• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the quality of sleep in hospitalized patients with lung cancer. Methods: The data were collected from January to April 2001. Study subjects were 50 lung cancer patients hospitalized at K University and G hospital in Busan, Korea. Quality of sleep was measured using the Quality of Sleep Scale (range $15{\sim}60$) developed by Oh et al (1999). The data were analyzed with the SPSS 10.0 program using frequency and percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOV4 and Post-hoc test (Scheffe's test). Results: The results of this study were as follow; 1) The mean quality of sleep score was $35.64{\pm}7.59$ (range: $21{\sim}52$). 2) There was 3 Significant difference in 'ongoing pain' (t=-1.943, P=.046), 'major caregiver' (F=B863, P=.047), 'change of weight' (F=5.906, P=.019), according to general characteristics in the quality of sleep in hospitalized patients with lung cancer. Conclusion: As a results, the level of the quality of sleep in hospitalized patients with lung cancer was moderate. And, the study results indicate that ongoing pain, major caregiver, change of weight impact the quality of sleep of lung cancer patients. Therefore, nurses should consider those factors in providing nursing care for hospitalized patient with lung cancer.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.400-406
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• 1992

Background: It has been known that see antigen was used in diagnosis of uterine cervical cancer and also known to be higher in squamous cell lung cancer. There has been no report about see antigen in squamous cell lung cancer in Korea. This study was designed to evaluate the usefulness of see antigen as a diagnostic tool and index for follow up after treatment. Method: The serum level of see antigen was measured in 12 cases with squamous cell lung carcinoma, 9 patients with other types of lung cancer, 7 patients with benign lung disease and 7 normal subjects by radioimmunoassay with Abott see Riabeap radioimmunoassay kit. We also measured see antigen after treatment in 6 patients who had received chemotherapy or sugery. Result: 1) The level of see antigen ($mean{\pm}1$ SD) was $2.27{\pm}1.53$, $0.67{\pm}0.38$, $0.62{\pm}0.53$, $0.53{\pm}0.36\;ng/ml$ respectively. 2) The see antigen activity in squamous cell lung carcinoma according to stage were as gollows. I; $2.07{\pm}1.56$, $III_a$; $5.04{\pm}0.53$ $III_b$; $1.94{\pm}0.7$ IV; $1.07{\pm}0.64$ (ng/ml). 3) In squamous cell lung cancer, 5 of 12 (42%) cases was shown more than 2.0 ng/ml see antigen. (sensitivity; 42%), but there was no case in any other type of lung cancer, benign lung disease, and in control groups (specificity; 100%). 4) The serum sec antigen level after treatment was significantly decreased in patients with partial or complete remission (p<0.01). Conclusion; It was suggested that see antigen might be used as a useful tumor marker for the response of treatment and assessment of prognosis in squamous cell lung cancer, but further study should be performed for the clinical use of see antigen.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.527-535
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• 1996

Background : Cell adhesion molecules knave been Implicated In the various stages of tumor progression and metastasis. ICAM-1 plays a important roles in cell-cell interactions in inflammatory and immune response of several diseases. Recently, elevated levels of sICAM-1 in circulation was reported as association with liver metastasis in gastric, Colonic, gall bladder and pancreatic cancer, with reduced survival in malignant melanoma. This study was performed to measure the sICAM-1 in patients with lung cancer and to evaluate the relations between staging of lung cancer and level of sICAM-1. Methods : Serum sICAM-1 was measured in 36 patients with lung cancer according to the pathologic types and clinical staging before therapy and in 8 controls with ICAM-1 ELISA kit. Results : Serum sICAM-1 levels were elevated in patients with lung cancer except small cell type. Also progression and metastasis of lung cancer associated with elevation of sICAM-1 levels. Conclusion : These results suggest that higher levels of serum ICAM-1 reflect the progression and metastasis of lung cancer and it may be used as a marker with diagnostic and prognostic significance.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.646-652
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• 1993

Background: Lung cancer and chronic obstructive lung disease often coexist in the same person who are elderly and cigarette smoking. There are several reports that the presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease constitutes an independent risk factor for the development of lung cancer. Moreover, the association between mucus hypersecrtion and lung cacer has been reported. Method: In 72 cases with primary lung cancer which were confirmed histopathologically at Chonbuk University Hospital from August 1986 to July 1991, We evaluated the relationship between spirometry and lung cancer characteristics. Results: Six cases(8.3%) showed normal lung function, 16(22.2%) cases showed pure restrictive lung disease, 46(63.9%) cases showed moderated obstructive lung disease and 4(5.6%) cases showed severe obstructive lung disease. $FEV_1$(%) was lower in central type than in peripheral type, lower in advanced non-small cell cancer and lower in subjects with phlegm. $FEV_1$/FVC(%) was higher in small cell cancer than in squamous cell cancer and higher in patients without previous pulmonary disease than with previous pulmonary disease. But there was no statistically significant difference in lung function according to histologic types and smoking history. Lung cancers with $FEV_1$/FVC less than 75% consisted of 35 cases of squamous cell cancer, 7 of small cell cancer(14%), 5 of adenocarcinoma(10%), 2 of large-cell carcinoma and 1 of unclassified carcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma occured more in patients with $FEV_1$/FVC<75% than with $FEV_1$/FVC$\geq$75%(p<0.05). Conclusion: It was suggest that low $FEV_1$/FVC, as reflection of obstructive lung disease, may be at greater risk for squamous cell carcinoma in cigarette smoker.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.1019-1029
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• 1997

Background : Elevation of resting energy expenditure(REE) in patients with lung cancer has been described in earlier studies and may contribute to cancer cachexia, but limited information is available regarding the prevalence and determinants of the increased REE. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and contributing factors of a hypermetabolic state in newly detected patients with lung cancer and to assess the energy balance in order to improve our knowledge about weight loss in patients with lung cancer. Method : Thirty one consecutive, newly detected patients with lung cancer and 20 control patients with benign lung diseases were included in this study. Resting energy expenditure(REE) was measured by indirect calorimetry using ventilated hood system and predicted REE was calculated by the Harris-Benedict formular. Results : The energy balance in newly detected lung cancer patients was disturbed in a high proportion of patients, and hypermetabolic state occurred in 61% of the patients. Tumor volume, cancer type, location, stage, the presence of atelectasis or infiltration, pulmonary function, or smoking behavior were not associated with increase in REE. But patients with distant metastasis had significantly higher REE comparing with patients without metastasis. Thirty nine percents of the patients with lung cancer had substantial loss of more than 10% of their pre-illness weight. Weight losing patients with lung cancer were not accompanied by an increase in REE. Conclusion : We concluded that the REE was elevated in a higher proportion of patients with lung cancer and distant metastasis was found to be contributing factor to the elevated REE.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.441-452
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• 2000

Background : It is well known that the prevalence of lung cancer is higher in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients than in the general population. This high prevalence is explained by the concept of 'scar carcinoma'. There have been several reports on the prevalence of histologic typo of lung cancer in IPF with conflicting results. Despite of the high smoker rate in almost all previous reports, none considered the smoking history of patients. Therefore we performed a separate studies on fibrosis associated lung cancer and smoking associated lung cancer. The purpose of this study is to investigate the proportion of lung cancer in IPF that is fibrosis associated and to determine the most common histologic type in fibrosis associated lung cancer in IPF. Method : A retrospective review of medical records and radiologic studies was performed for cases of lung cancer with IPF. We investigated smoking history, sequence of diagnosis of lung cancer and IPF, histologic type of lung cancer and the cancer location, especially whether the location is associated with fibrosis. To evaluate the proportion of fibrous associated lung cancer, the lung cancer in IPF were categorized according to the presence of fibrosis at cancer location. Results : Fifty seven patients were subjects for this analysis. Six (11%) cases were diagnosed as lung cancer during follow-up for IPF, and both diseases were diagnosed simultaneously in the others. Ninety four percent of patients were smokers and the average smoking amount was 47.1$\pm$21.9 pack-year. Among the patients with IPF and lung cancer, 42(80.8%) cases were considered as "fibrosis associated". The remainder was "not fibrosis associated" and probably was due to smoking etc. Although the most frequent histologic type was squamous cell carcinoma as a whole, adenocarcinoma was the prominent histologic type in "fibrosis associated lung cancer." Conclusion : Considering the proportion of "fibrosis not associated lung cancer" in the patients with IPF and lung cancer, significant proportion of lung cancer in IPF may not be fibrosis induced. This may influence the distribution of histologic type of lung cancer in IPF.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.339-346
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• 1999

Background : Non-small cell lung carcinoma is a common tumor with a poor prognosis. Of all malignancies, it is the main cause of death for male and female patients in the Western world. Resection remains the most effective treatment when feasible. Accurate description and classification of the extent of cancer growth are important in planning treatment, estimating prognosis, evaluating end results of therapy, and exchanging information on human cancer research. Until effective systemic therapy is available for non-small cell lung cancer, development of new treatment strategies depends on knowledge of the end results achieved for carefully staged groups of patients in the lung cancer populations. For these reasons, we investigated the survival rate in radically resected non-small cell lung cancer patients by newly revised staging system adopted by the American Joint Committee on Cancer and the Union Internationale Contre le Cancer. Methods: Clinical, surgical-pathologic and follow-up informations on 84 consecutive, previously untreated, patients who received their primary treatment for non-small cell lung cancer were investigated. Staging definitions for the T(primary tumor), N(reginal lymph node), and M(distant metastasis) components were according to the International Staging System for Lung Cancer. Death from any causes was the primary target of the evaluation. Results: The median survival rates were as follows; stage I ;79.1 months, stage II ;47.3 months, stage IIIa; 22.7 months, stage IIIb; 16.1 months, and stage IV;15.2 months versus newly revised stage Ia;58.5 months, stage I b;76.0 months, stage IIa; not available, stage IIb;43.0 months, stage IIIa;22.5 months, stage IIIb; 16.1 months, and stage IV;15.2 months. The survival rates were not significantly different between old and newly revised staging system. Cumulative percent survival at 36months after treatment was 100% in stage Ia, 80% in stage Ib, not available in stage IIa, 26 % in stage IIb, and 21 % in stage m a respectively. Conclusions: Although these data were not significantly different statistically, the newly revised lung cancer staging system might be more promising for the accurate evaluation of the prognosis in the non-small cell lung caner patients.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.587-593
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• 2016

We are evaluated the usefulness of radiation treatment planning applied respiration factor for stereotactic body radiation therapy in the lung cancer. Four dimensional computed tomography images were obtained in 10 patients with lung cancer. The radiation treatment plans were established total lung volume according to respiration images (new method) and conventional method. We was analyzed in the lung volume, radiation absorbed dose of lung and main organs (ribs, tracheobronchus, esophagus, spinal cord) around the tumor, respectively. We were confirmed that lung volume and radiation absorbed dose of lung and main organs around the tumor deference according to applied respiration. In conclusion, radiation treatment planning applied respiration factor seems to be useful for stereotactic body radiation therapy in the lung cancer.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.321-329
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• 2006

Background : To evaluate the clinical characteristics of lung cancer patients in Korea, where there is a higher number of smokers than in Western countries. Methods : A retrospective study was performed on 1655 lung cancer patients, who were diagnosed at a university hospital between September 1996 and August 2005. Age, gender, cell types and clinical stage were analysed. Of 941 patients, who responded to a questionnaire at the time of diagnosis, the smoking habits, occupational history, family history of lung cancer in the first-degree relatives, coexisting diseases (diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease), body weight loss, ECOG performance status and presenting symptoms, were examined prospectively. In addition, coexisting diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and active pulmonary tuberculosis were evaluated. Results : Of the 1655 patients, the male to females ratio was 3.6. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common cancer whereas adenocarcinoma was more common in lifetime nonsmokers or women. 19.9% of the patients were non smokers and 80.1% ever smokers. Since 2000, there was an increase in the incidence of adenocarcinoma with a corresponding decrease in the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma. 6.2% of patients were asymptomatic. A coincident diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, active pulmonary tuberculosis, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis was made in: 44.1%, 22.2%, 10.7%, 3.9%, and 1.6% of patients, respectively. A positive family history of lung cancer in the first-degree relatives was identified in 4.4% of patients. An occupational history relevant to lung cancer was identified in 12.2% of patients. Conclusion : There is a high proportion of cigarette smokers in Korean lung cancer patients. The most common cell type was squamous cell carcinoma. However, a more detailed, prospective study of the clinical characteristics will be needed to better characterize lung cancer in Korea.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.58-68
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• 2015

Objectives : To evaluate the long-term survival effects of traditional Korean medicine (TKM) on refractory metastatic lung cancer and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), which have historically poor survival rates. Methods : A retrospective study was conducted using the medical records of two patients in Daejeon University hospital. The first patient, with SCLC, was treated from January 2000 to December 2009 and the other, with metastatic pulmonary cancer from primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), was treated from September 2004 to February 2014. The patients were treated with herbal medicines at one-month intervals. During hospitalization, acupuncture and indirect moxibustion were performed concurrent with the administration of Western therapy. Treatment efficacy was assessed monthly using chest radiography, chest computed tomography, and laboratory examination data, and by measuring patient performance status. Results : Both patients exhibited a stable disease course for more than 9 years after the initial diagnosis of intractable lung cancer, suggesting that their disease status was controlled by TKM. Conclusions : We suggest that a combination of TKM with conventional Western therapy for refractory lung cancer patients is effective in controlling various symptoms related to lung cancer and improving quality of life, and may potentially prolong overall survival.