• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.179-191
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• 2019

Heavy metals in stream water and sediments around industrial complex were studied in order to assess the contamination and to identify the potential source of metals. High variability has been observed for both dissolved and particulate phases in stream water with coefficient of variation (CV) ranging from 1.3 to 2.8. The highest metal concentrations in both phases were observed in Gunja for Ni and Cu, in Jungwang for Zn and Pb and in Shiheung for Cd, respectively. These results indicate that the different metal sources could be existing. The concentrations of the heavy metals in sediments decreased in the order of Cu>Zn>Pb>Cr>Ni>As>Cd>Hg, with mean of 2,549, 1,742, 808, 539, 163, 17.1, 5.8, $0.07mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. Mean of metal concentrations(except for As) in sediments showed the highest values at Shiheung stream comparing with other streams. In sediments, the percent exceedance of class II grade that metal may potentially harmful impact on benthic organism for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb was about 57%, 62%, 84%, 60%, 68%, 81% for all stream sediments, respectively. Sediments were classified as heavily to extremely polluted for Cu and Cd, heavily polluted for Zn and Pb, based on the calculation of Igeo value. About 59% and 35% of sediments were in the categories of "poor" and "very poor" pollution status for heavy metals. Given the high metal concentrations, industrial wastes and effluents, having high concentrations of most metals originated from the manufacture and use of metal products in this region, might be discharged into the stream through sewer outlet. The streams receive significant amounts of industrial waste from the industrial facilities which is characterized by light industrial complexes of approximately 17,000 facilities. Thus, the transport of metal loads through streams is an important pathway for metal pollution in Shihwa Lake.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.225-236
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• 2003

In order to understand the relationship of depositional environment between fluvial and estuarine-embayment in Han River system, including depositional change in main Han River, more than 250 bottom sediment and 70 suspended sediment were analyzed with hydrologic data. Based on the previous data, the study area can be divided into two environment(fluvial and estuarine-embayment) by Singok underwater dam. The gravelly facies occurs in the South and North Han Rivers and sandy and silty facies occupies in the main Han River. Depositional environment of main Han River changed mainly because of limited sediment transport and hydrological condition. In the estuarine-embayment environment, coarse-grained sediments are dominant in tidal channel and of shore whereas fine and poorly sorted sediments are observed in coastal area. During moderate period, relationship between fluvial-estuarine-embayment system is discontinuou s because of flow restriction by artificial construction such as dam and underwater dam, so that each river system characterizes the individual environment. Fluvial and estuarine system is influenced by tide and, thus, transition zone of estuarine- embayment system moves landward. During flooding period, however, each river system is integrated as continuous depositional system by high discharge and, thus, transition zone of fluvial-estuarine-embayment system moves seaward. For further detailed systems about the lower Singok under-water dam, joint research of South-North Korea should be necessary.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.107-114
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• 2014

In this study, we tried to determine the origin of fine-grained sediments in Southeastern Yellow Sea Mud patch (SEYSM) using principal component analysis coupled with semi-quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis for 4 major clay minerals. We used 51 marine surface sediments from SEYSM and 33 surface sediments of rivers flowing into the Yellow Sea. We made bioplot diagram using R program with principal component 1 and component 2 because the two components might contain about 98% of all data. The content of each clay mineral in the south and north regions of SEYSM are almost similar. In the biplot, SEYSM sediments distribute close to Korean rivers sediments than Huanghe and Changjiang sediments. Based on these results, we suggest that SEYSM is originated from the Korean rivers sediments. The higher accumulation rate in the SEYSM compared to the sediment discharge from neighboring Korean rivers can be explained by erosion and reworking of surface sediments in this area. The principal component analysis can be used for the provenance research of marine sediments around the Korean Peninsula.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.357-365
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• 1994

The sediments on the continental shelf off the west coast (middle part) of Korea are divided into northern sandy deposits and southern muddy sediments, respectively. The sandy sediments consist dominantly of quartz and feldspar grains, representing mature-stage sediment in composition. Further-more, the presence of iron-stained quartz grain and glauconite does indicate that the sediments are similar to the relict sediments on the outer shelf of Yellow Sea and East China Sea. These sandy sediments are interpreted as a basal sands that were deposited during the transgression period due to sea-level rise after to last glacial maximum (LGM). The tidal deposits in the Namyang Bay, the west coast of Korea are divided vertically into the upper layer of muddy sediments and the lower layer of sandy sediments. the upper layer sediments contain abundant rock fragments, and are interpreted as the modern tetragenous sediments. The lower layer sediments, on the other hand, are rich in quartz and feldspar grains, representing high index of sediment maturity ratio. the lower layer sandy deposits show the presence of iron-stained.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.25-36
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• 2016

Heavy metals in the stream sediments around Shihwa Lake were studied not only to investigate the characteristics of spacio-temporal distribution but also to assess the pollution degree and ecological risk using various pollution indices. Among metals, Zn had the highest values (1,311 mg/kg) and Hg showed the lowest value (0.261 mg/kg). The order of mean concentrations (mg/kg) of metals was Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr>Ni>Co>As>Cd>Hg in stream sediments around Shihwa Lake. Metal concentrations showed different pollution pattern with industrial region, indicating that these metals originated from different sources and industrial region had higher metal concentration than rural/urban regions. The results of geoaccumulation index (Igeo) showed that the stream sediments were significantly polluted with Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb, indicating moderately to highly polluted by these metals. According to PLI consideration, industrial region was more seriously polluted by metals whereas an rural/urban region was not polluted. About 85% of sampling site for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb from industrial regions were exceeded the PEL values. The mPELQ and SQI values derived from PEL of industrial region were classified as 'highly toxic' and 'very poor' and metal pollution level tend to be worse in wet season. This indicates that the industrial activities and stromwater runoff represents an important sources of heavy metals around Shihwa Lake.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.164-165
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• 2002

내만의 해저퇴적물은 하천이나 외해로부터 유입되어 침강, 응집, 확산, 이동, 재용출 등의 과정에서 수질변화와 저서생물의 서식에 많은 영향을 주는 것으로 알려져 있다(조 등,1982; ASCE, 1992; Kwon and Lee, 1998). 그러므로 해저퇴적물의 변화과정을 이해하기 위해서는 먼저 그 입자 분포의 특성을 파악할 필요가 있다고 생각한다. 이 논문은 오염이 비교적 심한 것으로 알려져 있는 마산만의 여러 정점에서 채취한 해저퇴적물의 입자크기를 측정하고 그 분포의 통계학적 특성을 조사한 것이다. (중략)

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22
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• pp.71-77
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• 2004

Alkylphenols (8), chlorophenols (2), bisphenol A, eoprostanols (2) and cholesterol compounds were analyzed in the surface water and surface sediment taken from Gwangyang Bay and surrounding streams in 2001. Among the target analytes, nonylphenol and dihydrocholesteyol compounds were detected with high concentration and high frequency. t-Octylphenol, bisphenol A and coprostanols were detected only in some sediment samples from the stream. The highest concentration of nonylphenol was determined in stream sample, and concentrations of nonylphenol in the inner part of Gwangyang Bay were higher than those in the out part. Nonylphenol concentrations in the surface seawater and surface sediment samples ranged from 4.0 to 74.0 ng l$\^$-1/ and from 3.1 to 74.3 ng g$\^$-1/ dry wt., respectively. Partition coefficient (LogK$\_$oc/) of nonylphenol between sediment and water was 4.8. Nonylphenol nnd dihydrocholesteol concentrations in the stream surface sediment samples ranged from 4.6 to 808.6 and from 78.4 to 1133.6 ng g$\^$-1/ dry wt., respectively. Relatively high concentrations of nonylphenol were found in the stream samples which aye flowing through industrial complex area, while dihydrocholesterol concentration was relatively high in the stream samples which are flowing through only municipal area. Seaward decreasing tyend in nonylphenol concentration was observed from the Seomjin River estuary to the Gwanyang Bay. Such trend was best supported by the strong correlation between nonylphenol concentration and salinity in water samples.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Biology Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.41-45
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• 2002

광양만의 지형변화 및 퇴적환경발달양상에 대해 표층퇴적물과 지층탐사자료를 이용하여 연구하였다. 광양만 해역은 1970년대이후 광양만 개발에 따라 해안선 및 해저지형이 급격한 변화를 겪어왔다. 광양만의 면적은 개발이전보다 25%정도 감소하였다. 해안선 변형은 공단건설을 위한 해안매립공사로 인해 그리고 해저지형변화는 대형선박들의 안전항로개발을 위한 해저퇴적물의 준설 등에 의해 발생하고 있다. 표층퇴적물는 점토질 퇴적물 묘도서측 및 여수해만의 외해지역에 주로 분포하고, 사질 퇴적물은 섬진강하구와 수로에 분포하고 있다. 표층퇴적물의 유기물 함량은 퇴적물의 특성을 반영하며, 특히 점토질퇴적물에 다량으로 포함하고 있다. 탄성파 단면도상에서 기반암위에 Unit II와 Unit I가 분포하며, 하부 Unit II는 홀로세 이전의 하천환경 퇴적층으로 판단되며, 홀로세 Unit I 퇴적층은 섬진강하구에서 외해를 향해 전진퇴적양상의 쐐기형태를 보인다. 이 층은 섬진강에서 유출된 퇴적물이 델타환경을 이루면서 형성된 퇴적층서로 해석된다. Unit I 퇴적층내에 천부가스층이 광범위하게 분포한다. 천부가스는 광양만의 생태환경에 영향을 미칠 것으로 판단된다. 광양만 주변의 재발에 따른 해안 및 해저지형의 급격한 변형은 퇴적환경 및 해양환경에 변화를 야기할 것으로 예상된다. 특히 섬진강 하구지역의 광양제철소 건설은 섬진강에서 장양만으로 유입되는 퇴적물의 퇴적작용의 커다란 영향을 미칠 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.82-88
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• 1984

The Gwangyang Bay, southern coast of Korea, is characterized by its semi-enclosed basin morphology and mesotidal regime. The Seomjin River, in particular, has a complex delta depositional system at its mouth, which has approximately 44$\textrm{km}^2$ in the total surface area. Various sedimentary environments, such as delta, intertidal flat, subtidal zone and major tidal channels are recognized based on sediment facies and depositional regime. However, the essential intertidal flat environments are developed mainly in the western parts of the bay which is generally low in energy, i, e. tidal current and wave action.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.107-116
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• 1999

To study the characters of surface sediment and to describe the seasonal depositional environment as a result of sedimentation process off Byun-San Peninsula, a total 61 samples of surface sediment (32 samples in summer; 29 samples in winter) were collected and analysed. A digitized depth data from sea chart and echosounding profiles along five trans-sections were helpful for understanding the morphological factors. The types classified by the characters of surface sediment are type I (sand, S), type II (silty sand, zS), and type ill (sandy silt, sZ). Mean grain size varies from 2.11 to 7.81 ${\Phi}$. The positive-skewness shows the typical tide-dominated environment. The sediment type of the northwestern stations is medium sand and the sorting value is 0.5~1.4 ${\Phi}$ of well/moderately sorted. Meanwhile, other stations are composed of muddy sands and sandy muds transported from rivers and offshore. These sediment types toward inshore change gradually from silty sand to sandy silt. According to the C/M diagram, there are three major transport modes of sediment: bed load (Mode A), graded suspension (Mode B), and suspension (Mode C), correlating with north-eastern sandy area, middle part of silty-sand area, and southern sandy-silt area, respectively. The result of Principal Component Analysis shows also similar pattern of sediment types. In result, sediment texture of type III tends to be finer and more poorly-sorted than that of type II and sediment facies are correlateed with sedimentation process.