• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.40
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• pp.177-209
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to determine the meaning and function of black and white in the comic strip, which are mounted on the book pages. The role of space in comic strip, compared to the role of time in the cinema, enable to feel the role of the time in the book. Therefore storytelling of comic strip has been placed in the inseparable relationship with space. My aim is to think about the black and white meaning in the visual media, especially the use of black and white which is highlighted in the comic strip. Black and white doesn't mean a loss of color in the comic strip but it works around 2 important notions : readability, modernity (with minimalism). In comic strip, 'black and white' is not a true colour but it is complex items which indicate symbolic significances. Moreover it is also a notion which enhance 'existence and absence' and 'visible and invisible'. That's why to analyze and to understand how the space is organized in comic strip page, i chose several examples extract from black and white comic strip.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.53-68
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• 2018

Community-based ecotourism (CBE), if well-developed can be a practical approach for promoting socio-economic well-being and sustaining ecological resources. The growth and its development worldwide especially in developing economies is a welcome development. The study aimed at assessing the Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary in Ghana, as an example of traditional conservation system of management that has ensured greater community participation, equity, inclusiveness, and multi-level stakeholder partnership. In-depth interviews with key informants and documentary analysis of relevant peer reviewed and grey literature were the main qualitative data collection used. Results revealed that majority of the interviewees support and value the current system of traditional management. The enforcement of rules and regulations and other cultural and religious practices were discussed by key informants. Opportunities for multiple livelihood strategies as a result of the CBE is seen as critical for increasing local's acceptance and participation. The remarkable growth of the sanctuary, as well as the increase in human population, has created a shortage of land for domestic and other commercial purposes which is identified as posing a major challenge to the sustenance of the sanctuary. The study recommends diversification of livelihood opportunities presented by the presence of the sanctuary like the introduction of homestay concept, craft making- wood carving, painting, artisan shops.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.96-111
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• 2009

This essay is a study aimed at rationality and utility of two terms, 'Nongak' and 'Pungmul'. I examined how the terms have been today, by diachrony based on review of historical material. I tried to secure the historical context and basis about my argument, quoting many historical material from Korea Dynasty period, Joseon Dynasty period and the colonial period of the imperial Japan during 1910-45 to today. I examined many objective arguments about the 'Nongak', and pointed out the mistake of the objective argument. And I examined the means and rationality of the terms, 'Nongak', 'Pungmul', 'Pungmulgut', 'Pungmulnory'. The 'Pungmul' has been used as the means of instrument for a long time from Joseon Dynasty period. It is only rational using as the means of instrument but as the means of Performance of Nongak considering the historical legitimacy. The 'Pungmul' is Sino-Korean word, not korean native letter. The Pungmulgut means the 'ritual by Pungmul', so it can be recognized the rationality, but have a weak point that it is a neologism being made by some intellectuals in 1980s. In addition to, it is not used im performing field. 'Pungmulnory' has a limit to call the Nongak as a synthetic art. 'Nongak'means a synthetic art that farmers who were absolute majority in agrarian society of Korea have made and developed. So I conclude that 'Nongak'is the best rational term.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• no.126
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• pp.85-115
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• 2019

With the dramatic development of science and technology since the twentieth century, attempts to overcome human's natural and physical limitations through technology have actually reached a peak. Transhumanism is a movement that strongly affirms these human technological attempts. However, this optimistic belief of transhumanism in technology meets the strong resistance of opponents contending that transhumanism might destroy human nature and severely undermine human values and rights. The focus of the transhumanism debate lies in what technology means to humans. However, in order to exactly grasp the essence of transhumanism, we should first consider our 'life-world', where technology and humans are closely intertwined. The word 'life-world(Lebenswelt)' which originally comes from Husserl, is an open and universal world as a horizon that is the basis of all human practical activities and at the same time encompasses its products in itself. According to Husserl, the process of incorporating human products into the life-world is a kind of 'familiarization' process through which specific theories and techniques are harmonized with our lives in the life-world. Such harmonization and familiarization of technology could be also considered a humanization of technology. It is a process in which technology is assimilated and corresponds to the finiteness of human and the life-world. In this sense, we could say that the transhumanistic attempts are just a natural expression of human desire to be perfect in the life-world and that they should not be overly concerned or overestimated.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.3-27
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• 2012

Although aviation safety and security have been improving, which has made air transportation more reliable, the international aviation community has witnessed a steady increase in the number of unruly passenger incidents. Under international law, the Tokyo Convention (The Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft of 1963) is applicable to unruly passenger issues. While the Tokyo Convention has been a successful convention which 185 member states have ratified, it has its shortcomings. Three major shortcomings are related to definition, jurisdiction, and enforcement. Firstly, the Tokyo Convention does not provide for a definition of unruly passengers, thereby resulting in a situation where conduct that may be considered to be a criminal offence in the country of embarkation may not be a criminal offence in the country where the aircraft lands. Having different definitions may lead to ineffective action on the part of air carriers. Secondly, the fact that the state of landing does not bear jurisdiction produces circumstances in which it is impossible to punish an unruly passenger who clearly committed an offence on board. Thirdly, the Tokyo Convention only recognizes the competence of the state of registry to exercise criminal jurisdiction but does not impose the duty to actually use that competence in any specific case. Along with ratifying the Tokyo Convention, Korea enacted the Aviation Navigation Safety Act in 1974 as a domestic legal approach to dealing with the problem of unruly passengers. Partially reflecting the ICAO's model legislation, Circular 288, the Aviation Safety and Security Act was enacted in 2002. Although the Korean Aviation Safety and Security Act is a comprehensive act which has been constantly updated, there is no provision with respect to jurisdiction and only the Korean criminal code is applicable to jurisdiction. The Korean criminal code establishes its jurisdiction in connection with territoriality, nationality and registration, which is essentially the same as the jurisdictional principles of the Tokyo Convention. Thus, the domestic legal regime cannot close the jurisdictional gap either. Similarly, Korean case law would not take an active posture to jurisdiction unless the offence in question is a serious one, such as hijacking. A Special Sub Committee of the ICAO Legal Committee (LCSC) was established to examine the feasibility of introducing amendments to the Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft of 1963 with particular reference to the issue of unruly passengers. The result of the ICAO's findings should lead to the modernization of the Tokyo Convention, thereby reducing the number of incidents caused by unruly passengers and enabling all parties concerned to respond to unruly passengers more effectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.157-168
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• 2020

Advancements in segmentation methodology has made automatic segmentation of brain structures using structural images accurate and consistent. One method of automatic segmentation, which involves registering atlas information from template space to subject space, requires a high quality atlas with accurate boundaries for consistent segmentation. The Allen Mouse Brain Atlas, which has been widely accepted as a high quality reference of the mouse brain, has been used in various segmentations and can provide accurate coordinates and boundaries of mouse brain structures for tractography. Through probabilistic tractography, diffusion tensor images can be used to map comprehensive neuronal network of white matter pathways of the brain. Comparisons between neural networks of mouse and human brains showed that various clinical tests on mouse models were able to simulate disease pathology of human brains, increasing the importance of clinical mouse brain studies. However, differences between brain size of human and mouse brain has made it difficult to achieve the necessary image quality for analysis and the conditions for sufficient image quality such as a long scan time makes using live samples unrealistic. In order to secure a mouse brain image with a sufficient scan time, an Ex-vivo experiment of a mouse brain was conducted for this study. Using FSL, a tool for analyzing tensor images, we proposed a semi-automated segmentation and tractography analysis pipeline of the mouse brain and applied it to various mouse models. Also, in order to determine the useful signal-to-noise ratio of the diffusion tensor image acquired for the tractography analysis, images with various excitation numbers were compared.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.105-138
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• 2009

Although the decline in fertility rate is generally observed along the history of economic development throughout the world, the continuing decline hitting below the replacement level in Korea over the recent years gathered serious social concerns on the ground that it accelerates the process of population aging. The total fertility rate in Koreareached 2.08 in 1983, and gradually fell to the levels of 1.08 in 2005 and 1.26 in 2007. The policy debate over the role of the government has been focused mainly on the level of theoretical discussion without substantial basis on firm empirical evidence and the determinants of fertility. The objective of the paper is to empirically investigate the fertility effect of the female wage, which is understood as one of the most important determinants of fertility in Koreasince 1980 focusing on one aspect of fertility, namely birth spacing. Using the Korean National Fertility Survey conducted in 2006, I estimate a duration model of first and second births taking into account individual heterogeneity, which turned out to be an important factor to control for. Compared with previous studies in the literature on the Korean fertility, the study has an advantage of using the complete pregnancy history of women in a more representative sample. Unlike the previous studies, the analysis also deals with the endogeneity of marriage by treating a certain age, rather than age at marriage, as the time in which a woman becomes exposed to the risk of pregnancy. The study shares the common problem in the literature on birth spacing of lacking relevant wage information for respondents in a retrospective survey. I estimate the wage series as a function of the basic characteristics using the annual Wage Structure Survey from 1980 to 2005, which is considered as a nationally representative sample for wage information of employees. The results suggest that the increase in female wage by 10 percent leads to a decrease in second birth hazard by 0.56~0.92 percentage points and that the increase in spouse's wage by the equal amount is accompanied by the increase in second birth hazard by 0.36~1.13 percentage points. These estimates are more precisely estimated and of smaller magnitude than those presented by the previous studies. The results are robust to the different specifications of the wage equation. The simulation analysis based on the predicted values shows that about 17% of the change in the second birth hazard over the period 1980 to 2005 was due to the change in the female wage. Although there is some limitation in data, the results can be viewed as one estimate of the role of female wage on the recent fertility decline in Korea. The question raised by the paper is not a normative one of whether a government should promote childbearing but a positive one thatexplains fertility decline. Therefore, if there is a wide consensus on promoting childbearing, the finding suggests that the policies designed to reduce the opportunity cost of women in the labor market would be effective. The recent movement of implementing a wide range of family-friendly policies including child care support, maternity leave, parental leave and tax benefit in developed countries should be understood in this context.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.35-57
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• 2021

This paper is to grasp the current trends of national bibliographies through analyzing representative national bibliographies using literature review, analysis of national bibliographies' web pages and survey. First, in order to conform to the definition of a national bibliography as a record of a national publication, it attempts to include a variety of materials from print to electronic resources, but in reality it cannot contain all the materials, so there are exceptions. It is impossible to create a general selection guide for national bibliography coverage, and a plan that reflects the national characteristics and prepares a valid and comprehensive coverage based on analysis is needed. Second, cooperation with publishers and libraries is being made to efficiently generate national bibliography. For the efficiency of national bibliography generation, changes should be sought such as the standardization and consistency, the collection level metadata description for digital resources, and the creation of national bibliography using linked data. Third, national bibliography is published through the national bibliographic online search system, linked data search, MARC download using PDF, OAI-PMH, SRU, Z39.50, and mass download in RDF/XML format, and is integrated with the online public access catalog or also built separately. Above all, national bibliographies and online public access catalogs need to be built in a way of data reuse through an integrated library system. Fourth, as a differentiated function for national bibliography, various services such as user tagging and national bibliographic statistics are provided along with various browsing functions. In addition, services of analysis of national bibliographic big data, links to electronic publications, and mass download of linked data should be provided, and it is necessary to identify users' needs and provide open services that reflect them in order to develop differentiated services. Through the current trends and considerations of the national bibliographies analyzed in this study, it will be possible to explore changes in national and international national bibliography.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.61-71
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• 2011

The Smart Network Project is planned for achieving the Internet advanced country by adjusting the Government Future Internet Development as a national agenda. The future Internet is defined as diverse alternative technology and services that can provide optimal services for individual characteristic and situation in anywhere, anytime throughout convergence of communication, broadcasting, and computing to solve the current limitation of the Internet. This paper is to analyze the economic effects of the smart network build-up. For the economic effect analysis, we reclassified the smart network industry classification system and re-drew up 2011 Inter-industry Relations Table by using the Inter-industry Relations Table issued by the Bank of Korea and the RAS techniques. And we analyzed the economic effects that can be drawn from the investment of the smart network industry. As a result, the gross production inductive effect which appears with the economic effect of the smart network establishment project from 2011 to 2015 came out to be about 72 trillion 808.2 billion KW, added value inductive effect of 44 trillion 192.9 billion KW and the employment inductive effect of the job creation of about 412 thousands people. Afterward, it is anticipated that the smart network build-up project to contribute to the improvement of Koreans' daily life. Moreover, this research will be used as a valued basic material in the pursuit of the future network projects.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.50
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• pp.171-200
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• 2016

The full-scaled study of Joseon conducted by Japan in the 1910s was part of its colonial policy, while the native Joseon studies against it contained political aspiration to recover the national rights and independence. Accordingly, the conceptual meaning of 'Joseon' varied according to its subject of speech. The establishment of modern nation-state failed along with the extinction of Korean Empire, but 'Joseon' was newly discovered within national ideology. It became a historical concept in which the experience of the past and the expectation toward the future could be united. The so-called 'Joseon Studies' was only limited to intellectuals in the academic circle, but 'Joseon' embraced the articulations from more various social agents. Furthermore, it is only natural that 'Joseon Studies' should be interpreted within the historical semantics of 'Joseon', considering the connection between concept and discourse. In his The History of Joseon Civilization, An Hwak encompassed the history from the times of ancient mythology to the contemporary times under the banner of 'Joseon'. Opposing Japanese distortion of history carried out in the name of historical positivism, he idealized Joseon history as comparable to that of the Western democracy. He extended the study of 'Joseon' into culture at large, foreshadowing a kind of Joseon philosophy. In his An Overview of Joseon Philosophical Ideas, the first description of 'Joseon philosophy' as an independent field, he proposed philosophy as one of three sources of pride in Joseon and asserted its uniqueness and originality compared to the West. It was an attempt to grasp the peculiarity of Joseon ideas from a perspective of the history of universal human civilization. He considered 'Jong'(倧) as an ideological foundation held from the ancient to the modern times, and the acceptance of Buddhism and Confucianism as beneficial to 'Joseon philosophy'. The birth of 'Joseon philosophy', the modern transformation of the traditional knowledge system, was an intellectual experiment to apply traditional knowledge to the modern disciplinary classification system.