• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.172-182
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• 2016

This study was aimed to determine the changes in vitamin $B_5$ and $B_6$ contents compared to fresh materials after parboiling treatment of the main vegetables consumed in Korea. The specificity of accuracy and precision for vitamin $B_5$ and $B_6$ analysis method were validated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The recovery rate of standard reference material (SRM) was excellent, and all analysis was under the control line based on the quality control chart for vitamin $B_5$ and $B_6$. The Z-score for vitamin $B_6$ in food analysis performance assessment scheme (FAPAS) proficiency test was -1.0, confirming reliability of analytical performance. The vitamin $B_5$ and $B_6$ contents in a total of 39 fresh materials and parboiled samples were analyzed. The contents of vitamin $B_5$ and $B_6$ ranged from 0.000 to 2.462 and from 0.000 to $0.127mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$, respectively. The highest contents of vitamin $B_5$ and $B_6$ were $2.462mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ in fresh fatsia shoots (stem vegetables), and $0.127mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ in fresh spinach beet (leafy vegetables), respectively. Moreover, the vitamin $B_5$ and $B_6$ contents for parboiling treatment in most vegetables were reduced or not detected. In particular, the contents of vitamin $B_5$ in parboiled fatsia shoots and vitamin $B_6$ in parboiled yellow potato and spinach beet were decreased 20- and 4-fold compared with fresh material, respectively. These results can be used as important basic data for utilization and processing of various vegetable crops, information for dietary life, management of school meals, and national health for Koreans.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.9-19
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• 2011

This study aimed to investigate the effect of night temperature on tomato and grafted watermelon seedlings, particularly, shoot height, leaf area, stem diameter, and total dry weight and relationship among the growth parameters which are used to evaluate healthy seedling. Plants were grown at 10, 15, and $20^{\circ}C$. Leaf area index (LAI) and total dry weight of tomato seedlings weight deceased more significantly under $10^{\circ}C$ than other night temperature regimes. In grafted watermelon seedlings, shoot height increased shapely and stem diameter decreased under $20^{\circ}C$. Increasing the integral temperature, leaf area of tomato seedlings under $10^{\circ}C$ decreased and shoot height of grafted watermelon seedlings increased although temperature integrals are same. The relationships among the growth parameter were changed upon the night temperature. Stem diameters of tomato seedlings had upward tendency with increase of shoot height, but there were no significant differences among night temperature regimes. Shoot hight of grafted watermelon seedlings had no relationship with shoot height. These results indicate that shoot height and stem diameter of tomato seedlings is not appropriate for assessing seedlings quality but shoot height of grafted watermelon seedlings with stem diameter is available.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.586-594
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• 2010

We evaluated changes in the microbiological quality and safety of food items (vegetables, seaweed, and processed food) supplied to elementary school food services to evaluate the distribution/delivery system. Pretreated vegetables, seaweed, and processed food were delivered to schools in refrigerated (${\leq}10^{\circ}C$) vans that made several delivery stops before arriving at the schools. During the distribution stage, total plate and coliforms counts were: bellflower roots $7.6{\times}10^5-6.7{\times}10^6$ and $5.8{\times}10^4-5.2{\times}10^5$ CFU/g; blanched bracken $4.5{\times}10^3-2.1{\times}10^5$, $5.0{\times}10^3-1{\times}10^4$ CFU/g; onion $1.2{\times}10^4-1.4{\times}10^4$, $5.0{\times}10$ CFU/g; soybean sprouts $9.6{\times}10^4-6.3{\times}10^7$ and $1.1{\times}10^3-1.2{\times}10^7$ CFU/g; soybean curd < $10-9.7{\times}10^5$ and < $10-2.3{\times}10^5$ CFU/g; and starch jelly < $10-3.8{\times}10^3$ and <10 CFU/g. Bacillus cereus < $10-4.1{\times}10^2$ CFU/g, Escherichia coli $1.0{\times}10-2.0{\times}10$ CFU/g, and Staphylococcus aureus $1.3{\times}10^2-4.1{\times}10^2$ CFU/g were detected on peeled bellflower, whereas B. cereus < $10-4.1{\times}10^2$ CFU/g, Listeria monocytogenes $1.0{\times}10-4.5{\times}10^2$ CFU/g, and S. aureus $1.8{\times}10^2-4.5{\times}10^2$ CFU/g, were detected on soybean sprouts. Most food items were double-wrapped in vinyl and placed in corrugated cardboard boxes prior to delivery, but the boxes, when placed in vans, were not segregated from other food items being delivered to schools and other destinations.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.400-406
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microbial contamination level of Korean traditional rice cakes (Garaetteok, Injeolmi, Gyeongdan), as well as manufacturing environment of small-sized businesses in Korea. The contamination levels of total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and Bacillus cereus in raw materials were 3.76-4.48, 2.21-4.14, and 1.02-1.15 log CFU/g respectively. On the other hand, Escherichia coli was not found. It has been found that the contamination level of total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and B. cereus in the raw material decreased after the washing process, but it increased again during the soaking and grinding process. However, after the steaming stage, the contamination level increased again during the molding and cooling process, suggesting the need to take cautions in managing cooling water and molded rice cakes in the process. These results suggest that the safe management of cooling water and taking cautions in the drying process after steaming of rice cakes are necessary for controlling cross-contamination. No E. coli was detected during the manufacturing process involving all tested rice cakes. The microbial contamination level of manufacturing environment such as rice grinder and rice cake forming machine was high. Therefore, in terms of food safety strategy, it is necessary to consider introducing systematic cleansing and disinfection procedure to processing equipment and environment for the sake of reducing microbiological risks.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.219-226
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• 2019

This study was conducted to understand the overall status of the monitoring program for pesticide residues in foods of South Korea. Further propositions for its improvement were made, and from this study, the status on this program can be summarized as follows. In South Korea, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) is responsible for overall control of pesticide residue monitoring. Depending on the time of monitoring (sampling at distribution or production step), the government agency responsible for monitoring is different: MFDS, Regional Offices of Food and Drug Safety and local governments are responsible for monitoring of foods at the distribution step, while the National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service (NAQS) and local governments are responsible for monitoring of foods in the production step (partially at sale and distribution steps). According to purpose of monitoring, domestic monitoring programs could be divided into two types: MFDS's "Residue Survey" and NAQS's "National Residue Survey" are conducted mainly for risk assessment purposes and various monitoring programs by the Regional Offices of Food and Drug Safety and local governments are conducted mainly for regulation purposes. For imported foods, monitoring should be conducted at both steps of customs clearance and distribution: the MFDS and the Regional Offices of Food and Drug Safety are responsible for the former, and for the latter, local governments are also responsible. However, it appeared that systematic and consistent monitoring programs are not being conducted for imported foods at the distribution step. Based on the information described above and more detailed information included in this paper, the following proposals for improving the monitoring program were forwarded: i) further clarification of monitoring program purpose, ii) strengthening of the monitoring program for imported foods, iii) providing the public with monitoring results by publication of an annual report and database. It is thought that exhaustive review on the pesticide residue monitoring program and efforts for its improvement are needed in order to assure both food safety and the success of the recently begun positive list system (PLS).

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.97-111
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• 2021

Purpose: It is expected that various infrastructures diagnosis equipment will be needed as infrastructures management is strengthened to implement the Framework Act on Sustainable Infrastructure Management. It is necessary for a certification system to supply certified products of a reasonable level in accordance with market requirements for various convergence equipment. This paper deals with the introduction of certification system of inspection and diagnosis equipment for infrastructure using advanced technologies. Method: The basic elements, systems and procedures of certification system were reviewed through analyzing and comparing the existing similar certification system in Korea. In addition, a survey was conducted on a catalog method and the minimum performance criterion (sampling survey and complete enumeration survey) to equipment developers (manufacturers), clients and equipment users. Result: This survey showed that clients preferred complete enumeration method on the basis of minimum performance, and equipment users also preferred complete enumeration survey and sample survey, for minimum performance, at a similar rate. On the other hand, equipment developers preferred the catalog method. Conclusion: Clients and users who are the users of the diagnostic equipment preferred the minimum performance criterion because their trust in quality is important. On the other hand, developers(manufacturers) preferred the catalog method which adopts self certification because it is regulated in developing various products. There is no specific plan for the minimum performance standards required for the introduction of the method which users demand, at present. In addition, it is not desirable to force to introduce a certification system because it requires a considerable period of study to prepare the specific standards. Therefore, it is appropriate to operate the system for a certain period of time centering around the catalog method for the stable and continuous development of the infrastructure diagnosis and test equipment market in Korea. Also, it is effective to expand and develop the certification system to the extent that it minimizes the impact on the market when specific plans for the standards are prepared in the future.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.23-31
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• 2020

This study was carried out to generate various images of railroad surfaces with random defects as training data to be better at the detection of defects. Defects on the surface of railroads are caused by various factors such as friction between track binding devices and adjacent tracks and can cause accidents such as broken rails, so railroad maintenance for defects is necessary. Therefore, various researches on defect detection and inspection using image processing or machine learning on railway surface images have been conducted to automate railroad inspection and to reduce railroad maintenance costs. In general, the performance of the image processing analysis method and machine learning technology is affected by the quantity and quality of data. For this reason, some researches require specific devices or vehicles to acquire images of the track surface at regular intervals to obtain a database of various railway surface images. On the contrary, in this study, in order to reduce and improve the operating cost of image acquisition, we constructed the 'Defective Railroad Surface Regeneration Model' by applying the methods presented in the related studies of the Generative Adversarial Network (GAN). Thus, we aimed to detect defects on railroad surface even without a dedicated database. This constructed model is designed to learn to generate the railroad surface combining the different railroad surface textures and the original surface, considering the ground truth of the railroad defects. The generated images of the railroad surface were used as training data in defect detection network, which is based on Fully Convolutional Network (FCN). To validate its performance, we clustered and divided the railroad data into three subsets, one subset as original railroad texture images and the remaining two subsets as another railroad surface texture images. In the first experiment, we used only original texture images for training sets in the defect detection model. And in the second experiment, we trained the generated images that were generated by combining the original images with a few railroad textures of the other images. Each defect detection model was evaluated in terms of 'intersection of union(IoU)' and F1-score measures with ground truths. As a result, the scores increased by about 10~15% when the generated images were used, compared to the case that only the original images were used. This proves that it is possible to detect defects by using the existing data and a few different texture images, even for the railroad surface images in which dedicated training database is not constructed.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.113-121
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• 2022

Rice blast is a major plant disease that occurs worldwide and significantly reduces rice yields. Rice blast disease occurs periodically in Korea, causing significant socio-economic damage due to the unique status of rice as a major staple crop. A disease outbreak prediction system is required for preventing rice blast disease. Epidemiological investigations of disease outbreaks can aid in decision-making for plant disease management. Currently, plant disease prediction and epidemiological investigations are mainly based on quantitatively measurable, structured data such as crop growth and damage, weather, and other environmental factors. On the other hand, text data related to the occurrence of plant diseases are accumulated along with the structured data. However, epidemiological investigations using these unstructured data have not been conducted. The useful information extracted using unstructured data can be used for more effective plant disease management. This study analyzed news articles related to the rice blast disease through text mining to investigate the years and provinces where rice blast disease occurred most in Korea. Moreover, the average temperature, total precipitation, sunshine hours, and supplied rice varieties in the regions were also analyzed. Through these data, it was estimated that the primary causes of the nationwide outbreak in 2020 and the major outbreak in Jeonbuk region in 2021 were meteorological factors. These results obtained through text mining can be combined with deep learning technology to be used as a tool to investigate the epidemiology of rice blast disease in the future.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.111 no.4
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• pp.548-556
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• 2022

In this study, basic data were obtained to determine the optimal cultivation method to achieve stable fruiting and yield increase in "Cheonhwang" jujube trees. Accordingly, thefructification, fruit characteristics, and yield according to tree age were analyzed. The mean (and range of) tree height, crown area, stem diameter near the root, clear stem length, number of main branches, and distance between main branches were 235.6 (217.4-253.8) cm, 3.5 (3.1-4.1) m², 5.5 (4.0-7.1) cm, 70.6 (66.2-72.7) cm, 9.7 (8.6-10.5), and 10.4 (7.9-14.2) cm, respectively. Correlationanalysis results indicated that tree age was positively correlated with crown area, stem diameter near the root, and clear stem length but not with the number of main branches. The mean number (and range) of fruit per fruit-bearing mother shoot and tree were 18.3 (16.7-18.3) and 170.7 (157.9-178.3), respectively. Tree age was not significantlycorrelated with fruiting characteristics (i.e., the numbers of fruit-bearing mother shoots per main branch, fruit-bearing shoots per fruit-bearing mother shoot, fruit per fruit-bearing shoot, and fruit per tree). Given that the shape of jujube trees is constantly managed according to the growing area and greenhouse type, the tree growth characteristics were more affected by tree management techniques than by tree age. The mean (and range of) fruit weight, fruit hardness, and soluble solid content were 28.6 (27.7-30.3) g, 29.4 (28.5-30.4) N, and 20.4 (19.3-21.0) °brix, respectively, and these fruit characteristics were not significantly correlated with tree age.The average yield per tree of the 'Cheonhwang' jujube cultivar was 4.9 (4.8-5.0) kg, which was not significantly correlated with tree age.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.476-484
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• 2022

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of closed cultivation and open cultivation method and substrate type on the nutrient ion change pattern and growth of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) 'Scirocco' according to the reuse of drainage in hydroponics. The sowing, transplanting, and application of the closed and open cultivation method were carried out on August 19 and September 16, and October 21, 2021, respectively. As a result of the analysis of nutrients in the drainage, Na⁺ and Cl^- are representative ions that crops do not absorb properly, and as the growth progresses, they are accumulated in the closed method. In addition, since the content of NH₄-N in the drainage is significantly lower than that of NO₃-N, it is thought that NH₄-N is preferentially absorbed rather than NO₃-N due to the ion selectivity of sweet pepper. The growth and fruit characteristics of sweet pepper did not differ significantly between treatments according to the drainage reuse and the type of substrate. In conclusion, if you take care of poor fruiting due to the weakening of power after the middle period in hydroponic cultivation of sweet pepper according to the cultivation method of closed and open, and the substrate type of coir and rock wool, the difference between treatments is not large, so the sweet pepper can be produced by selecting the cultivation methods and substrate types suitable for the conditions of grower. However, as interest in environmental pollution has recently increased, it is judged that there is no need to worry about a decrease in quantity or quality, even if a closed cultivation method is adopted under the assumption that pathogen infection due to drainage reuse is well managed. It is expected that if coir is applied instead of rock wool, which causes a problem of disposal, it will further contribute to the reduction of environmental pollution.