• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.143-149
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• 2016

This study evaluated the shear behavior of geogrid reinforced ballast material using a large scale direct shear test and discrete element method (DEM) based on PFC 3D program. The direct shear test was conducted on ballast materials that have different particle size distributions. Whereas the test results revealed that the shear strength generally increased with the larger particle size of ballast material without geogrid reinforcement, the shear behavior of ballast material was found to change pertaining to the relationship between particle size distribution and geogrid rib size. Generally, it is deemed the effectiveness of reinforcement can be achieved when the rib size is two times greater than average particle size. A numerical analysis based on DEM was conducted to verify the test results. The geogrid modeling was successfully completed by calibration process along with sensitivity analysis to have actual tensile strength provided by manufacturer. With a given geogrid model, the parametric evaluation was further carried out to examine the interactive behavior between geogrid and ballast material. Consequently, it was found that the effectiveness zone of geogrid reinforcement generated within a specific depth.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.311-316
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• 2015

This study defined and classified no-net-loss-of-greenness (NNLG) based on the law, and then assessed the NNLG index by metropolitan cities and provinces in Korea after estimating NNLG evaluation indicators for the introduction of NNLG for health improvement of urban ecosystems. The results are as follows. First, NNLG was the comprehensive meaning that was included in the greenbelt and park greenbelt and the green area which was defined by the Act on Urban Parks, Greenbelts, etc. and the National Land Planning and Utilization Act respectively. Second, NNLG was classified as a park greenbelt which was included urban parks and greenbelts such as buffer greenbelts, scenic greenbelts, and connecting greenbelts, green areas which was included in green conservation areas, green production areas, green natural areas, and green coverage which is included forests, grasslands, and wetlands that were occupied by vegetation such as trees, shrubs, and plants. Third, NNLG index by cities and provinces was assessed based on the estimation of NNLG evaluation indicators, which included parks and greenbelt areas per capita, green areas per capita, green coverage per capita, ratio of parks and greenbelts, ratio of green areas, and ratio of green coverage. As a result, Sejong city got the highest point of NNLG index and Seoul and Daegu got lowest points of NNLG index among metropolitan cities in Korea. Chungbuk got the highest point of NNLG index and Kyonggi and Jeju got lowest points of NNLG index among provinces in Korea.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.38
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• pp.115-132
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• 2015

An animation is a tool to represent the consciousness of an author. It is a medium that converts his/her consciousness to time by the means of spaces. Image is the most inherent element among the elements of an animation. Character is the element that has the very core function among the elements of an image because a character is a shape that can deliver a story through various actions and facial expressions. In this context, is a representative satire animation that describes a ranked and unequal human society and selfishness and absurdity of human beings existed in the human society, based on the original work of George Orwell. Therefore, this study aims to study what the work tries to satirize through the meanings and symbols that the characters, animals, and spaces in the work. As a result of the study, it was found that the characters appeared in the work are metaphoric symbols that imply the meanings of each character, not just simple characters or spaces. In the work, the farm is a symbolic space that symbolizes a human world. John, a human being, is described as a dictator in an absolute Russian monarchy who suppresses people. Old Major, a pig, is described as an old pioneer that preaches the appropriation of a revolution while Snow Ball, a pig that follows the Major is described as a naive leader that dreams to establish a real socialist state where everybody lives equal, through successful revolution. Another pig, Napoleon is described as the more greedy dictator than human being. He killed Snow Ball for his private ambition and suppresses and exploits the same race, animals. That is, setting man and various animals in the relation of dominant class and subordinated class, the author generates conflicts among characters. Although the characters pursue an ideal society through revolution, it requires another revolution in the process, which expresses repetitive contradiction of human history in a symbolic and strong way.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.43-54
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to observe how Panax Notoginseng Flos Ethanol Extract has anti-oxidant activity, cytotoxicity for skin cells, and anti-inflammatory effects and Cosmetics Panax Notoginseng Flos Ethanol Extract was applied to acne skin to analyze moisture, erythema, pores, and blackberries to identify potential as cosmetics material .According to the analysis, Panax Notoginseng Flos Ethanol Extract was found to have high contents of polyphenols and flavonoids and excellent DPPH radical scavenging activity. The extract had no significant cytotoxicity for Raw 264.7 cell and significantly inhibited the creation of NO induced LPS in Raw 264.7 cell so as to present anti-inflammatory effect. After applying an Panax Notoginseng Flos Ethanol Extract of 3% skin toner and spot Solutions to the skin of the skin of the acne for 3 weeks, Increased skin moisture, erythema, pores, black head count were found to be statistically signigicant, and reduced red spots were found in skin condition questions following management. Given the results, it is considered that Panax Notoginseng Flos Ethanol Extract is applicable as the ingredient of a functional cosmetic product that has low cytotoxicity for skin cells, high anti-oxidant activity, anti-inflammatory effect, and acne improvement effect.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.811-817
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• 2009

The rapid growth of network based IT systems has resulted in continuous research of security issues. Probe intrusion detection is an area of increasing concerns in the internet community. Recently, a number of probe intrusion detection schemes have been proposed based on various technologies. However, the techniques, which have been applied in many systems, are useful only for the existing patterns of probe intrusion. They can not detect new patterns of probe intrusion. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new Probe Intrusion Detection technology that can find new patterns of probe intrusion. In this paper, we proposed a new network based probe intrusion detector(NePID) using anomaly traffic analysis and fuzzy cognitive maps that can detect intrusion by the denial of services attack detection method utilizing the packet analyses. The probe intrusion detection using fuzzy cognitive maps capture and analyze the packet information to detect syn flooding attack. Using the result of the analysis of decision module, which adopts the fuzzy cognitive maps, the decision module measures the degree of risk of denial of service attack and trains the response module to deal with attacks. For the performance evaluation, the "IDS Evaluation Data Set" created by MIT was used. From the simulation we obtained the max-average true positive rate of 97.094% and the max-average false negative rate of 2.936%. The true positive error rate of the NePID is similar to that of Bernhard's true positive error rate.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.40
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• pp.261-285
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• 2015

Transmedia has become a significant theme in the media studies sector and an academic discourse itself since its wide diffusion through Henry Jenkins' seminar book Convergence Culture. The aim of this essay is to examine the authentic intention of the proposer to understand its profound meaning and value in the research discourse. Firstly, Transmedia has originated as a part of the convergence culture research context, which is an identical approach in the 'active audience' research tradition. Thus, a history of the research in terms of Birmingham Cultural Studies tradition and its implication is scrutinized. Secondly, in respect of Pierre Levy's 'collective intelligence' which made significant influence on the making of the Convergence Culture and Transmedia Storytelling, the meaing of the transmedia discourse is studied. Thirdly and finally, the implication of this concept as a critical theory or Critique in the Cultural Studies tradition, which has highlighted the importance of the revelation of the binary oppositions and structures of dominance/resistance, with the interpretation of the role of the collective intelligence idea in the transmedia discourse, is studied.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2016

Highly porous polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microspheres impregnated by $TiO_2$ powder were prepared by spray drying method. The particle size and the porosity were controlled by optimizing the co-solvent ratio and the polymer concentration. $TiO_2$ powder was impregnated into the microspheres upto 74.6 wt% content based on the weight of the resultant $PMMA/TiO_2$ microspheres. SEM images showed that $TiO_2$ powder was well distributed throughout the inside of the microsphere. EDX mapping showed that the Ti signal was well detected from every part of the microspheres, which was the evidence of the formation of the $PMMA/TiO_2$ composite. Hg porosimetry result showed that the porosity was found to be over 50% regardless of the $TiO_2$ contents. The final product was found to have high oil-absorbing capacity and great hiding power, both of which are key properties in designing the microsphere materials for make-up cosmetics application.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.33 no.1 s.60
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• pp.29-32
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• 2007

We investigated new ingredients with real efficacy in both in vitro and in vivo all together. Especially we focused on the real improving effort in the clinical experiments. Because most products containing effective materials evaluated in vitro failed to show a real improving effect in the human with acne. We evaluated the well-known ingredients in a small scale clinical experiment with half-finished goods containing each ingredient. Among these products, product formulating SeleMix AN composed with germinating soy bean and magnolias bark extract remarkably improved acne and acne scar. Moreover skin redness caused by severe acne was improved. There was statistical significance between placebo and sample. Two hundred volunteers participated in our pilot study with written informed consent. After then we performed in vitro efficacy test this ingredient. SeleMix AN inhibited the growth of propionibacterium acnes at a concentration of 0.0125% and suppressed histamine release by 16.9%. Moreover human fibroblast cell activity was increased by 57% compared to control. Lastly, we performed a clinical study. Consisting of groups of 23 volunteers. Although the period of the test was in summer accelerating sebum secretion and recurring a high tate of acne, inflammation lesions were especially improved after applying product containing SeleMix AN for 4 weeks.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion and Beauty
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• v.3 no.3 s.3
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• pp.48-55
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• 2005

The summary of a study of efficacy of Rose essential oil and Lavender essential oil against physiologic active change s of skin caused to surfactant is as follows. 1. In feed intake efficiency, there is more significant difference than control group, and then in water intake, there are significant differences between each group. It is presented that the water intake efficiency ratio of the group treated by Rose essential oil and Lavender essential oil is higher than all of groups to be participated in experiment. And then, the reason that the group treated Lavender essential oil is lower than any other group is needed water intake to be caused by stress. 2. As the result of serum analysis, in atherosclerotic index(A.I), the cholesterol of control group is higher than that of the group treated. As HDL cholesterol is activated, the dan1aged group is higher than control group, in LDL cholesterol the control group is higher. It is seen that the damaged group of the quantity of HDL cholesterol is lower frequently in A.I. This fact is presented that HDL cholesterol that cholesterol is exhausted is changed, because of the dan1aged group that replacement is activated. 3. As the observed result of alteration of sebaceous glands, it is appeared that the demage of sebaceous glands is destroyed in the damaged group. It is observed that epidermis of the group applied by Rose essential oil after treated surfactant is dry, secretion of phenomenon of water and sebum is appeared more. It is observed that the epidermis recovery of the group applied by Lavender essential oil after treated surfactant is insufficient. And then it is seen that stratum corneum is recovered and the quantity of sebum secretion is decreased. 4. As the observed result of alteration of Mast cell group treated by Rose essential oil and Lavender essential oil for 3 weeks Luna's stain(${\times}100$), it is observed that the damaged group treated by Lavender essential oil is numerous in alteration of mast cell's number and Mast cell's size is larger than the dan1aged group. It is presented that the Mast cell's number and Mast cell's size is larger than the damaged group, the Mast cell's size and quantity of the group treated by Rose essential oil and Lavender essential oil is decreased more.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 2000

Purpose : This study was to present the functional brain mapping of both functional magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS) in a case of schizencephaly. Materials and methods : A 28-year-old man, who had left hemiplegia and schizencephaly in right cerebral hemisphere, was exacted with both functional MRI and TMS. Motor function of left hand was decreased whereas right hand was within normal limit. For functional MRI, gradient-echo echo planar imaging($TR/TE/{\alpha}$=1.2 sec/90 msec/90) was employed. The paradigm of motor task consisted of repetitive self-paseo hand flexion-extension exercises with 1-2 Hz periods. An image set of 10 slices was repetitively acquired with 15 seconds alternating periods of task performance and rest and total 6 cycles (three ON periods and three OFF periods) were performed. In brain mapping, TMS was performed with the round magnetic stimulator (mean diameter; 90mm). The magnetic stimulation was done with 80% of maximal output. The latency and amplitude of motor evoked potential(MEP)s were obtained from both abductor pollicis brevis(APB) muscles. Results : Functional MRI revealed activation of the left primary motor cortex with flexion-extension exercises of healthy right hand. On the other hand, the left primary motor cortex, left supplementary motor cortex, and left promoter areas were activated with flexion-extension exercises of left hand. In TMS, magnetic evoked potentials were induced in no areas of right cerebral hemisphere, but in 5 areas of left corebral hemisphere from both abductor pollicis brevis. Latency, amplitude, and contour of response of the magnetic evoked potentials in both hands were similar. Conclusion : Functional MRI and TMS in a patient with schizencephaly were successfully used to localize cortical motor function. Ipsilateral motor pathway is thought to be secondary to reinforcement of the corticospinal tract of the ipsilateral motor cortex.