issues of e-commerce chapters of the Korea China FTA and policy implications. Results of the study show that several implications based on the export vitalization of cross-border e-commerce of Korean products are offered. The Korean government needs to do the following: prepare for the subsequent negotiation of the e-commerce agreement, prepare for the classification issue of electronic transmissions, require mutual recognition of electronic authentication and electronic signatures, prepare for e-commerce dispute settlement mechanism and establish of strategies for the export vitalization of e-commerce.

• International Commerce and Information Review
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.131-151
• /
• 2016

The Korea-China FTA and China's huge development policy for its western regions could create a strategic opportunity for Korean Companies. This study suggests a strategy for expanding the domestic activities of Korean logistics Corporations and supporting the activities of Korean Companies operating in China. Using surveys of 32 Korean Logistics Corporations, important factors to consider when expanding into western China were analyzed. The results identified factors in the order of government, local markets, strategy, infrastructure, and finance and budget. The "development of Chinese Logistics specialists," "economic cooperation with the local governments of western China," and "holding investment Fairs and exhibitions" were important government-related factors. "Understanding entry permits and procedures for logistics corporations in China" and "understanding the logistics system of western China" were also shown to be important factors. Furthermore, governmental factors were suggested to be significant by large, medium-sized, and small businesses alike, while the factor of local markets was suggested to be significant by small-scale businesses.

• Korea Trade Review
• /
• v.42 no.5
• /
• pp.137-159
• /
• 2017

This study divides manufacturing in 18 countries including Korea, China, Japan and OECD countries into 11 areas and estimates and compares the technological efficiency of each industry. The traditional view of productivity is to increase production capacity through technological innovation or process innovation, but it is also influenced by the technological efficiency of production process. A Stochastic Frontier Production Model (SFM) is a representative method for estimating the technical efficiency of such production. First, as a result of estimating the production function by setting the output variable as total output or value-added, in both cases, the output increased significantly in all manufacturing sectors as inputs of labor, capital, and intermediate increased. On the other hand, R&D investment has a large impact on output in chemical, electronics, and machinery industries. Next, as a result of estimating the technological efficiency through the production function, when the total output is set as the output variable, the overall average of each sector is 0.8 or more, showing mostly high efficiency. However, when value-added was set, Japan had the highest level in most manufacturing sectors, while other countries were lower than the efficiency of the total output. Comparing the three countries of Korea, China and Japan, Japan showed the highest efficiency in most manufacturing sectors, and Korea was about half or one third of Japan and China was lower than Korea. However, in the food and electronics sectors, China is higher than Korea, indicating that China's production efficiency has greatly improved. As such, Korea is not able to narrow its gap with Japan relatively faster than China's rapid growth. Therefore, various policy supports are needed to promote technology development. In addition, in order to improve manufacturing productivity, it is necessary to shift to an economic structure that can raise technological efficiency as well as technology development.

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
• /
• v.1
• /
• pp.78-92
• /
• 2019

Among the Southeast Asian countries, Vietnam had the most cultural exchange with Korea. Through Confusion and Chinese character, which were the common measure for two countries, Korea and Vietnam could communicate and share a sentiment with each other. Two countries showed an enormous interest in each other, and hence they could keep good relationship without official diplomatic relations. During the early 19th century, Korean Ginseng had gained tremendous popularity in Vietnam. Vietnamese believed the stamina of Minh Mang, who had 142 sons and daughters, originated from ginseng. Minh Mang bestowed ginseng on old courtiers for their contribution, which made them more loyal to the king. This tradition was inherited to the future generations, and soldiers who fought with Thai, Cambodia and France also received ginseng for their contribution. In other words, ginseng was the very important key for enforcement of patriotism. Due to the tradition, Korean ginseng has been considered as the premium ginseng in Vietnam. It is presumed that ginseng flew into Vietnam through 4 routes; 1) as an imperial gift from Chinese emperor, 2) by the Vietnamese ambassadors who went to Beijing for a tribute, 3) through private trade and 4) from Ryukyu or Japan, which were the hub of international trade. From 15th to 18th century, ambassadors from Chosun and Vietnam actively interacted in Beijing. Through their interchange, Vietnamese royal family could learn about the value of ginseng. The fact that there were many Shilhak scholars among the ambassadors from Joseon, such as Seo Geojeong and Seo Hosu who had profound knowledge of ginseng proves the theory. It is also possible that reputation of ginseng was already established in Vietnam during Silla period. Ko Byung, an bureaucrat from Tang Dynasty who ruled Vietnam for 10 years in middle 9th century and a friend of Choi Chiwon, might have delivered the knowledge of ginseng to the upper class in Vietnam. This hypothesis, however, should be proven by literatures. Hence, further research about the trace of Korean ginseng in Vietnamese history and literary works still remains to be done.