• Bangmulgwan gwa yeongu (The National Museum of Korea Journal)
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• v.1
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• pp.278-305
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• 2024

Gelatin dry plate photographs dating to the Japanese colonial era and the official documents from the Japanese Government-General of Korea Museum in the collection of the National Museum of Korea are significant materials documenting cultural heritage in North Korea before it was severely damaged in 1950 during the Korean War. There has been an increase in recent years in studies of Buddhist sculptures in North Korea based on these photographs and documents. This paper presents some new comments on the Buddhist sculptures at Seongbulsa Temple in Hwangju, one of the most famous temples in Hwanghae-do Province, based on the related existing research outcomes. This paper aims to facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of the Buddhist sculptures at Seongbulsa Temple by chronicling its history based on historical records, examining its current status, and exploring in detail the production dates and backgrounds of the Buddhist sculptures featured on gelatin dry plates. Prior to Korea's liberation from Japan in 1945, Seongbulsa housed at least seven sculptural items: two Bodhisattva statues, four Buddha statues, and a triad. Two items are from the early Goryeo period, one is from the late Goryeo period, three are from the early Joseon period, and one is from the late Joseon period. Among them, two surviving items are noteworthy. One is the early Goryeo-era Stone Seated Bhaishajyaguru Buddha photographed in Eungjinjeon Hall at Seongbulsa Temple. A close examination of a schematic drawing of the sculpture's pedestal made at the time it was photographed reveals that its material accords with the materials used for the headless Stone Seated Bhaishajyaguru Buddha and pedestal currently found in the old Sangwonam Hermitage site in the Inner Geumgang Valley of Jeongbangsan Mountain. This accordance could mean that the statue is a new significant example of early Goryeo Buddhist sculpture in North Korea. The other notable sculpture is the Gilt-bronze Seated Amitabha Buddha Triad created in 1454 (the second year of the reign of King Danjong) and discovered in Geungnakjeon Hall at Seongbulsa. This statue is currently in the collection of the Sariwon History Museum in Hwanghae-do Province. It is an important example of a dated small gilt-bronze Buddhist statue from the early Joseon period found in North Korea. This paper is a case study of Buddhist sculptures in North Korea, focusing on Seongbulsa Temple. Further utilization of the National Museum of Korea's gelatin dry plates will contribute to developing the study of the history of Korean Buddhist sculpture.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.137-147
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• 2017

An accident during pilotage may cause several problems such as crippling the harbour function, environmental disruption, loss of life. Since the pilot plays an important role in the safe operation of the port, securing their safety is directly connected to the vessel's safety coming into port in Korea. Pilotage service is offered on request without distinction of day and night. And traveling by helicopter and boarding/disembarking using a pilot ladder from and to a pilot boat have a high risk of falling into the sea. So, pilots can fall into the sea while boarding/disembarking from ship which can lead to serious injury by cardiac arrest. A number of pilots have died or severely injured due to fall from the pilot ladder during embarkation and disembarkation up to now. Current safety measures at embarkation and disembarkation required by pilotage act and IMO resolutions could not prevent all the pilot related accidents. Therefore, to prevent pilot accident during boarding/disembarking from ship, it is necessary to include safety training requirement for new pilots under the requirements for licensing of pilotage act. It is also necessary to compel pilots to take necessary personal protective equipment when they use a pilot ladder. In addition, the placement of emergency kit on pilot boats and first-aid training are required in order to deal with emergency situation promptly.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.209-215
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• 2022

On the Jeju coast, international cruise ships, passenger ships, and other ships pass frequently, as well as many fishing boats. Thus, there is a high risk of marine accidents and frequent ship collisions. Accordingly, it is urgent to establish a coastal VTS for systematic safety management of ships passing through the coastal waters of Jeju. The purpose of this study was to set the area of the VTS to be newly established. In this study, to calculate the workload of the VTS operators, a formula was proposed that reflects the monitoring workload considering the monitoring frequency and required time for target as well as non-target ships and the workload for ship collision situations. The proposed formula was applied to the newly established VTS area in Jeju. Three control sectors were set up in each VTS center. The average number of workstations per hour was approximately 1, so the division between sectors was appropriate. Thus, it was deduced that there would be no workload for the VTS operators. It is expected that the method proposed in this study can be used as primary data for calculating the appropriate number of workstations for the current VTS, and setting the VTS area for a new coastal VTS in the future.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.37
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• pp.97-134
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• 2013

Kim Ee-man was born and grew up in Jecheon (堤川). As a government officer and a Confucian scholar belonging to Namin School, Kim Ee-man was active in the early and middle of 18th century. Kim Ee-man composed good poems since he was a child. In addition to being a good poet, Kim Ee-man later became a model government officer, who had thorough awareness on serving citizens (爲民). When he was a governor in Yangsan (梁山) county, he built an embankment for farmers by out of his own salary. The academic world of Kim Ee-man faithfully succeeded the basis of Toegyehak (退溪學) and he took Sohak (小學) as important. The reason of Kim Ee-man having established a practical guideline in the form of inscription and proverbs was also directly related to the issue of moral practice. Kim Ee-man also received the influence of ancient classic study from his teacher Lee Seo-woo (李瑞雨) and took Yookgyeong (六經, Six Classics in China) important in practice. Kim Ee-man started the study on Joojahak (朱子學, the doctrines of Chu-tzu) in later years. He became more thorough in being a public figure while reinforcing effort on differentiating the principle of heaven (天理) and human desire (人欲).

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.81-87
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• 2004

It includes the considerable concentration and dangerousness as the peculiar work of a pilot and dock-master to berthing/deberthing the big object as for the ship within the port or the ship yard. A tug utilization is getting increased in this berthing/deberthing work and the own ship is affected a lot by external force due to moving with low advance speed. In this study, we constructed the 2 dimension virtual system which can conduct the berthing/deberthing manoeuvring work by using mainly tugs in a external force, particularly strong wind. Also, propose objective standard that could estimate the degree of manoeuvring difficulty, and conducted simulation experiment for this. we analyzed correlations between the subjective estimation which is described numerically the decreased dangerousness and the objective index which is related to the main parameter regarding manoeuvring by using this simulator from the result of conducting simulation experiment. And then we discussed the estimation technique of manoeuvring difficulty.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.29 no.3 s.99
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• pp.189-194
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• 2005

The berthing/deberthing manoeuvring operation is the peculiar work owned to the marine pilot and the dock master. So, in the port or the shipyard, the berthing/deberthing manoeuvring operation requires considerable concentration and bears dangerousness. In that situation, a tug utilization is getting increased and the external forces have an effect on the own ship because of moving with low advance speed. In this study, we constructed the 2-dimensional virtual ship manoeuvring simulator system with which we can carry out the berthing/deberthing manoeuvring operation by using tugs in the external forces such as strong wind. And then, we propose the objective indexes by which the degree of manoeuvring difficulty evaluated. Using the present system, we carry out manoeuvring simulation experiment in order to grasp correlation between the objective indexes proposed here and the def{ree of manoeuvring difficulty felt by operator. Lastly, we discuss the evaluation technique of manoeuvring difficulty.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.30 no.6 s.112
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• pp.533-539
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• 2006

Today the harbor oscillation problems are the most significant factor to design harbors serving the very large ships. Large vessels moored in the elastic hawsers at the coastal harbors are often displaced due to the resonance between the long period waves and mooring system. The cargo handling may be interrupted and the hawsers may be broken, especially when the amplification becomes remarkable. The most significant harbor which is confronted with harbor oscillation problem in Korea is the Pohang New Port. Many cases of problems are being notified by the pilot association and local office of MOMAF. However, it is difficult to prevent the arrival of long waves musing oscillation within this harbor. Moreover, government already started new port plan at the mouth of Yeongil Bay without treating problems occurred in the Pohang New Port. This study deals with the variation of harbor oscillation due to the construction of 4.1km breakwater at the bay mouth and new port plan. Numerical method used are fairly standard form from the extended mild slope equation The obtained numerical results were compared with the field measurement from the previous study and this will bring a certain level of discussion and consideration of variation in the future port development.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.12-47
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• 1991

This work aims to introduce the concept of microcomputer aided port design simulation methodology including the analysis of the mathematical models to be implemented and apply it to the Third Stage Busan Port Development Project. In the Busan case study, the size of the proposed turning basin of the new terminal, together with the operational strategies of berthing and unberthing, was examined, In addition, the safety on ship's entry and exit through the projected new breakwaters was ascertained. From the application of simulation to the Busan project, it was found that the proposed dredging area was not sufficiently wide enough for the modelled container ship to perform A time unberthing (in which the ship turns to port as she manoeuvres away from N.1. Berth with the assistance of tugs), especially in a strong easterly wind. It is therefore, recommended that Busan pilots should be advised to sue B type unberthing strategy, in which the ship goes astern from no.1 berth tot he turning area in front of No.2 berth(where the ship turns 180 degrees clockwise), especially when the wind is very strong, It is also recommended that a sea buoy be placed outside the new breakwaters, as this was found to improve the safety of ship manoeuvres through the breakwaters significantly . Another recommendation is that the Korean hydrodynamic Office carry out a detailed survey of the currents in the water area near the new breakwaters once they have been constructed. In addition, it is to be recommended that a current meter be placed at the recommended sea buoy to improve the safety of ship manoeuvres which could otherwise be jeopardised by eeroneos current information.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2006.06b
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• pp.199-206
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• 2006

Today the harbor oscillation problems are the most significant factor to design harbors serving the very large ships. Large vessels moored in the elastic hawsers at the coastal harbors are often displaced due to the resonance between the long period waves and mooring system. The cargo handling may be interrupted and the hawsers may be broken, especially when the amplification becomes remarkable. The most significant harbor which is confronted with harbor oscillation problem in Korea is the Pohang New Port. Many cases of problems are being notified by the pilot association and local office of MOMAF. However, it is difficult to prevent the arrival of long waves causing oscillation within this harbor. Moreover, Government already started new port plan at the mouth of YoungIl Bay without treating problems occurred in the Pohang New Port. This study deals with the variation of harbor oscillation due to the construction of 4.1km breakwater at the bay mouth and new port plan. Numerical method used are fairly standard form from the extended mild slope equation. The obtained numerical results were compared with the field measurement from the previous study and this will bring a certain level of discussion and consideration of variation in the future port development.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.165-172
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• 2006

Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) involves tissue protection against the destructive action of neutrophil elastase at the site of inflammation. Several studies on new functions of SLPI have demonstrated that SLPI may play a primary role in innate immunity than protease inhibitor, To identify the function of SLPI by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in the embryonic fibroblast (NIH3T3) cells. we studied the expression of SLPI compared to other growth factors involving the LPS treatment. To address this, we performed the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blots for the detection of mRNA and protein expression of the SLPI and some growth factors such as VEGF. bFGF, and PDGF-BB after LPS stimulation. NIH3T3 cells were exposed 100 ng/mL Escherichia coli LPS for 30min, 60min, 90min, 24h, and 48h, respectively. The result of RT-PCR showed that SLPI and VEGF mRNA was expressed strongly in NIH3T3 without related to LPS stimulation. mRNA of bFGF was weakly expressed such as the expression of the control. PDGF mRNA expression gradually increased follows at time course. However, SLPI protein level was increased in lysates and culture medium by LPS stimulation. Phase contrast microscopic and scanning electron microscopic observation showed that the increased cell number and cytoplasmic enlargement of the NIH3T3 cells. Therefore, it suggests that the LPS upregulates SLPI expression in NIH3T3 cells. Moreover, secreted SLPI may stimulate cell proliferation and migration.