• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.25-40
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• 2012

The purpose of this study explain the experimental effects of Guizhishaoyaozhimu-Tang (桂枝芍藥知母湯) that have clinical efficacy in rheumatoid Arthritis. Materials of present study were Guizhishaoyaozhimu-Tang freeze dried powder (GSZT), Sprague-dawley rats (300 g or so, male), various kinds of needing experimental studis. In order to study the therapeutic effects of GSZT, this Prescription (GSZT 500 mg/kg, 1,000 mg/kg) were administered per oral to the rats with the arthritis induced by Freund's complete adjuvant ($0.2m{\ell}/kg$), several experimental items were measured and compared each other ; that is body weight, rate of edema, analgesic effect by hot plate method, WBC, total protein, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-10 and expression and localization of H&E, COX-2 staining in synovial tissues from rat with rheumatoid arthritis by immunohistochemical staining using polyclonal COX-2 antibodies. Rats were divided into four groups. Normal group was not treated with Freund's complete adjuvant and treated with DDW 1.0 $m{\ell}$, Control group was treated with Freund's complete adjuvant 0.2 $m{\ell}/kg$ and DDW 1.0 $m{\ell}$, Sample A group was treated with Freund's complete adjuvant 0.2 $m{\ell}/kg$ and GSZT (500 $mg/m{\ell}$) $1.0m{\ell}$, Sample B group was treated with Freund's complete adjuvant 0.2 $m{\ell}/kg$ and GSZT (1,000 $mg/m{\ell}$) 1.0 $m{\ell}$. 0 was day that did not start experiment, 14 was day that confirmed rheumatism induced by Freund's complete adjuvant, 28 was day that completed experiment. The following results were obtained in this study ; Sample A group was increased in body weight, escape time and paw licking time statistical significance compared with Control group, and were decreased in edema, WBC, total protein, TNF-${\alpha}$ with statistical significance compared with Control group. Sample B group was increased in escape time with statistical significance compared with Control group, and were decreased in edema, WBC, total protein with statistical significance compared with Control group. Sample A and Sample B groups were increased in IL-10 compared with Control group, and Sample B group was decreased in TNF-${\alpha}$ compared with Control group. And, Control, Sample A and Sample B groups were showed considerable reduction of positive expression in comparison to Normal group. Especially, Sample B group was most significantly reduction of positive expression than the other groups. From above results, I suggest that GuizhiShaoyaoZhimu-Tang can be used for curing rheumatoid arthritis.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.644-654
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• 2017

Due to globalization and the increasing number of international marriages, Korea has become a multicultural society. In 2012, the Korean Ministry of Education established guidelines for education on multicultural understanding for all K-12 students. The purpose of this study is to understand how education on multicultural understanding is conducted and to provide suggestions for improvements. Based on the six goals of multicultural curriculum in Bennett's conceptual model, this study explores how multicultural education specialists conduct their instructions and how they convey the value of multicultural understanding in public schools. Four multicultural education specialists were recruited, and various qualitative data were collected from pre- and post-interviews and classroom observations. The data were analyzed through thematic analysis. The study findings show that the participants educated elementary students by introducing their own (or spouse's) culture through their traditional clothes, food, and customs. This indicated that they focused mainly on developing multiple historical perspectives and strengthening intercultural competence. However, their current education on multicultural understanding may not help students to increase an awareness of the state of the planet and global dynamics, and to build social action skills. Finally, we suggest that multicultural education should be integrated and infused into national (regular) curricula so that all students can enhance their multicultural understanding.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.647-659
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• 2018

'Waiting for a Thousand Years & Mingling with World People-Gangneung Danoje Festival 2017 as an Important Intangible Cultural Property' is the festival with the longest history in Korea. In spite of its historical value, however, there are not many academic researches on the value of festival brand equity. Thus, the objective of this study is to empirically analyze the influence relationship between selection attributes of festival storytelling, brand equity, brand attitude, and brand loyalty through the structural equation model. Regarding the spatial scope of thesis material, a survey was conducted focusing on 657 tourists visiting the Gangneung Danoje Festival. In the results of verifying the hypotheses in accordance with the structural equation model, the selection attributes of festival storytelling had effects on the brand equity, and the brand equity had effects on the brand attitude and brand loyalty while the brand attitude had effects on the brand loyalty. Based on such results of this study, the implications could be suggested as follows. First, the local contents culture should be developed together with local experts and residents by finding its local custom. Second, the brand equity that could prioritize the strategy of characteristics should be increased by emphasizing the selection attributes of storytelling. Third, the phased development should be achieved through local residents' open participation by dividing roles of experts and non-experts as festival manpower.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.10
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• pp.958-965
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• 2003

Purpose : Recently the number of juvenile delinquents have been increasing in Korea and their misdeeds were getting worse. This study was conducted to find out the basic cause of juvenile delinquency and a counterplan of overcoming this distress. Methods : The authors reviewed the statistics of the Supreme Public Prosecutors Office to know the juvenile delinquents and Korean national statistics to know the changes of family environments. The author conducted a study on the family environments between student group and juvenile delinquent group in jail, and also investigated the value judgement of middle and high school students to know the difference between the recent adolescents and the youth before 1945. Results : Nuclear families, dual-income families and divorce rates have remarkably been increased recently. All of which are considered to be the basic cause of getting worse in home teaching. It was found that the delinquent group have more defective families, poorer economic status, poorer parent's educational level than the student group, and also found that the value judgement of recent youth were quite different from that of youth before 1945. Conclusion : Industrialization have changed our home-environment rapidly which made home-teaching poorer, and the children were being insecure and melancholy, which consequently made them more abnormal youth and juvenile delinquents in Korea.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.219-227
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• 2001

중국 낙양의 평악곽씨(平樂郭氏) 정골법은 중국의학의 골상과(骨傷科) 중에서 중요한 학술유파로 널리 알려져 있다. 그 치료법에 있어서 독특하고 체계적인 시술법을 갖추고 있는데, 교정 수기법, 고정방법, 기능훈련, 약물치료 등의 내용을 포함하고 있다. 창상(創傷)에 대한 약물요법에서 "파(破) 화(和) 보(補)" 3단계로 분류된 약물사용 원칙을 제시하였는데, 즉 골정손상의 초기에는 기혈어체(氣血瘀滯)의 병리기전에 입각하여 약물은 활혈화어제(活血化瘀劑)를 주로 사용하고, 중반에는 기혈부화(氣血不和) 경락부통(經絡不通)의 기전으로 파악하고 주로 활혈통락(活血通絡)시키는 약물을 사용하며, 말기에는 구병(久病)으로 기형(氣血)이 휴손(虧損)되므로 보기혈(補氣血) 및 장근골(壯筋骨)의 약물을 주로 사용한다. 이와 같은 평악곽씨(平樂郭氏)의 正骨(정골)에 관한 약물사용 원칙을 토대로 선조의 처방과 경험방 및 후세의 통용방(協定方)을 근간으로 심은 평악곽씨(平樂郭氏)의 正骨(정골)에 대한 전통약물시리즈가 형성되었다. 이러한 처방들은 장기간의 임상활용에서 그 효과가 뛰어나고 안전성이 확보된 것으로 입증되었다. 근골통소환(筋骨痛消丸)은 활혈행기(活血行氣), 온경통락(溫經通絡), 소종지통(消腫止痛)의 효능이 있어 근골의 퇴행성 질환이나 만성 노손(勞損)으로 일어나는 종창(腫脹), 통증, 관절활동의 제한, 목 어깨 허리 다리 등의 통증, 발꿈치 통증, 골절 후 지체(肢體)의 종통(腫痛), 어혈 등에 활용한다. 활혈접골지통고(活血接骨止痛膏)는 접골속근(接骨續筋), 통락지통(通絡止痛)의 효능이 있어 골상(骨傷)을 입은 후 지체(肢體)의 종창(腫脹)이나 통증 또는 골절 등에 사용한다. 이 약은 크림제와 고약제 두가지가 있다. 평악내복접골교양(平樂內服接骨膠襄)은 활혈소종(活血消腫), 접골속근(接骨續筋)의 효능이 있어 각종 근육의 손상이나 골정상에 활용된다. 평낙전근단(平樂展筋丹)은 활혈화어(活血化瘀), 서근지통(舒筋止痛), 통리관절(通利關節), 등의 효능이 있어 타박상으로 인한 지체(肢體)의 종통(腫痛), 관절강직, 활동제한 및 골관절 질환과 풍습비통(風濕痺痛) 등을 치료한다. 전통적으로 외용(外用)에 사용되는 산제(散劑)는 마사지에 주로 활용된다. 임상에서 다양한 제형(劑型)으로 개발되어 분무형태로 쓰이는 근상정(筋傷酊)과 마사지 크림으로 사용되는 평악낙전근접마유제(平樂展筋接摩乳劑)가 있다. 소종활혈(消腫活血) 대포제(袋泡劑)는 산제(散劑)를 티팩 형식으로 사용하는 외용제형(外用劑型)이며, 서근활혈(舒筋活血), 소종지통(消腫止痛)의 효능이 있어 타박상 말기에 근육이 굳어지고, 어반이 형성되면서 통증이 나타나며, 종창(腫脹) 등이 생길 때 사용한다. 사용방법은 따뜻한 물에 담가 우려낸 다음 상처부위를 씨어주면 된다. 특별히 제작된 접골환(接骨丸)은 배보간신(培補肝腎), 익기건비(益氣健脾), 활혈통락(活血通絡), 강근건골(强筋健骨) 등의 작용이 있어 파박상이나 골절이 잘 치유되지 않고 오래 지속되는 경우에 사용된다. 이와 같은 다양한 평악곽씨(平樂郭氏)의 전통적인 정골(正骨)에 관한 약물들은 약리학적 실험을 거쳐 그 독성반응이나 부작용 및 임상효과를 관찰한 결과 통제학적으로 p<0.05-0.01로 나타나 98%의 치료효과를 보였으며, 독성 및 부작용이 없어 안정성이 인정되었으므로 긍정적인 치료효과를 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.497-497
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• 1997

간질성폐질변(間質性肺疾變)은 결체조직질병(結締組織疾病)의 상견(常見)되는 병발증(倂發證)이지만, 지금까지는 이상적(理想的)인 치료법(治療法)이 없었다. 본(本) 연구(硏究)는 본병(本病)의 병리기전(病理機轉)이 중의(中醫)에서의 "어혈(瘀血)"증(證) 상호(相互) 유사(類似)한 것으로부터 시작(始作)하여, 중의(中醫)의 "활혈화어법(活血化瘀法)"과 결합(結合)하여 치료(治療)하면서 환자(患者)의 폐기능(肺氣能) 검사결과(檢査結果)의 변화(變化)를 추적(追跡)해, 그 치료효과(治療效果)에 대(對)한 평가(評價)를 내리는 작업(作業)으로 이루어졌다. 먼저 풍습과(風濕科)에 의뢰(依賴)하여 결체조직질병(結締組織疾病)에 간질성폐병(間質性肺病)이 병발(倂發)한 환자(患者)를 선별(選別)한 후(後)에, 서의치료(西醫治療) 통(通)해서 그 원발성(原發性) 질병(疾病)이 은정(隱靜)한 상태(狀態)에까지 이르도록 한 후(後), 필요(必要)한 최저량(最低量)의 서의약(西醫藥)만을 유지(維持)케 하였다. 환자(患者)의 의사(意舍)에 따라서 두 개의 조(組)로 나누어, 실험군(實驗群)은 중의(中醫)에서 회진(會診)하고, Raynaud 증후군(症候群)의 유무(有無)에 따라서, 당귀사역탕(當歸四逆湯) 혹(或)은 혈부축어탕(血府逐瘀湯)을 농축분제(濃縮粉劑)로 투여(投與)하며 연속(連續)하여 6개월간(個月間) 치료(治療)하였다. 대조군(對照群)의 경우(境遇)에는 중의(中醫)가 회진(會診)하지 않았다. 14개월(個月)동안 모두 실험군(實驗群) 23례(例)와 대조군(對照群) 16례(例)를 대상(對象)으로 연구(硏究)를 하였는데, 모두 여성환자(女性患者)였다. 압축성폐용량(壓軸性肺用量)(FVC), 폐총용량(肺總用量)(TCL), carbon monoxide에 대(對)한 폐(肺)의 확산능력(擴散能力)(DLCO), 그리고 폐포공기량(肺泡空氣量)(VA)에 대(對) DCLO의 비(比)를 지표(指標)로 삼아, 폐기능(肺氣能)의 손상정도(損傷程度)에 따라서 box plot으로 분석(分析)하고, 폐기능(肺氣能)의 손상(損傷)을 측정(測定)하는 시스템을 만들었다. 실험결과(實驗結果), 실험군(實驗群)이 대조군(對照群)에 비(比)해서 치료(治療) 전(前)보다 명현(明顯)한 개선(改善)이 있었다. 폐기능(肺氣能)을 검사(檢査)한 수치(數値)들을 일반적(一般的)으로 통계처리(統計處理)한 것을 응용(應用)하고, TCL과 FVC의 모형식(模型式)을 만든 결과(結果), 실험군(實驗群)에서 FVC가 치료과정(治療過程)의 기간(其間)과 정비례(正比例)하여 향상(向上)되고, 또한 치료효과(治療效果)가 명현(明顯)하게 나타나기 시작(始作)하는 시기(時期)가 중의(中醫) 치료과정(治療過程)을 거친 실험군(實驗群)의 제(第)12개(個)에서 DLCO와 DLCO/VA의 향상(向上)이 나타나는 시기(時期)와 거의 일치(一致)하는 것을 발견(發見)하였다.

• Archives of design research
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.149-159
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• 1999

It is already a well-known fact, that Korean attend the funeral ceremonies with their courteous etiquette being derived from their customs succeeded from the old ancient times to the contemporary one, regarding it as of great importance. Especially in the age of Lee Dynasty, the etiquette has been a way of Confucian ideas, which has exerted a harmful influences to Korean society due to the reflection of the dutiful conciousness to the tomb customs, and that the change of the burial site and its construction works became more and more serious and excessive. In the meantime, the population has been increased according to the development of the modern industrialization and the number of the dead has also been increased, which caused the issue on the effective use of the limited national land relating to the tomb culture, as the passing of the time. Consequently, in this study on the design of the charnel house, three aspects, humane aspect pursuing the human value, like naturalism or equalitarianism, circumstancial aspect presenting minimum space and convenient space, and formative aspect expressing convenient space, and formative aspect expressing convenient charnel function, unique form and symbolism, have been considered, in order that the tomb space could be transferred to the place for the meditation looking back the meaning of the life, or the place for the comfort. Above all, the special emphasis has been put on the creation of the tomb culture, harmonizing relaxation, exercise and refinement in everyone's life. And in order to realize it, the special interest and investment should be directed not only to the materialistic culture caused from the whole hearted devotion to the development for advancing society, but to the related parts to the value of the life or spiritual culture, such a sideology, culture or environment etc., which would be led to the entrance to the real advaced country members.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.35-44
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• 2016

This study targets flower-viewing sites appearing in "Kyungdojapji" and talks about the seasonal customs and tourist attractions of the later Chosun; Pilundae, Bukdun, Outside of Dongdaemun, Cheonyunjeong and near Seodaemun etc. Through related poetry, paintings and maps, it looks into what scenic elements each attraction was made of and how the elements were felt by visitors. It sub-divided and analyzed scenic features into objective objects, subjective emotions and experienced behaviors. As a result, representative objective objects were flowers and there were also scenes where people enjoyed poem-writing meetings along with drinking-related physical elements such as liquor, liquor glasses, liquor bottles etc. Through drawing out scenes, where users gave meaning to objective objects, it tried to interpret what space meant to them, through which the meaning of flower-viewing attractions is first and foremost a space to enjoy artistic taste. Each space is used as the center of cultural creation such as literary people gathering, viewing flowers, drinking and having poetry-writing meetings. Second, as shown in scenes viewers depicted in each space, visitors were confirmed to enjoy scenes through multi-sensory appreciation. By this, flower-viewing attractions were confirmed to be not just flower-viewing but also venues of sensory experience. This study, which drew out the scenic features of traditional flower-viewing attractions, is expected to be basic material in tracing the flower-viewing enjoyed by our ancestors as a pastime and its spatial meaning and in planning Korea-unique flower-viewing attractions.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.41
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• pp.187-209
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• 2010

This thesis to be studied conversation by writing between the medical staff of Chosun(朝鮮) and Japan in 1763. Both countries the medical staff and intellectuals meet that communication, confrontation and conflict, exchanges and cooperation in 18C. They met greeting and sing in chorus. Chosun keep checking in western medicine of Japan. They are compared to customs of two countries. Also Japanese increase interest in the Hangeul(한글). Confrontation and conflict resulted from history recognition and difference of viewpoint of two countries. Especially Kokugaku(古學) have many influence on this situation. So battle come and go to study of Ogyu Sorai(荻生?徠) and Dajai Jun(太宰純). But this situation includes Mutual misunderstanding. Because of limitation on conversation by writing. Exchanges and cooperation take shape on the medical staff that a process of ginseng(人蔘), medical treatment. And two countries promote goodwill that method of buying books in Japan and medical treatment. In conclusion, intellectuals of Chosun and Japan have some misunderstanding and distrust. but they are communication with Chinese writing that east asian's common language. Also exchange its views and information.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.41
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• pp.177-197
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• 2015

This study found that La hija del mar (1859) by Rosalía de Castro describes, as the background to the work, the lives of Galicians, along with the movement of the sea, scenes of the coast, storms, and lively plants in Muxía, a small city of Galicia and Cabo de Finisterre. It was shown that the nature of Galicia, as described in the work, is a beautiful site where fishermen and farmers live among the full aroma of plants and flowers, as well as being a subject of fear to the people there. Furthermore, it was also shown through the funeral process, along with a depiction of the natural environment, the unique place of Galicia is part of the traditional heritage that the Galician people have preserved, in which Roman Catholic rituals are mixed with superstitious rites. Moreover, the author shows through a description of the excessive drinking culture of Dionysian rites or Libation rites that Galicia is a land with longstanding and profound folk customs, as well as a special culture. It was proved that the work is a specific representation of the author's perspective. Thus, Rosalía depicts the lives of people and the natural environment, which have not been examined profoundly, although they always existed in Galicia. This provides space where the external reality of Galicia and part of the identity of Galicia can be elucidated.