• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 2013

This paper presents results from a study undertaken to quantitatively evaluate the geotextile pore sizes using optical image analysis. The evaluation was conducted by observing surfaces of coupons cut from resin-impregnated specimens of geotextile-geomembrane layered under various load conditions. Stereological concepts were applied to collect representative specimens from a series of laboratory tests. The sizes of voids enclosed by filaments were expressed in terms of the largest inscribing opening size (LIOS) distribution. The opening diameter corresponding to the 50% cumulative frequency decreased by about 45mm as the load increased from 10 to 300kPa and recovered to about 90% of its initial state on unloading back to 10kPa. The average void size was reduced by 32 and 16.5% as the geotextile was sheared against a textured geomembrane under normal stresses of 100 and 300kPa, respectively. The results showed how the LIOS distribution varied as a function of normal stress and interface shear displacement against a smooth and a textured geomembrane surfaces.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.2A
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• pp.121-127
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• 2011

Spatial distribution of void space in concrete materials strongly affects mechanical and physical behaviors. Therefore, the identification of characteristic void distribution helps understand material properties and is essential to estimate the integrity of material performance. The 3D micro CT (X-ray microtomography) is implemented to examine and to quantify the void distribution of a lightweight aggregate concrete using an image analysis technique and probabilistic approach in this study. The binarization and subsequent stacking of 2D cross-sectional images virtually create 3D images of targeting void space. Then, probability distribution functions such as two-point correlation and lineal-path functions are applied for void characterization. The lightweight aggregates embedded within the concrete are individually analyzed to construct the intra-void space. Results shows that the low-order probability functions and the density distribution based on the 3D micro CT images are applicable and useful methodology to characterize spatial distribution of void space and constituents in concrete.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.76-76
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• 2001

종이가 가지는 공극 특성은 종이의 광학적 특성에 지대한 영향을 미칠 뿐만 아니라 인쇄용 지로서 사용될 때 잉크의 다공성 기질로서 잉크의 잔류 특성에도 큰 영향을 미친다. 특히 다공성 기지의 표변에 유동성이 뛰어난 물질이 가해 질 때, 이들의 유동 특성은 기질이 지 니고 있는 공극율과 공극의 분포에 따라 큰 차이를 나타내는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이러한 공극성은 백상지의 경우 사용된 펄프의 혼합 비율과 충전제의 사용량 그리고 펄프의 고해 정도에 따라 종이의 공극울이 달라진다. 종이의 공극성이 광학적 특성과 밀접한 연관성을 지니는 것은 종이의 광산란 계수를 결정하기 때문이다. 잘 알려진 바와 같이 종이의 광산란 계수는 빛의 산란과 관계되어 백색도와 백감도에 영향을 미친다. 그러나 도공지가 인쇄 용 지로 사용 될 경우, 도공지 표면에 도피되는 영크층은 도공지가 가지고 있는 구조적 특성을 변화시킬 수 있는 제3의 요인으로 간주 될 수 있다. 결국, 인쇄가 완료된 종이의 경우 원지층, 도공층 그리고 잉크층으로 구성된다. 따라서 다양 한 공극 구조를 가지는 기질위에 잉크가 도피될 경우 기질의 공극 특성에 따라 잉크 조성분 의 침투 거동에도 많은 차이가 있을 것으로 예측된다. 잉크의 구성 요소를 살펴보면 잉크의 색상을 결정하는 안료, 단일의 각 안료 입자를 도포하여 인쇄판으로부터 종이까지 운송시키 는 기능과 인쇄기에서 잉크의 유동성을 유지하고 종이 또는 기타 피인쇄체에 전이된 후에는 건조막을 형성하는 비히클 그리고 각종 기능성 첨가제로 구성되어 있다. 동일한 성분으로 구성된 잉크를 사용하여 각각 공극성이 다른 피인쇄체 위에 인쇄 될 경우 이들 조성분의 이 동과 표면 잔류 특성에 변화가 있을 것으로 생각된다. 즉 공극성이 풍부한 기질에 도피된 잉크는 반대의 경우와 비교하여 보다 많은 조성분이 종이의 공극 속으로 침투하게 될 것이 다. 이 과정에서 특히 미세한 안료 입자의 경우 피인쇄체의 표면 공극을 채우고, 비히클의 경우 미세한 공극속으로 침투되어 경화됨으로써 피인쇄체가 지니고 있는 공극량을 감소시커 게 될 것이다. 그리고 피인쇄체의 각종 형태의 공극으로 침투된 잉크의 양에 반비례적으로 피인쇄체의 표변에 잉크가 잔류하게 될 것이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 여러가지 안료를 사용하여 각각 다른 공극 특성을 지니는 도공지를 제조한 후 이들이 가지는 공극 특성과 잉크의 잔류 거동에 대해 고찰해 보고자 하였다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.669-676
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• 2007

The raw water was fractionated into hydrophobic (HPO), transphilic (TPI), and hydrophilic portions (HPI) using XAD resins. The raw water DOC contains 39% of hydrophilics, 43% of hydrophobics, and 18% of transphilics. When fractionated NOM (natural organic matter) was passed through hydrophilic membrane with 100 kDa, hydrophobic portion (HPO) caused the most fouling and hydrophilic portion (HPI) caused the least fouling. This could be related to size and adsorption capability of organics. Small sized organics would pass through membrane pores, but large sized organics would be attracted to either membrane pores or surface, which led to the fouling. An effect of membrane pore size on membrane fouling is related to the availability of organics at membrane pores. As the pore size became larger, the more organics were transported into the membrane pore. Some organics caused pore blocking, and others caused pore adsorption, which resulted in membrane fouling. Membrane material is also important for membrane fouling. More fouling occurred at hydrophobic membrane than hydrophilic membrane regardless of its pore size. Hydrophobic interaction caused more fouling at hydrophobic membrane.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.209-218
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• 2021

Studies of pore structure in shale gas reservoirs are essential to increase recovery rates, which is in the spotlight concerning unconventional resources. In this study, the distribution of pores in shale gas reservoir sample were observed using Scanning Electron Microscope Particle Analysis (SELPA), which is appropriate to analyze the distribution of particle or shape for sample in large area. A sample from the A-068 borehole drilled in the Liard Basin was analyzed; calcite is the main mineral. The pore size ranges from tens of nanometers to hundreds of micrometers and the contribution of each pore size to overall sample porosity was determined using SELPA. The distribution of pores was determined by observing the surface in the same area at magnifications of ×1000, ×3000 and ×5000. Pores less than 100 nm were observed at high magnifications and confirm that small-scale pore distribution can be analyzed and identified rapidly using SELPA. The method introduced in this study will be useful to understand pore structures in unconventional reservoirs.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.64-69
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• 1981

A field and laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of visible biopores (larger than 0.2 mm in diameter) on the saturated hydraulic conductivity of Bonryang sandy loam (Coarse loamy over sandy, mixed, mesic family of Typic Udifluvents) developed on alluvial plains. The saturated hydraulic conductivity was significantly correlated with the equivalent permeble surface area (EPSA) which was calculated from the number of various sized biopores in the soil observed by naked eye, and negatively correlated with the bulk density. The effect of biopores on the saturated hydraulic conductivity was remarkable in subsoil al though it was not pronounced in plowed layer and sandy substrata. The bulk density was found to be correlated with the number and the EPSA of the visible biopores. A remarkable spatial variability was observed in the number of biopore and the bulk density.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1046-1054
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• 2006

The raw water DOC contained 39.3% of hydrophilics, 42.9% of hydriophobic, and 17.8% of transphilic. The hydrophobic fraction in this raw water was mostly fulvic acid. Fulvic acid comprised of 62% and the rest was humic acid(38%). There was more carboxylic acid functional group(64%) than phenolic group(36%). HPI-N and HPI-C comprised of 17% and 22% in the hydrophilic portion, respectively. The fouling mechanisms on the membrane surface and into its porous structure were analyzed in terms of several kinetic models. In order to analyze the fouling kinetics, the various kinetic models described in this paper were used to fit the experimental results. The kinetic models and kinetic constants obtained for each operation condition. The permeate flux was rapidly declined by simultaneous pore blocking and cake formation. Also, the permeate flux declined with decreasing internal pore size resulted from organic deposition into the membrane pore. The results of the membrane fouling test using UF membrane according to NOM fractions. HPI-N caused more fouling than HPI-C. Humic acid caused more fouling than fulvic acid probably due to higher adsorption capacity. Since humic acid has higher adsorption capacity than fulvic acid, it would be more adsorbed onto the membrane pores.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.96-100
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• 1996

In order to improve the permeability of the homogenous membrane of poly(carbobenzoxy-L-lysin)(PCLL), which has very high selectivity of helium gas to nitrogen gas, asymmetric porous membranes of PCLL were prepared by casting from 20% solutions in dioxane and dimethylformamide(DMF), respectively. The membranes were characterized by measuring the number of the pores, the pore size distribution of the surface(the skin layer) and the thickness of the skin layer by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The mean pore size and the pore density were lower for the membrane cast from dioxane than that from DMF, which was explained by the mechanism of the formation of the pores in the asymmetric porous membrane. The permeability coefficient observed could be roughly explained by the viscous flow through the skin layer. However, the selectivity observed was against the theory of the viscous flow.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.37-48
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• 2016

This study aims to figure out the behavior of runoff and drainage of pervious sidewalk block in actual construction environment by experiments. The specimens with surface layer and bedding layer are subjected to the drainage test by considering unsaturated condition and unique rainfall condition in urban areas. The repeated drainage test and clogging test were conducted with time intervals, and 3D X-ray CT image analysis and evaporation test were carried out for a quantitative analysis of drainage test. The results present that the spatial distribution of pores by evaporation for time intervals induces runoff. Especially, the bedding layer under the block is significantly critical in overall hydraulic behavior such as drainage and evaporation compared to the surface layer. Moreover, the sediments in pores promote the change in pores by evaporation and this induces deteriorated drainage capacity which is hard to recover. In addition, it is revealed that the maximum runoff height grows as the drainage capacity declines depending on the pre-wetting condition.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.25-31
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• 2019

This study was conducted to evaluate the penetration performance of the Silane Surface Protection Material (SSPM) penetrating the micro pore of concrete surface. The results was indicated microstructure, porosity and penetration depth of applied SSPM. Silica sand and conventional sand were used as fine aggregate in mortar. And liquid and cream types SSPM were used. The amounts of SPM were applied the 127, 255, 382, 510 g/m2 on the surface of mortar. The penetration depth specimens were made with $100{\times}30mm$ in according with KS F 4930. Penetration depth was evaluated according to KS F 4930, divide specimen and then spraying with water in cross section of specimens, and measure the depth of the non-wetted area. The microstructure result of mortar applied SSPM, it was obtained liquid and cream SSPM in mortar. The porosity results of SSPM application specimens were improved with than that of plain specimens. Test results indicated that the penetration depth of SPM were improved with increasing in amounts of SSPM. As a result of test, application of SSPM to concrete surface, it will improve durability.