• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.51-57
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• 2002

The purpose of the study was to measure and compare driver's psychophysiological responses in different driving conditions through driving simulator. Twelve male adults(more than 1 year of driving experience) were assigned to four different driving conditions, such as normal speed(70㎞/h), sudden start(0㎞/h→70㎞/h), and sudden stop(70㎞/h→0㎞/h), and their simulator sickness, subjective pleasantness and arousal, EEG, ECG, skin temperature, and GSR were measured. Subjective and physiological evaluations were executed before and after driving in each condition. The results showed that subjective pleasantness and arousal increased in sudden stop and sudden start conditions, relative to stop and normal speed conditions. As the central nervous responses, beta wave increased and alpha wave decreased in sudden stop and sudden start conditions, relative to stop and normal speed conditions. With regard to the autonomic responses, heart rate and GSR increased, while skin temperature decreased in sudden stop and sudden start conditions, which means an activation of sympathetic nervous system. The results suggested that based upon observation of the distinctive psychophysiological changes by driving conditions, it is possible to evaluate the human sensibility in dynamic environment.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.738-743
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• 2009

Background: There is no standardized tool and parameter that can accurately assess the sympathetic function before and after performing sympathectomy in patients with primary palmar hyperhidrosis. We examined the effective-ness of the sympathetic skin response (SSR) study for documenting the change of sympathetic denervation before and after performing selective thoracic sympathicotomy. Material and Method: We prospectively investigated the SSR from 12 healthy subjects who were diagnosed with primary hyperhidrosis. Each SSR was recorded on the right palm or sole with electrical stimuli applied to the skin at the left wrist and foot and vice versa for the controlateral side. This test was performed before, 2 weeks and 1 year after selective thoracic sympathicotomy. The data was corrected for the onset latency and the amplitude of the SSR (n=24). Result: The mean age of the 12 patients was $24.6{\pm}0.4$ years (range: 19~36) and the gender ratio was 1 : 0.7. The mean values of the preoperative, postoperative 2 weeks and postoperative 1 year onset latency and amplitude of the palmar side (n=24) were $1.46{\pm}0.24$ msec and $6,043{\pm}2,339{\mu}V$, $1.63{\pm}0.42$ msec and $823{\pm}638{\mu}V$, and $1.44{\pm}0.39$ msec and $2,412{\pm}1,546{\mu}V$, respectively. The mean values of the plantar side (n=38) were $1.83{\pm}0.42$ msec and $2,816{\pm}1,694{\mu}V$, $2.16{\pm}0.39$ msec and $1,445{\pm}1,281{\mu}V$ and $1.95{\pm}0.25$ msec and $1,622{\pm}865{\mu}V$, respectively. Among the documented parameters, only the palmar amplitude (p=0.002) showed statistical significance in recording the change of the sympathetic system within the same individual for the pre and postoperative period. Conclusion: The SSR amplitude ratio may be a useful parameter for documenting the efficacy of sympathetic denervation after selective sympathicotomy.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.381-387
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• 2017

Stress at work has become a serious problem affecting many people of different professions, life situations, and age groups. Stress management should start far before the stress start causing illnesses. In this study, studies were conducted to evaluate stress by measuring the Galvanic skin Response(GRS), Electrocardiograph(ECG), and Electroencephalogram(EEG) generated during images and noise stimuli. The GRS amplitude showed that the stress situation was 27.9 % higher than the baseline. And after the stimulus period, the response time of baseline was longer than 71.6 % than the stress situation. The stress response characteristics of the HRV showed that the rate of change in RMSSD was 16.4 %, and the rate of change of the HF Power was 29.7 %. EEG showed that the frequency band was gradually changed to the ${\theta}$ wave band during stress stimulation. We will be able to utilize image stimuli and noise stimuli as an objective indicator of stress and correlation.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.345-358
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• 2018

In this study, we have performed electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA), X-ray differaction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP), Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman), far-infrared (FIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and pH-DO Analyses for characterizing medicinal mineralogy aspect of the black tourmaline (Shantung, china), black and pink tourmaline (Minas Geraris, Brazil), black touemaline (Daeyu mine, Korea). In addition, heating effects of the tourmaline sauna as well as the effects of tourmaline powder-added soap on skin troubles have been investigated. It has been revealed that chemical composition of the tourmaline is either high in Fe-, Al-, B-rich types. Ratio of the K-Ca, Na-K, and Fe-B reflects the component change property of solid solution. $CaO/CaO+Na_2O$ and MgO/FeO+MgO ratio show high positive correlation. When tourmaline reacts with distilled water, extended reaction time DO values approximately decrease and it stabilizes at DO = 10. Otherwise, pH values increase until 6 hours and it stabilizes at pH = 8 after 24 hours. Distilled water changes to alkaline when it reacts with tourmaline powder and particles. Tourmaline showed lower absorption spectrum strength and transmittance at short wave, where absorption spectrum wavelength and strength were determined by the content of the composition elements and characteristics of crystallography. Increase of the Fe content has been confirmed to be the cause for the reduction of irradiation. For the chemical composition and spectral property of the tourmaline particle samples, it has been found that Si and Fe contents show positive correlation with Far-Infrared irradiation, while Al and Mg contents show negative correlation. For tourmaline powder, it has been confirmed that $^{17}O-NMR$ FWHM (full width at half maximum) decreases when reacts with distilled water. Tourmaline sauna (approximately $100^{\circ}C$) was found to increase $0.5-1.5^{\circ}C$ of body temperature, average of 12 heartbeat, and 10mg Hg of blood pressure. Tourmaline soap had very good aesthetic effect to skin and was confirmed to have above the average improvements to skin troubles (e.g., allergy or atopy).

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.169-180
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• 2017

Individuals with high trait anxiety try to suppress their anger expression, thus there are limits in measuring their anger using subjective behavioral evaluation. In order to overcome this limitation, this study attempted to identify the difference in the autonomic nervous system responses induced by anger in individuals with high trait anxiety. Participants were divided into two groups, anxiety and control groups. Electrocardiogram (ECG), respiration (RESP), electrodermal activity (EDA), and skin temperature (SKT) were measured while participants were presented with an anger-inducing stimulus. Heart rate (HR), standard deviation of NN interval (SDNN), root mean square of successive difference (RMSSD), low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), LF/HF ratio, respiration rate (RR), skin conductance level (SCL), and maximum skin temperature (maxSKT) were calculated before and after presenting the stimulus. Anxiety group reported greater anger by the anger-inducing stimulus compared to the control group. Anxiety group also showed significant increase in SDNN and LF, and decrease in HF, LF/HF ratio, and RR. These results suggest that the autonomic nervous system responses may be used as objective indicators of anger experiences in individuals with high trait anxiety.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.87-90
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• 2009

본 연구는 HMD(Head Mounted Display), 적외선 카메라, 웹 카메라, 데이터 글러브, 그리고 생리신호 측정 센서를 이용한 증강현실 게임 플랫폼 설계를 목적으로 하고 있다. HMD 는 사용자의 머리의 움직임을 파악하고, 사용자에게 가상 물체를 디스플레이화면에 제공한다. 적외선 카메라는 HMD 하단에 부착하여 사용자의 시선을 추적한다. 웹 카메라는 HMD 상단에 부착하여 전방 영상을 취득 후, 현실영상을 HMD 디스플레이를 통하여 사용자에게 제공한다. 데이터 글러브는 사용자의 손동작을 파악한다. 자율신경계반응은 GSR(Galvanic Skin Response), PPG(PhotoPlethysmoGraphy), 그리고 SKT(SKin Temperature) 센서로 측정한다. 측정된 피부전기반응, 맥파, 그리고 피부온도는 실시간 데이터분석을 통하여 집중 정도를 파악하게 된다. 사용자의 머리 움직임, 시선, 그리고 손동작은 직관적 인터랙션에 사용되고, 집중 정도는 직관적 인터랙션과 결합하여 사용자의 의도파악에 사용된다. 따라서, 본 연구는 멀티모달 인터랙션을 이용하여 직관적 인터랙션 구현과 집중력 분석을 통하여 사용자의 의도를 파악할 수 있는 새로운 증강현실 게임 플랫폼을 설계하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 1997.11a
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• pp.233-237
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• 1997

쾌. 불쾌를 유발하는 미약한 심상자극과 인지적 암산과제가 피부전기반응(Skin Conductance Level)에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 피험자는 9명의 대학생(남자 5명, 여자 4명)이었다. 연구결과 3회의 기저수준의 SCL 상에는 차이가 없었다. 암산과제시의 SCL수준이 가장 높았 다. 본 연구에서 사용된 절차와 자극 과제가 장차의 연구를 위한 객관적인 자료수집 절차로서 유용함이 시사되었다.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.118-151
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• 1997

Allergic contact dermatitis is a common skin disease resulting from specific immumologic sensitization to topically applied various allergen. Purpose of this study was to investigate skin morphologic chganges by light microscopic, changes of protein band by SDS-PAGE in the skin treated on the surfactant. Furthermore, lectin histochemistry is used to know the chagnges of the terminal sugar of the glycoconjugate in the skin treated on the surfactant. The results were as follows : The 1 day of treated group was indicated the enlargement of capillary, the 3 days of treated group was showed that the cytoplasm was eosinophlic by the pyknotic of nucleus. The 6 days of treated group was observed hyperkeratinoid, increased of inflammation cells to epithelium. The 9 days of treated group was appeares that serum crust was sheded and formed a acanthosis. But dermis layer was cytoplasmic vaculation and enlargement of intercellular space. The 12 days treated group made up new epidermis layer of seven layer and of observed an decreased in quantity of inflammation cells. The mast cell of degranulated type was increased in treated surfactnat. It was secreating granules hold histamin, serotonin and heparin. Accordingly, protein band of electrophortic phase was observed a sudden changes since 3 days treated group. At observeation of the cell-surface glycoconjugates, LCA, PNA, SBA and WGA lectin positive cells but inducated lectin negative cells in Con-A. Furthermore, PNA and SBA showed stroger positive reaction as treated surfactant group.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.177-186
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• 2018

The mechanism of emotion is complex and influenced by a variety of factors, so that it is crucial to analyze emotion in broad and diversified perspectives. In this study, we classified neutral and negative emotions(sadness, fear, surprise) using arousal evaluation, which is one of the psychological evaluation scales, as well as physiological signals. We have not only revealed the difference between physiological signals coupled to the emotions, but also assessed how accurate these emotions can be classified by our emotional recognizer based on neural network algorithm. A total of 146 participants(mean age $20.1{\pm}4.0$, male 41%) were emotionally stimulated while their physiological signals of the electrocardiogram, blood flow, and dermal activity were recorded. In addition, the participants evaluated their psychological states on the emotional rating scale in response to the emotional stimuli. Heart rate(HR), standard deviation(SDNN), blood flow(BVP), pulse wave transmission time(PTT), skin conduction level(SCL) and skin conduction response(SCR) were calculated before and after the emotional stimulation. As a result, the difference between physiological responses was verified corresponding to the emotions, and the highest emotion classification performance of 86.9% was obtained using the combined analysis of arousal and physiological features. This study suggests that negative emotion can be categorized by psychological and physiological evaluation along with the application of machine learning algorithm, which can contribute to the science and technology of detecting human emotion.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.471-480
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• 2007

Negative emotions play an important function as to human's existence. In this research, we employed the audio-visual film clips to induce negative emotions and examined the classified responses in the autonomic nervous system(ANS) due to each negative emotion.30 adults(22.6 years $old{\pm}1.24$, 15 males and 15 females) took part in this experiment. Through the preliminary experiment, 2 minutes film's stimuli were selected as the emotion-induced stimuli. During the period when participants were viewing and listening to the selected movie, EDA and ECG were examined as soon as one stimulus was displayed, participants were tested by completing the psychological appraisals of their experienced emotion due to each emotional stimulus. With regard to the result of analyzing the psychological responses, each negative emotion appropriately and effectively induced its target emotion. While concerning the result of analyzing ANS responses, each negative emotion induced its respective activation in ANS. What is more, compared with other types of negative emotional stimuli, the scaring stimulus induced higher activation of the sympathetic nervour system(SNS) as to the indexes in EDh and ECG. This research made segmentation of ANS responses to each negative emotion, which has its significance.