• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.73-86
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• 2024

A radial chart of Excel is very useful graphical method in delivering information for numerical data. However, it is not easy to discriminate or classify many individuals. In this case, after shaping each individual of a radial chart, we need to apply shape analysis. For a radial chart, since landmarks for shaping are formed as many as the number of variables representing the characteristics of the object, we consider a shape that connects them to a line. If the shape becomes complicated due to the large number of variables, it is difficult to easily grasp even if visualized using a radial chart. Principal component analysis (PCA) is performed on variables to create a visually effective shape. The classification table and classification rate are checked by applying the techniques of traditional discriminant analysis, support vector machine (SVM), and artificial neural network (ANN), before and after principal component analysis. In addition, the difference in discrimination between the two coordinates of generalized procrustes analysis (GPA) coordinates and Bookstein coordinates is compared. Bookstein coordinates are obtained by converting the position, rotation, and scale of the shape around the base landmarks, and show higher rate than GPA coordinates for the classification rate.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.173-181
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• 2007

In this paper, we propose a moving target localization algorithm using acoustic spectrograms. A time-versus-frequency spectrogram provide a information of trajectory of the moving target in underwater. For a source at sufficiently long range from a receiver, broadband striation patterns seen in spectrogram represents the mutual interference between modes which reflected by surface and bottom. The slope of the maximum intensity striation is influenced by waveguide invariant parameter ${\beta}$ and distance between target and sensor. When more than two sensors are applied to measure the moving ship-radited noise, the slope and frequency of the maximum intensity striation are depend on distance between target and receiver. We assumed two sensors to fixed point then form a circle of apollonios which set of all points whose distances from two fixed points are in a constant ratio. In case of three sensors are applied, two circle form an intersection point so coordinates of this point can be estimated as a position of target. To evaluates a performance of the proposed localization algorithm, simulation is performed using acoustic propagation program.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.148-155
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• 2024

Despite the increasing importance of irony and sarcasm detection in the field of natural language processing, research on the Korean language is relatively scarce compared to other languages. This study aims to experiment with various models for irony detection in Korean text. The study conducted irony detection experiments using KoBERT, a BERT-based model, and ChatGPT. For KoBERT, two methods of additional training on sentiment data were applied (Transfer Learning and MultiTask Learning). Additionally, for ChatGPT, the Few-Shot Learning technique was applied by increasing the number of example sentences entered as prompts. The results of the experiments showed that the Transfer Learning and MultiTask Learning models, which were trained with additional sentiment data, outperformed the baseline model without additional sentiment data. On the other hand, ChatGPT exhibited significantly lower performance compared to KoBERT, and increasing the number of example sentences did not lead to a noticeable improvement in performance. In conclusion, this study suggests that a model based on KoBERT is more suitable for irony detection than ChatGPT, and it highlights the potential contribution of additional training on sentiment data to improve irony detection performance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.84 no.5
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• pp.1110-1122
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• 2023

Purpose This study aimed to assess the variability of transrectal shear wave elastography (SWE) using a designed phantom. Materials and Methods In a phantom, the SWE values were examined by two radiologists using agarose and emulsion silicone of different sizes (1, 2, and 3 cm) and shapes (round, cubic) at three depths (1, 2, and 3 cm), two region of interest (ROI) and locations (central, peripheral) using two ultrasound machines (A, B from different vendors). Variability was evaluated using the coefficient of variation (CV). Results The CVs decreased with increasing phantom size. Significant changes in SWE values included; agarose phantom at 3 cm depth (p < 0.001; machine A), 1 cm depth (p = 0.01; machine B), emulsion silicone at 2 cm depth (p = 0.047, p = 0.020; both machines). The CVs increased with increasing depth. Significant changes in SWE values included; 1 cm agarose (p = 0.037, p = 0.021; both machines) and 2 cm agarose phantom (p = 0.047; machine A). Significant differences in SWE values were observed between the shapes for emulsion silicone phantom (p = 0.032; machines A) and between ROI locations on machine B (p ≤ 0.001). The SWE values differed significantly between the two machines (p < 0.05). The intra-/inter-operator agreements were excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.9). Conclusion The phantom size, depth, and different machines affected the variability of transrectal SWE.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.219-232
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• 2024

This study aims to determine the perspectives of pre-service elementary school teachers on the science curriculum in the fourth industrial revolution era. In this study, 128 pre-service elementary school teachers were asked to express their perspectives on the Saber-toothed Tiger Curriculum through photovoice activities. The resulting images were classified into three types: conservative, progressive, and radical perspectives. The number of both conservative and progressive perspectives was similar and high, whereas the number of radical perspectives was l ow. Those who had conservative perspectives on the Saber-toothed Tiger curriculum regarded "Inquiry" as the basis of the science curriculum, which should be maintained regardless of the time period and environment. Similarly, older teachers believed that this curriculum was based on eternal truth, which should be protected. Those who showed progressive perspectives on the Saber-toothed Tiger curriculum regarded a progressive person as someone succeeding to the blood of "New fist," and they showed positive attitudes toward AI-based education such as coding and meta-verse, regarding these practices as part of the teaching and learning method that could replace the existing inquiry-based education. Those who showed radical perspectives on the Saber-toothed Tiger Curriculum assumed critical attitudes toward the rapidly changing political circumstances of science education and criticized conflicts between different social classes formed through progressive curriculum. Based on these results, this study found that pre-service elementary school teachers needed to consider the science curriculum from several different perspectives rather than just one.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.367-378
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to investigate the features of science language in Earth science textbooks and Earth science research articles. We examined two Earth science textbooks and two Earth science articles using the taxonomy of scientific words, the text structure analysis of explanations, the analysis of conjunctive relations and reasoning, and the function of conjunction. The results showed that school science language revealed in Earth science textbooks had high proportion of naming words and the text structures in which definition/exemplification structure and description structure were dominant. Also, internal relations that showed additional arrangement rather than logical inference, were predominant in Earth science textbooks. However, scientists' science language revealed in the Earth science articles had more proportion of process words and concept words than the Earth science textbooks and the schematic structure of explanation texts, such as orientation - implication sequence - conclusion. In addition, the text structures in each sentences of implication -sequence showed cause/effect or problem-solving after description structures. Also each sentences expressed causal or abductive reasoning through the internal relations using verbs or adverbial inflection. It is necessary that we bridge the gap between the two languages for students' authentic use of science language. For the bridging, we propose "interlanguage", which mediates between school science language and scientists' language.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.120-129
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• 2008

In this study, 17 formative assessments using cartoon were developed for studying 'genetics and evolution' chapter in textbook of third grade of junior high school. And those were applied to 73 students in experimental group and 78 students in control group. We investigated if there was positive effect on students' perception, attitude about assessment and scholastic achievement. As a result, we could find the formative assessments using cartoon were effective to change students' negative perception and attitude to positive one. Especially, those were effective to make students to understand usefulness of assessment (p<.05), and to decrease a feeling of uneasiness about assessment (p<.01). Also, we could find the developed formative assessments using cartoon had more positive effect on raising scholastic achievement than formative assessment using descriptive passage (p<.05). It was considered that this was because the abstract concepts of 'genetics and evolution' chapter were described in pictures, so contexts of textbook and assessment questions became easier to understand. So, we could conclude that formative assessment using cartoon contributed to increase students' understanding of contexts of textbook and to increase their interests about study. And if this assessment method is applied to class actively, students' feeling of uneasiness about assessment can be easily overcome and it can also give them positive perception about assessment.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.33-56
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• 1974

간호를 장래의 전문직으로 택하려고 공부하는 간호학생들은 완전한 성인으로서의 발달 과정중 후기 성년기에 속한다. 이시기는 자아를 발견하고 인간이 무엇을 믿으며 인간의 가치가 무엇인가를 추구하는 중요한 시기이다. 다시 말해서 어른과 어린이의 과도기에 서서 자신의 이상적 가치와 기성사회의 기존 가치를 잘 융화시켜 독립된 인간으로서 성숙하려는 노력의 시기이다. 그러므로 성년기의 갈등은 인생의 어느 시기보다도 그 정도가 심하게 나타난다. 간호학생들은 이상의 일반적인 성년기 발달의 요구 외에도 간호대학이라는 특수한 배움의 여건 때문에 좀 더 심각한 문제에 대두된다. 특히 소아과 간호대학이라는 실습환경은 여러 가지 복잡한 병실 사정으로 많은 긴장감을 주는 학습경험이다. 어린이의 간호에는 그들의 발달과정에 따른 다양한 역활이 요구된다. 또한 병원이라는 낯선 환경과 어머니를 떨어져야하는 두려움으로 불안한 어린이와 그 어린이의 불안과 두려움으로 인해 우울과 죄의식에 있는 어머니의 간호는 여러 면에서 성년기 학생들에게 긴장감을 일으키게 하는 요인이 된다. 본 연구의 문헌조사는 주로 미국 문헌에 나타난 간호 대학생들의 성년기 성숙을 위한 발달의 요구와, 소아병실의 복잡한 여건으로 발생되는 긴장감을 다루고 있다. 문헌을 기초로 하여 저자는 긴장감을 주는 간호활동을 크게 다섯 부군으로 묶었다. 1. 어린이 환자의 신체적 간호, 2. 어린이 환자나 부모와의 원만한 대화와 상호관계를 위한 간호활동 3. 소아병실에서 요구되는 다양한 간호원의 역활 4. 어린이나 부모의 간호에 대한 의뢰심 5. 간호의 가치나 이상적 간호. 연구방법으로는 49개의 폐쇄식 질문 항목을 가진 질문지를 사용하였다. 질문 항목들은 문헌연구에서 소아과 간호학 실습시 학생들이 긴장감을 느낀다고 밝혀진 내용들이 다. 학생들은 자신의 경험을 "긴장감이 없었다. ""긴장감이 있었다. ""심한 긴장감이 있었다. ""실습 중 경험이 없었다. "의 사항 중 택일을 하게 되어 있다. 연구대상으로는 모 대학교 간호대학 학생으로 산부인과 간호학 실습을 마친 후 소아과 간호학 실습 8주를 완료한 4학년 학생 42명이었다. 자료분석의 결과는 대부분의 학생들에게 소아과 간호학 실습은 긴장감을 주는 경험이 있다고 나타났다. 다음은 연구결과 주목할만한 몇 가지 사항들이다. 1. 어린이 환자의 신체적 간호는 성년기 학생들에게 긴장감을 주는 실습 경험이었다. 특별히 심하게 긴장감을 주었던 간호활동은 어린이환자의 상태가 중한 경우로, 장기간 앓는 아이, 선천성 기형이 있는 아이, 회복이 불가능하여 죽게될 아이나 사망하는 경우의 어린이 간호였다. 이 결과는 간호학의 기본과정 즉, 기초간호학이나 내 외과 간호학 실습만으로 소아과 간호학 실습을 위한 충분한 준비가 되지 못한다는 것을 뜻 할 수도 있다. 한편, 문헌연구에서 밝힌바와 같이 어리고 연약해 보이는 어린이들의 신체조건이 학생들의 간호활동을 어렵게 하는 경우도 될 수 있겠다. 2. 간호학생들의 어린이 환자와의 대화나 원만한 인간관계에서의 긴장감은 이 연구결과로 평가나 제언이 힘들다. 조사결과에서 학생들은 주로 어린이의 상태가 좋지 않은 경우에 심한 긴장감을 가졌고 일반적인 간호의 경우에는 별로 긴장감이 없었다. 이것은 질병의 상태나 화제, 이야기 할 때의 상황에 따라 긴장감의 여부가 달라질 수 있다는 결론이 되겠다. 3. 소아병실에서의 다양한 역활을 수행하는 것은 비교적 긴장감이 많이 생기는 간호활동으로 나타났다. 그러나 재미있는 사실은 학생들이 간호원으로서의 전문가적인 입장에서, 환자나 보호자를 가르칠때는 별로 문제가 없었으나 어린이 기르는 방법이나 어린이 이해면에서 좀 더 잘 안다고 생각되는 어머니가 지켜 볼때의 어린이 간호에는 긴장감을 가진다는 사실이다. 이것은 Jewett의 연구에서 밝힌바와는 상반되는 결과다. 그의 연구에서 학설들은 부모나 어머니들에 의해 전문가로서 인정받고 기대되는 경우가 제일 어려운 경험이 있다고 밝혔다. 4. 어린이 환자나 그들 부모의 간호에 대한 의뢰심은 학생들에게 심한 긴장감을 주는 경험이 있다. 특히 신체적 간호에 대해 의뢰하는 경우에는 더 심한 긴장감을 준다고 표현한다. 일반적으로 부모가 병실에 상주하는 경우에는 그들의 의뢰심이 심하며 이것은 학생들에게 감당하기 힘든 긴장과 어려움을 주게된다. 왜냐하면 성년기의 학생들은 그들 자신이 먼저 타인에게서 이해받기를 원하며 또 관용을 베풀어주기를 원하는데 그것을 남에게 주어야 하는 입장은 학생들을 긴장되게 하는 실습활동인 것이다. 5. 학생들은 그들이 배운 간호의 이상이나 가치가 실습지에서의 여러 경우와 맞지 않는 것을 보았을 때 극심한 긴장감을 갖는다고 밝혔다. 의사나 병원 행정의 사실이 자신의 이상과 맞지 않는다는 것보다는 간호원의 간호업무의 차이에서 더 비판적인 반응을 보였다. 대부분의 성년기 학생들은 그들의 이상적인 간호원상을 그들의 선배나 실무 간호원 중에서 찾으려는 시기에 그들의 간호활동이 이론과 다른 점이나 학생 자신의 소아과 간호의 가치와 다른 것을 보았을 때는 심한 반감과 긴장감을 갖게된다. 이 문제는 어린 사람이 윗 어른과 함께 동료의식을 갖고 일하기 어려운 한국적 사회구조 때문에 더 심하게 긴장감을 주는 경험인지도 모른다. 선배 간호원의 전문인으로서의 권위와 어린이 환자 보호자의 어른으로서의 권위 사이에서 자신의 이상과 가치의 추구는 용이하지 않으며 내적 갈등은 어쩔수 없는 일 일 것이다. 6. 대부분 높은 백분율의 긴장 반응은 죽음이나 환자의 사망에 관련된 간호활동 항목에서 나타났다. 이 연구의 대상 학생들은 2, 3학년에서 죽음에 대한 강의를 들었지만 이 연구 결과에 의하면 충분한 학습 경험이 주어진 것 같지 않다. 어떠한 경우의 죽음에라도 어린이 환자나 그 보호자들의 심리를 잘 이해하고 반응을 잘 관찰해서 적절한 간호를 해 줄 수 있는 다양한 방법의 학습 경험이 필요하다고 보겠다. 7. 학생들의 긴장도가 어린이 간호에 더 심한가, 보호자 간호에 더 심한가를 알기 위한 비교 결과는 비교적 비슷한 정도로 나타났다. 8. 학생들의 소아과 간호학 실습시의 긴장도는 과거의 병실 실습기간의 장, 단이나 가정에서의 어린인 간호의 경험과는 별 연관성이 없었다. 연구의 대상자가 적기 때문에 단정을 하기는 힘이 들지만 소아과 간호학 실습이 다른 병실의 실습과는 분리되어서 완전히 다르게 다루어 져야만 하며 간호교육자들의 주의 깊은 관심과 노력이 필요한 실습교육이 라 하겠다. 이상의 전반적인 고찰에 의하면 한국 성년기 간호학생들의 소아과 간호학 실습은 미국의 경우와 마찬가지로 긴장감을 주는 경험이다. 문화배경의 다른 점은 무시하고라도 Davis와 Oleson이 결론한 바와 같이 "간호대 학생은 어디를 막론하고 다 같은 성격과 문제를 가지고 있다. " 앞으로 보다 효과적인 학생들의 소아과 간호학 실습을 위한 연구를 위해 다음의 몇 가지를 본 연구의 결과를 가지고 제언한다. 1. 보다 여러 지역에서 다양한 교육 방법을 가진 학교의 학생을 대상으로 한 연구의 필요성. 2. 학생들이 실습 전 선입견이나 이미 들어서 생긴 긴장감의 개입 여부를 밝힐 수 있는 연구. 3. 학생 개인의 과거 경침이 긴장감 유발에 미치는 영향을 위한 연구 4. 이 연구의 결과를 입증할 수 있는 종단적 연구. 5. 이 연구에서 나타난 긴장감이 학습 행위에 미치는 영향을 알기 위한 관찰적 연구. 이 연구를 위해 많은 도움을 주셨던 보스턴대학의 Dr. Kennedy와 연세대학의 여러 선생님께 심심한 감사를 드립니다.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.137-152
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• 2012

In the generation of Web 2.0, as many users start to make lots of web contents called user created contents by themselves, the World Wide Web is overflowing by countless information. Therefore, it becomes the key to find out meaningful information among lots of resources. Nowadays, the information retrieval is the most important thing throughout the whole field and several types of search services are developed and widely used in various fields to retrieve information that user really wants. Especially, the legal information search is one of the indispensable services in order to provide people with their convenience through searching the law necessary to their present situation as a channel getting knowledge about it. The Office of Legislation in Korea provides the Korean Law Information portal service to search the law information such as legislation, administrative rule, and judicial precedent from 2009, so people can conveniently find information related to the law. However, this service has limitation because the recent technology for search engine basically returns documents depending on whether the query is included in it or not as a search result. Therefore, it is really difficult to retrieve information related the law for general users who are not familiar with legal terms in the search engine using simple matching of keywords in spite of those kinds of efforts of the Office of Legislation in Korea, because there is a huge divergence between everyday words and legal terms which are especially from Chinese words. Generally, people try to access the law information using everyday words, so they have a difficulty to get the result that they exactly want. In this paper, we propose a term mapping methodology between everyday words and legal terms for general users who don't have sufficient background about legal terms, and we develop a search service that can provide the search results of law information from everyday words. This will be able to search the law information accurately without the knowledge of legal terminology. In other words, our research goal is to make a law information search system that general users are able to retrieval the law information with everyday words. First, this paper takes advantage of tags of internet blogs using the concept for collective intelligence to find out the term mapping relationship between everyday words and legal terms. In order to achieve our goal, we collect tags related to an everyday word from web blog posts. Generally, people add a non-hierarchical keyword or term like a synonym, especially called tag, in order to describe, classify, and manage their posts when they make any post in the internet blog. Second, the collected tags are clustered through the cluster analysis method, K-means. Then, we find a mapping relationship between an everyday word and a legal term using our estimation measure to select the fittest one that can match with an everyday word. Selected legal terms are given the definite relationship, and the relations between everyday words and legal terms are described using SKOS that is an ontology to describe the knowledge related to thesauri, classification schemes, taxonomies, and subject-heading. Thus, based on proposed mapping and searching methodologies, our legal information search system finds out a legal term mapped with user query and retrieves law information using a matched legal term, if users try to retrieve law information using an everyday word. Therefore, from our research, users can get exact results even if they do not have the knowledge related to legal terms. As a result of our research, we expect that general users who don't have professional legal background can conveniently and efficiently retrieve the legal information using everyday words.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.63 no.3
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• pp.242-250
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• 2007

Background: Abnormal angiogenesis can induce hypoxia within a highly proliferating tumor mass, and these hypoxic conditions can in turn create clinical problems, such as resistance to chemotherapy. However, the mechanism by which hypoxia induces these changes has not yet been determined. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine how hypoxia induces changes in cell viability and extracellular microenvironments in an in vitro culture system using non-small cell lung cancer cells. Methods: The non-small cell lung cancer cell line, A549 was cultured in DMEM or RPMI-1640 media that contained fetal bovine serum. A decrease in the oxygen tension of the media that contained the culture was then induced in a hypoxia microchamber using a $CO_2-N_2$ gas mixture. A gas analysis and an MTT assay were then conducted. Results: (1) The decrease in oxygen tension was checked the anaerobic gas mixture for 30 min and then reoxygenation was induced by adding a 5% $CO_2-room$ air gas mixture to the chamber. (2) Purging with the anaerobic gas mixture was found to decrease the further oxygen tension of cell culture media. (3) The low oxygen tension resulted in a low pH, lactic acidosis and a decreased glucose concentration in the media. (4) The decrease in glucose concentration that was observed as a result of hypoxia was markedly different when different types of media were evaluated. (5) The decrease in oxygen tension inhibited proliferation of A549 cells. Conclusion: These data suggests that tumor hypoxia is associated with acidosis and hypoglycemia, which have been implicated in the development of resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.