• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.357-366
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• 2014

On December of 2003, IMO's $23^{rd}$ Assembly discussed 'Guidelines on places of refuge for ships in need of assistance' At the discussion, Res. A.949(23) has been selected to appoint recommended place of refuge for countries signatory to the IMO Convention. IMO defines "Places of Refuge" as a places where a ship in need of assistance can take action to enable it to stabilize its condition and reduce the hazards to navigation, and to protect human life and the environment. Appointing and managing a Place of refuge can be a delicate problem because of its close connection to each country's coastal and environmental protection policies. However, in case of marine accident, the appointment or management of the place of refuge has a potential to avoid further damage and reduce to the minimum any environmental and estate losses. Currently a number of foreign countries, designated and operated a place of refuge. But, place of refuge selected method criteria were different by country and also does not have any standardized designating place of refuge model. Therefor, this study suggested the model of assigned places of refuge according to objective indication in order to assign reasonable and efficient places of refuge in domestic waters in the future by investigating and analyzing imported facts in considering the assignment of places of refuge in foreign countries and describing these imported data into quantitative value. In designating the model place of refuge, the final place of refuge location was presented by evaluating the probability of marine accidents, analyzing the location, and evaluating the supporting establishment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.44-46
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• 2016

최근 우리나라 관할수역에서 대형 유류오염 및 위험유해물질(HNS)유출과 같은 해양사고가 증가하고 있으며, 이로 인한 2차적 피해를 최소화하기 위한 방안으로 조난선박에 대한 피난처 제공의 필요성이 제기되고 있다. 따라서 본고에서는 선박피난처와 관련된 국제적 규범을 분석하고, 이를 토대로 현행 국내 법제도의 개선방안을 제시하고자 한다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.235-241
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• 2012

A huge marine accident causes a loss of valuable lives, property and the serious marine environment pollution. IMO adopted resolution A.949(23) to provide Places of Refuge(PoR) to 'Ship in need of assistance', which is to minimize the secondary environmental pollution caused by marine accidents. If the level of risk exceeds a certain range, it is necessary to be designated as Places of Refuge(PoR) after evaluation of potential risk, which is based on the database of several marine environmental factors. Also, it is necessary to develop skills about quantification/standardization of vessel traffic safety, complexity and risk. Because there is the close relation between the problem of designating Places of Refuge(PoR) and the policy of nation for protecting the natural environment of coastal state, it is important to prepare related legislation. In this paper, introduction of Places of Refuge(PoR) in domestic areas have been suggested based on the analysis of several foreign designating cases.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.511-544
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• 2007

He purpose of this paper is to estimate environmental efficiency and grasp the relationship between trade and environmental efficiency for 61 countries. Furthermore, we examine the environmental Kuznets relationship between environmental efficiency and GDP per capita and 'pollution haven hypothesis' as well. This paper implies that trade-related variables such as trade composition, the share of polluting exports and openness of a country are important determinants of environmental efficiency and especially, we confirmed existence of 'environmental Kuznets curve' but could not accept 'pollution haven hypothesis' in that 'foreign direct investment (FDI)' improves the environmental performance of pensioner nations.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.851-856
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• 2012

There has been increasing the possibility of occurring the marine accident and become bigger the extent of damage with the growing number and high speed of ships. Also, there were tremendous loss of lives and properties in accidents of Hebei spirit in 2007 and Cheon Ahan war ship in 2010 with the insufficient salvage response and the lack of emergency response systems. When a ship has suffered an incident, the best way of preventing damage or pollution from its progressive deterioration would be to providing a place of refuge and to repair the damage rapidly. Therefore, it was examined the recent collision accident broken out near the Nam-Hae, and then suggested that it was necessary to be improved of the domestic salvage systems. It requires the procedures of providing a place of refuge, and the towing support system which make the damaged ship moved to the safe area, and joining of the ISU.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to find Healing elements in the late work of Frank Lloyd Wright. Healing elements are mainly composed of physical, social and psychological functions, which are clearly reflected in holistic attitude and intuition in his Organic theory of Architecture. Late works of Wright since 1935 show particularly shapes of triangle and circle creating the emotional images associated with Hope and Infinity. His image-oriented design attitude is thought to be strongly related to the pursuit of Utopian ideal which means peaceful condition. He regarded it as the consequence of integrity and control, which could be thought as condition of Healing environment. Refuge and Prospect can be complementary elements of spatial expression representing peaceful and dynamic condition of the Nature itself. Five works selected in this case study have unique design ideas related to the function and image of Healing environment interpreted by the criteria of Refuge and Prospect.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.169-174
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• 2007

A huge marine accident causes a loss of valuable lives, property and the serious environmental contamination. In the IMO, active discussions about a potential occurrence possibility of marine accidents and appropriate place(place of refuge) to minimize the damage are being developed as appropriate transferring vessels which has a worry of a secondary marine environmental pollution from a previous marine accident Our country has a great potential et marine accidents due to the foreign vessel in distress because there is a huge vessel traffic amounts of the passage since which locate with in the important navigation connects the Asian region. and North America centering around north Pacific Ocean Also, we need the minimize the secondary damage from accident which occurs in domestic ports as transferring safe쇼 place when it is needed In this paper, analyzed and investigated a designated the place of refuge that analyze foreign cases, and will make a efficient and reasonable investigating plan of interior place of refuge.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.63-71
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to find the complementary idea of the psychological elements in aesthetic expression of architectural space in the sense of healing. Marks $L\ddot{u}scher$, the swiss psychologist suggested reasonable categories of emotional character according to the couple combinations among Content, Self-Esteem, Confidence, and Liberty. His theory on healing is not only the concept but the practical method to understand and control the conflict between contrary elements of emotion. Compared to the Freud's objective theory of cause and consequence, his idea is focused on the subjective and autonomous harmony. This theory based on complementary idea is applied to psychological attitude of architects on Spatial Expression in this study. Refuge, Prospect, Flow and Void are assumed as equivalent spatial elements to the four major emotional conditions suggested by $M.L\ddot{u}scher$. The couple combinations among them also characterize the architectural characters definitely and it is expected to be the reasonable criteria in analysing aesthetic value and motive of creating human space.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.7-14
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• 2007

The concept and spatial composition of office have endlessly changed according to social trend. And according to social change, members of office, namely, concept of organization has been changed. Presently, our society finds and needs appearance of office suitable for our society. According to a concept of ecological environment and a concept laying stress on human, various trials have been performed but still, stress of salaried men is treated as social issue. By having connection between psychological healing theory of Max $L{\ddot{\bar{u}}}scher$ and spatial expression elements (content : refuge, self-esteem : prospect, confidence : flow, liberty : void) as a theory, we discussed possibility of aesthetic office landscape could be developed to a type of office which could control emotion that can be a cause of stress and we intended to examine limitation and possibility through case analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.357-370
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• 2002

Present work aims to investigate the species composition, physiognomy and distribution of arctic-alpine and alpine plants(AAP) of the Korean Peninsula. The dominance of AAP in the northern Korea may be due to the frequent exchanges of floras with circumpolar regions for the seek of the glacial refugia during the alternate Pleistocene glacial epochs. The post-glacial climatic amelioration pushed AAP back northwards and upwards, so they now shows disjunctive distribution on separate mountain tops. The diverse morphological adaptations of AAP to severe environmental conditions, viz. the dominance of perennial species, stunted tree growth, multiple protection of leaves, krummholz, and dwarf shrubs, are the result of long-term graduall development which have safeguarded the survival of AAP in a such a harsh cryo-climatic area. The appearance of the Korean endemic AAP reflects the long-term isolation of species in Korea, and the local environmental diversities which have both accentuated this isolation and aided the development of genetic diversity. Evergreen broad-leaved AAP at c. 1,500m to 1,800m and above are now endangered because of the competition from down-slope plants, and from the global warming.