• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1487-1493
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• 2011

E. tarda, a fish pathogen, can survive in seawater under relatively high salt conditions as well as in fish under physiological salt conditions. Bacterial growth under different salt concentrations may influence the expression of genes involved in bacterial structure and physiology. The growth rate of E. tarda culture in high salt (3.5% NaCl) was similar to that in low salt (1.0% NaCl, physiological salt concentration). Interestingly, the strain moved much faster in low salt conditions than in high salt conditions. Electron microscopic observation demonstrated that the bacterial cells grown in high salt had less or no flagellation. Obvious flagellation was observed in the parental strain E. tarda CK41 grown in low-salt condition. Two putative genes coding flagellin were identified in the E. tarda genome sequences. The amino acid sequence comparison of each gene revealed 93% identities. A flagellin gene was PCR amplified and cloned into a cloning vector. Using an E. coli protein expression system, a part of flagellin protein was overexpressed. Using the purified protein, an anti-flagellin antibody was raised in the rabbit. Immunoblot analyses with flagellin specific antibody demonstrated that E. tarda CK41 expressed falgellin in low salt conditions, which is consistent with the results seen in motility assay and microscopic observation. This is the first report of salt regulated flagella expression in E. tarda.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.589-597
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• 1998

In order to effectively utilize marine processing by-product such as fish scale, chemical compositions for the scale were analyzed. The selected fishes were gray mullet, Mugil cephalus, living in the sea and carp, Cyprinus carpio in the fresh water, having a lot of scales among the fishes living in seawater and fresh water. And we also investigated the difference in the chemical compositions between gray mullet and carp, depending on both living circumstances. The major components of the scales were found to be crude ash and crude protein which were each about 49% for gray mullet and which were about 20% and 79% for carp, respectively, on the basis of dried scales. The proteins extracted from both scales proved to be collagen through amino acid compositions and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterm. Also this scale collagen was assumed to by Type I collagen because the migration rate of $\alpha$1 and $\alpha$2 subunit of the collagen were almost the same those as calf skin Type I collagen. Most of proteins from gray mullet was collagen, however, the collagen content in proteins from carp was estimated to be only about 53%, on the basis of the ratio of hydroxyproline to protein. The crude ashes of both scales identified to be hydroxyapatite through element compositions and X-ray diffraction analysis. In conclusion, both fishes in different living circumstances were almost similar to in the chemical compositions but chemical contents for crude ash and crude protein.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.271-276
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• 2006

Previously we demonstrated that virus-inducible stress protein (VISP) is induced in fish cells by the infection of a fish rhabdovirus. In this paper, we investigated the subcellular localization of the VISP and determined the region of VISP responsible for the subcellular localization. The CHSE-214 cells were stained with monoclonal antibody raised against VISP and observed with confocal microscope to detect the endogenous VISP. The results showed that the VISP localizes to the perinuclear region as spots. A plasmid expressing VISP fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was constructed. The transient expression of full-length VISP fused to EGFP in CHSE-214 cells confirmed the spot formation of the VISP at perinuclear region. To determine the region responsible for the perinuclear localization of the VISP, we constructed a series of deletion mutants and, by using these deletion mutants, we found that C-terminal region of the VISP (aa 612-710) is essential for the perinuclear distribution of VISP and that this region contained nuclear receptor binding motif (691-TLTSLLL-697). Our results suggest that VISP localizes to the perinuclear region and C-terminal regions are important for this localization. Further studies on the role of the perinuclear localization of VISP in IHNV growth mali reveal the novel mechanism of IHNV pathogenecity.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.71-86
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• 1997

The regeneration and differentiation of the cutaneous pigment system in the goldfish, Carassius auratus during the wound healing process were studied with high magnification electron microscope. The cutaneous pigment cells of the normal tissues were composed of three kinds of dermal chromatophores-xanthophores, leucoiphores and melanophores. While xanthophores contain two kinds of pigment granules-pterinosomes and carotenoid vesicles, leucophores and melanophores contain amorphous pigment granules (leucosomes) and oval shaped electron dense melanin pigment granules (melanosomes) respectively. After injury, primary wound healing responses being carried out by migration of epidermal cells and hemocytes spreading over the wound surface at the day of wounding. And at the time of primary wound closure, 5 to 7 days after wounding, rER rich cells-presumably common precursors of dermal chromatophores-immigrated into the wound area. First redifferentiated chromatophores appeared 3 weeks after wounding. Pigment granules of the chromatophores were emerged from the cytoplasmic Golgi complex via rough endoplasmic reticulum. Pinocytotic vesicles which associated with accumulation of pigment material, appeared only at the inner surface of the chromatophores adhering to the rER rich cells, characteristically. The differentiation of each chromatophore in addition to integumental wound repair were accomplished within 4 weeks after wounding at most cases, however the total numbers and densities of these repaired chromatophores still primitive state. Moreover, It has been revealed that complete repair of chromatophores at wounded tissues from burns requirs more than 3 months in normal environment.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.175-189
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to analyze characteristics of distribution of amphibian species and the affecting ecological factors. For the study, habitat environment factors were determined and applied to a habitat suitability model for the data collected from the Seom River in Hoengseong County and Wonju City, Gangwon Province, Korea between March 2013 to October 2013. The analyzed amphibian species were Rana nigromaculata, Hyla japonica, Rana dybowski, and Rana rugosa Temminck and Schlegel, and a logistic regression model was used with the pseudo-absence data. The result of the model analysis suggests that the major factors for Rana nigromaculata are distance to vegetation and rock and that for Hyla japonica is waterway. Rana dybowski and Rana rugosa Temminck and Schlegel have similar habitat characteristics, but the latter is shown to be dominant due to its wider habitat preference. According to the species richness model, the analyzed amphibian species are shown to have tendency to move between valleys or streams. This study quantitatively analyzed habitat environment characteristics using species distribution model, however, there is a limitation in terms of analysis on food factor and connectivity with other species. Combined with additional density or habitat analysis on birds or fish, this study can lead to more comprehensive analysis on biological environment factors.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.833-838
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• 2015

Multidrug-resistant super bacterial, fungal, viral, and parasitic infections are major health threaten pathogens. However, to overcome the present healthcare situation, among the leading alternatives to current drugs are antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are abundantly produced via various species in nature. AMPs, small host defense proteins, are in charge of the innate immunity for the protection of multicellular organisms such as fish, amphibian, reptile, plants and animals from infection. The number of AMPs identified per year has increased steadily since the 1980s. Over 2,000 natural AMPs from bacteria, protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals have been listed into the antimicrobial peptide database (APD). The majority of these AMPs (>86%) possess 11–50 amino acids with a net charge from 0 to +7 and hydrophobic percentages between 31–70%. This report classified AMP into several categories including biological source, biological functions, peptide properties, covalent bonding pattern, and 3D structure. AMP functions not only antimicrobial activity but facilitates cell biological activity such as chemotatic activity. In addition, fibroblastic reticular cell (FRC) originated from mouse lymph node stroma induced the expression of AMP in inflammatory condition. AMP induced from FRC contained whey acidic protein (WAP) domain. It suggests that the classification of AMP will be done by protein domain.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.237-243
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• 2009

Chinese minnow, Rhynchocypris oxycephalus is a teleost belonging to Leuciscinae, Cyprinidae. The oogenesis and ultrastructure of egg envelope in Chinese minnow were investigated by light and electron microscopes. The ovary was of white yellowish and ellipsoidal shape with the major axis 30 mm and the minor axis 7mm. Cytoplasm of oogonia was basophilic and many nucleoli were located at inside of nuclear membrane. In primary oocytes, yolk vesicles were distributed only in the marginal area and egg envelope was not formed on the outside of an egg. In secondary oocytes, the egg envelope was formed and yolk vesicles in the cytoplasm were increased than the earlier stage. The basophilic substance of cytoplasm was changed to acidic. In case of matured egg, thickness of egg envelope and size of egg were increased. The yolk vesicles were changed to yolk mass in accordance with development. The outer surface of egg envelope was covered by microvilli-structures, and had a micropyle on the area of animal pole. Egg envelope consisted with 2 layers, an adhesive outer layer with microvilli-structures and fibrillar inner layer. In conclusion, the oogenesis of Chinese minnow was characterized by the increase in cell size, the formation and accumulation of yolk, and the decrease of basophilic substance in the cytoplasm. The oogenesis of Chinese minnow seems to share common patterns in Cyprinidae, but these ultrastructural unique characters of egg envelope can be utilized in taxonomy of teleost.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.229-239
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• 2021

Thamnaconus modestus, distributed in the Northwest Pacific, has high economic value and is used in various seafood. In this study, the morphological and genetic characteristics of T. modestus and T. septentrionalis were compared and analyzed. We observed the external and internal morphology of T. modestus, sketched skeletal elements, and analyzed phylogenetic evolutionary relationships using the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene on mitochondrial DNA compared to T. septentrionalis. The T. modestus observed in this study had blackish-brown patterns irregularly scattered on the gray-brown body, and the fins were blue-green. Genetic analysis results based on the COI sequences of T. modestus showed seven types of base sequence variation; however, the homology was more than 98.8%. In addition, as a result of comparison of the COI nucleotide sequences and phylogenetic analysis in Tetraodontiformes, two T. septentrionalis sequences (JN813099, MW485059) were similar to T. modestus with 99% homology, and the other two T. septentrionalis sequences (EF607583, KP267619) were similar to those of species belonging to another genus Thamnaconus with 95% homology with T. modestus. It was not easy to classify the species based on morphological characteristics, and phylogenetic analysis between T. modestus and T. septentrionalis confirmed the difference in classification. These results provide the external and internal morphology of T. modestus and will be used as important information for the taxonomic study of T. modestus and T. septentrionalis.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 1988

As a method of utilization of sardine, the processing conditions of the sardine sauce extracts and the taste compounds of products were investigated. To prepare the sardine sauce extracts, chopped sardine was mixed with $1\%$, onion powder, $1\%$ garlic powder, $1\%$ red pepper powder, loft koji and $50\%$ water, and then hydrolyzed under different conditions of hydrolysis. The optimum conditions for hydrolysis were $55^{\circ}C$, 6 hours, pH 6.5-7.0. After hydrolysis, the hydrolysates were heated at $100^{\circ}C$ for 20 minutes with $5\%$ soybean protein isolate for inactivation of enzymes and improvement of bitter taste of the hydrolysates. Finally, $10\%$ salt was added to develop the characteristic taste of sauce extracts. The major taste compounds of the products were free amino acids, non-volatile organic acids and nucleotides and their related compounds. The major free amino acids in the products were arginine, histidine, lysine, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, leucine and alanine. The contents of these free amino acids were in the range of $68.2\%\;to\;69.9\%$ of the total free amino acids of products. The major non-volatile organic acids ill the products were lactic acid and $\alpha-ketoglutaric$ acid which occupied more than $95\%$ of total non-volatile organic acids. The contents of free amino acids, non-volatile organic acids and nucleotides and their related compounds were not changed during storage. Total creatinine, betaine and TMAO were seemed to act an auxiliary role in taste of the products. Judging from the results of chemical experiments and sensory evaluation, the product prepared with koji and soybean protein isolate was excellent as seasoning materials.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.171-176
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• 2006

The effect of storage temperature on the quality and antioxidative activity Whangseoke sauce was studied over a period of 240 days. Fermented Whangseoke with $25\%$ salt were stored at $25^{\circ}C$. The quality change and antioxidant activity of Whangseoke in linoleic acid emulsion was evaluated with various parameters including acids values, peroxide values, TBA values, reducing sugar, brown color intensity, electron donating ability and reducing power at various time intervals for 240 days of storage. In general, it was observed, in all sample, that peroxide values, brown color intensity, electron donating ability and reducing power gradually increased, while reducing sugar decreased during storage at $25^{\circ}C$. The antioxidative activities of fermented Whangseoke were determined on tile linoleic acid emulsion system. The results showed that Whangseoke had antioxidant activity. These results suggest that antioxidant activity of Whangseoke seemed to influence by Maillard reaction products during the storage periods.