• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.99-105
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• 1983

In the Steering and Sailing Rules of International Regulations for Preventing Collicions at Sea, 1972, any relative distance between two vessels necessary for taking action to avoid collision in head-on situation is not referred. In this paper, the author analyzed the ship's collision avoiding actions from a viewpoint of ship motions and worked out mathematical formulas to calculate the relative distances necessary for collision avoiding actions. Figuring out the values of maneuvering indices through experiments of actual ships, the author applied these values to the calculationg formulas and calculated the minimum safe relative distances. On the assumption that two vessels same in size and condition are approaching each other in head-on situation, the minimum safe relative distance was calculated as 5.0 times, sufficient safe relative one as 10.0 times their own length.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.21-22
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• 2011

In this study, an analytical algorithm for collision avoidance is proposed, which is applicable to designing collision avoidance maneuvers for two encountering ships. The minimum separation distance is defined and an appropriate maneuver sequence is computed for safe and effective collision avoidance. Two approaches: 1) collision avoidance through speed change and 2) collision avoidance through heading change, are considered, and the initiation point of the avoidance maneuver is computed analytically using the geometric configuration of the two encountering ships. To verify the feasibility of the proposed algorithm, numerical simulations are carried out using a set of ship-to-ship encountering scenarios.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.363-371
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• 1996

The Steering and Sailing Rules of International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea now in use direct the best aid - action to avoid collision by the stand - on vessel. But these rules do not refer to the safety relative distance between two vessels when she should take such action. In this paper, the author analyzed the ship's collision avoiding actions from the viewpoint of ship motions and worked out mathematical formulas to calculate the relative distances necessary for taking action to avoid collision. Figuring out the values of maneuvering indices through experiments of 11 actual ships of small, medium, large and mammoth size, the author applied these values to the calculating formulas and calculated the minimum relative distances. The main results are as follows: 1. It was confIrmed that the stand - on vessel should keep the greatest relative distance for taking best aid - action to avoid collision when the cross angle of course was $90^{\circ}$ and near it(70-$90^{\circ}$ ). 2. When the cross angle of course was $90^{\circ}$ , the minimum relative distance of small vessel(GT: 160-650tons) was found to be more than about 6.8 times of her own length, and those of medium(GT : 2,300-3,500tons), large(GT : 22,OOO-62,OOOtons) and mammoth(GT : 91,000-139,000tons) vessels were found to be more than about 9.0 times, about 5.4 times and about 6.8 times of their own lengths. 3. It was confIrmed that collision danger was greater when crossing angle was obtuse than in an acute angle, therefore greater relative distance was to be kept by the stand - on vessel for taking best aid - action to avoid collision in the case of the obtuse angle. 4. In every vessels, in the case of $90^{\circ}$ cross angle of course the safety minimum relative distance was found to be more than about 9.0 times of their own lengths.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 2009

With the increase of marine traffic capacity, marine accidents have also been increased for recent several years. Especially watch officer must maneuver not entering into the safety minimum approaching distances when two power-driven vessels are crossing. The author calculated the safety minimum approaching distances to provide a navigator with them based on zig-zag motion by experimental ship. The obtained results are summarized as follows : 1. The greatest distance is to be kept by the give way vessel to avoid collision when the crossing course angle is $90^{\circ}$. In this case the safety minimum approaching distance must be more than from 5 times to 11 times of her own length according to her size. 2. The watch officer of the give way vessel must always take an action to avoid collisions outside of the safety minimum approaching distance. 3. When the navigator used rudder to small angle than to large angle to avoid other vessel he must take action outside the sufficient safety minimum outside distances in advance. 4. Risk of collision in crossing situation is more greater in obtuse situation than in acute one.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.175-205
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to find the distribution of the variables on the quality of life and the determinants of the sexual attitude and behavior of the unmarried female workers. This study was surveyed to the 306 unmarried women who worked in the small and medium scale industries in Kyungin area and analyzed the respondent's knowledge of sex, sexual behavior, health behavior, health status, satisfaction of working condition and recognition of working environment. The result of this study could be summarized as follows: The respondent's age are mostly early of twenties and their education level are high school and more. They recognize that their health condition is not so good but they hardly try to improve health condition. They think that their working condition are mostly unsatisfied and they also believe that they expose themselves to the toxic working environment. Although their knowledge of sex are low they have few chances for the education of sex and family planning. Their attitude of premarital sex are conservertive but the rate of approval of living together before marriage are high and the rate of premarital sex is around 15 percent. The premarital sex behavior are positively related with family size, living condition, knowledge of sex and working period but the sex experiences are negatively related with working period and knowledge of sex. As a result we suggest that the sex education and consultative program are necessary for improving the quality of life of the unmarried working women in small and medium scale industries.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.77-105
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• 1996

The rural problems which we are facing start from the extremely small sized population and the skewed population structure by age and sex. Thus we analyzed the change of the rural population. And we analyzed the recent return migration to the rural areas by comparing the recent in-migrants with out-migrants to rural areas. And by analyzing the rural village survey data which was to show the current characteristics of rural population, we found out the effects of the in-migrants to the rural areas and predicted the futures of rural villages by characteristics. The changes of rural population composition by age was very clear. As the out-migrants towards cities carried on, the population composition of young children aged 0~4 years was low and the aged became thick. The proportion of the population aged 0~4 years was 45.1% of the total population in 1970 and dropped down to 20.4% in 1995, which is predicted to become under 20% from now on. In the same period(1970~1995), the population aged 65 years and over rose from 4.2% to 11.9%. In 1960, before industrialization, the proportion of the population aged 0~4 years in rural areas was higher than that of cities. As the rural young population continuously moves to cities it became lower than that in urban areas from 1975 and the gap grew till 1990. But the proportion of rural population aged 0~4 years in 1995 became 6.2% and the gap reduced. We can say this is the change of the characteristics of in-migrants and out-migrants in the rural areas. Also considering the composition of the population by age group moving from urban to rural area in the late 1980s, 51.8% of the total migrants concentrates upon age group of 20~34 years and these people's educational level was higher than that of out-migrants to urban areas. This fact predicted the changes of the rural population, and the results will turn out as a change in the rural society. However, after comparing the population structure between the pure rural village of Boeun-gun and suburban village of Paju-gun which was agriculture centered village but recently changed rapidly, the recent change of the rural population structure which the in-migrants to rural areas becomes younger is just a phenomenon in the suburban rural areas, not the change of the total rural areas in general. From the characteristics of the population structure of rural village from the field survey on these villages, we can see that in the pure rural villages without any effects from cities the regidents are highly aged, while industrialization and urbanization are making a progress in suburban villages. Therefore, the recent partial change of the rural population structure and the change of characteristics of the in-migrants toward rural areas is effecting and being effected by the population change of areas like suburban rural villages. Although there are return migrants to rural areas to change their jobs into agriculture, this is too minor to appear as a statistic effect.