• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 2010

This study was performed to examine the combined effects of gamma linolenic acid and isoflavone supplementation on menopausal symptoms and serum lipids in 73 postmenopausal women. A total subjects were randomly assigned to isoflavone (30 mg) + gamma-linolenic acid (110 mg) group or placebo group. We measured menopausal symptoms by modified Kupperman Index (KI) and oxidized LDL, lipid peroxides, blood components and anthropometric parameters before and after the 12 week intervention period. After the 12 weeks of supplementation, supplement group and placebo group showed a significant reduction of modified kupperman index (p < 0.001). Isoflavone (30 mg) + gamma-linolenic acid (110 mg) supplement group showed a significant reduction of oxidized LDL cholesterol concentration (p = 0.006) whereas placebo group did not show significant change. Isoflavone and gamma-linolenic acid consumption did not significantly affect plasma concentrations of total, LDL, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, apo A1, B and blood components. The result of present study demonstrated the supplementation of 30 mg isoflavone and 110 mg gamma-linolenic acid per day for 12 weeks may protect LDL cholesterol from oxidative stress.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.43 no.12 s.214
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• pp.61-78
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• 2005

This study was peformed to assess the relationships among bone mineral density(BMD), nutrient intake and lifestyle factors in postmenopausal women. A trained nutritionist examined the interviewed usual dietary intake and physical activity of 85 subjects in Chungnam with a questionnaire interview, and BMDs of the lumbar spines($L_2-L_4$), femoral necks(FN), ward's triangles(WT) and trochanters(TR) were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The BMDs(T-score) of $L_2-L_4$, FN, and WT were $0.996g/cm^2(-1.601),\;0.697g/cm^2(-1.697)$, and $0.793g/cm^2(-1.512)$, respectively, which were assessed as osteopenia by T-score,. and TR was normal at $0.718g/cm^2(-0.675)$. Subjects included 85 in Chungnam were divided into three groups according to the BMD measurement of the $L_2-L_4$ and FN assessed by T-score. The percentages of the osteoporosis, osteopenia, and normal groups were $32.9\%,\;42.4\%$ and $24.7\%$ respectively. The average age was significantly the highest of the osteoporosis group than in the other two osteopenia or normal groups(P<0.001). Among lifestyle factors, the BMD of lifestyles was significantly related with exercise but it was not significant with medication., salt. intake, bone fracture, coffee consumption, drinking and smoking. The nutrient intake of the subjects was most nutrient intake adequate to the Korean RDA level for most nutrients excepting energy intakes and calcium. The BMD of lumbar spines $L_2-L_4$ showed significant positive association with the intake of most nutrients except carbohydrate, especially in the normal group. The Higher BMD levels were found for those with high intake of protein and vitamin B1. The BMDs of $L_2-L_4$, and FN were positively correlated with showed energy expenditure, exercise, miscellaneous activity, per weekend and week(P<0.05) in normal group but that was showed negatively correlated in the osteopenia group. Therefore, this study confirmed that one of the most effective ways to minimize bone less in postmenopausal women is to maintain an adequate intake of calcium and other nutrients and regular physical activity.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.197-207
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• 2021

Relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and type 2 diabetes is still inconsistent. Recently, many epidemiologic data show that fracture risk is increased in type 2 diabetic patients regardless of BMD status. In this study, we used nation-wide data from 2008 to 2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) to analyze the BMD status in patients with type 2 diabetes compared to non-diabetics. We included subjects aged 50 years or older in men (N=2,959, 2,430 without diabetes, 529 with type 2 diabetes) and postmenopausal women (N=2,902, 2,479 without diabetes, 423 with type 2 diabetes). Subjects with history of medication for osteoporosis or with illness or malignancy affecting bone metabolism were excluded. Data of anthropometric measurements and demographic characteristics were collected by trained examiner. Serum was separated from peripheral venous blood samples obtained after 8 hours of fasting. BMD was measured at lumbar spine and femur using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). There was a significant positive association between lumbar spine BMD and type 2 diabetes after adjusting age, gender, body mass index, monthly house income, education level, physical activity, daily calcium intake and vitamin D concentration by multiple regression analysis in all subjects. In the subgroup analysis by gender, this association was maintained both in male and female after adjusting those confounding factors. However, femur BMD was not different between type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. In conclusion, lumbar spine BMD was significantly higher in type 2 diabetic patients aged 50 years or more in men and postmenopausal women compared to non-diabetic subjects.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.91-103
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• 2001

The bone is composed of the bone matrix of collagen and hydroxyapatite, the mixture of calcium and phosphours. The bone tissue is considered to the special connective tissue that possesses extracellular matrix made by collagen fiber deposited with mineral complex. In order to maintain bone mass measured by the sum of bone matrix and hydroxyapatite, bone resorption by osteoclast during lifetime and bone remodeling to form bone by osteoblast in its resorption region repeat continuously. The osteoblast has a mesodermic fetal origin like fibroblast for the formation of form tissues. Two cells express identical genes and synthesize the identical collagen type I as the major component of the formation of bone matrix and skin. Therefore, it is considered that the decrease of skinfold thickness and the decrease of bone mass related to the age, the change of two tissues composed of collagen type I is caused by the same genetic mechanism. The decrease of bone mass is caused by the change of the amount and structure of bone matrix by several factors and the amount of minerals deposited on bone matrix. Especially, in case of female, the deficiency of estrogen by menopause makes these changes rapidly increased. The decrease of bone mass and skinfold thickness is due to the decrease of the amount of collagen and its structural change the common component of bone tissue and skin tissue. Therefore, the relationship of the amount of cross-linked peptide N-telopeptide, collagen metabolite which excretes as urine. Based upon the proved results about the significant relationship of bone mass, the amount of bone collagen, the amount of skin collagen and skinfold thickness, the bone mass may be expected through a facile determination of skinfold thickness.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.81-88
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• 2008

Objectives To investigate the relationship between Heart Rate Variability and menopause among obese middle-aged women in Korea. Subjects and Methods Forty middle-aged women (age 49.05 $\pm$ 2.64 years) with BMI > $23kg/m^2$ were recruited by local advertisement. Blood profiles of estrogen, FSH, LH, glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride were measured. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) was estimated by short-term spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV). Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) were accessed using Computerized Tomography (CT), Bioimpedance Analysis (BIA), and anthropometry. To scrutinize the influence of ANS on obesity-related factors, we divided the subjects into pre- and post-menopausal women. Results The total cholesterol, FSH and LH were significantly higher in post-menopausal obese women group. The estradiol and standard deviation of all normal R-R intervals (SDNN), high-frequency components (HF) of the HRV were significantly lower in postmenopausal obese women group (P<0.05). Adipose tissue distribution and blood profiles were not significantly different between two groups. Conclusion Menopause induced a decrease in SDNN and HF values and increase in total cholesterol level in obese women although the VAT itself was not related with ANS in obese women.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.12
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• pp.1769-1775
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• 2010

Menopause is often associated with the incidence of several chronic diseases including osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. The purpose of this study was designed to evaluate the possibility of osteoporosis prevention in postmenopausal women. In this study, we investigated the effects of Ecklonia stolonifera (ES) extracts on bone turnover markers in ovariectomized rats. For this study, the following four groups of 9-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were evaluated over 6 weeks: normal rats (SHAM), ovariectomized rats (OVX-CON) and ovariectomized rats that were treated with ES extracts. We measured the osteocalcin and C-telopeptide of collagen cross-links (CTx) content, enzyme ALP activity in serum and collagen content in the cartilage, bone, skin and lungs. We found that the levels of indicators of bone metabolism such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin and CTx were lower in rats in the ES extract group than the OVX-CON group. In addition, the collagen contents in the bone, cartilage, skin and lungs decreased in response to ovariectomy, but the levels of collagen were greater in the bone of rats that were treated with ES extract than in the bone of rats in the OVX-CON group. These results suggest that the ES may be an effective functional food to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.398-404
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a non-elastic fixation belt on the balance ability and fall prevention in elderly women. Elderly women experience reduced balance ability and an increased risk of falls due to a weakening of the surrounding sacroiliac joint and pelvic muscles during childbirth and menopause. On the other hand, specific studies are still needed. The subjects were allocated randomly to two groups: control (n=20) and experimental (n=20). The experimental group used a non-elastic fixation belt, whereas the control group had no fixation belt. The balance ability and the fall index were measured in all subjects using a balance measurement device, and the low abdominal muscle thickness was determined in the experimental group using ultrasound imaging for the exact application of the non-elastic fixation belt. The following statistical analysis was performed: an independent t-test for the general characteristics of the subjects, $2{\times}2$ analysis of variance with repeated measures for the balance and fall index score, and a paired t-test for the abdominal muscle thickness. The group ${\times}$ time interaction effect showed significant improvement in the General Stability Index (F1,38=47.24, p=0.001), Fourier Harmony Index (F1,38=88.83, p=0.001), Weight Distribution Index (F1,38=50.21, p=0.001), and Fall Index (F1,38=21.59, p=0.001). The thicknesses of the transverse abdominal (p=0.001) and internal oblique (p=0.001) muscles were increased significantly in the experimental group after using the non-elastic fixation belt. Overall, the application of a non-elastic fixation belt could be effective in improving the balance ability and fall prevention in elderly women.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.137-146
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• 2024

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 12 weeks of WB-EMS training on body composition and heart rate variability based on BMI Level in Women. The subjects of the study were premenopausal women, and they were classified into the BMI-N(n=15) group for BMI<25, the BMI-1(n=16) group for BMI=25~29.9, and the BMI-2(n=9) group for BMI>30. And then, WB-EMS training was performed of 3 times a week for 12 weeks. Body composition and HRV were measured before and after the participation in exercise, which were subjected to a repeated-measures two-way ANOVA. In the case of a significant interaction between time and group, paired sample t-tests were conducted for a post-hoc analysis within each subject group. Tukey's method was used for post-hoc testing of differences between groups, and the significance level was set at 0.5. The results were as follows; First, The effect of WB-EMS training was found in all variables of body composition. In particular, Weight, BMI, FFM, and FM decreased the most in the BMI-2 group, followed by the BMI-1 and BMI-N groups. %BF and VF decreased the most in the BMI-2 group. Second, There was a difference in BPM in all groups, and the BMI-2 group showed the greatest decrease. There were differences in SDNN and RMSSD for each group, and there was no difference according to obesity level. There was no difference in LF, HF, and LF/HF ratio. In conclusion, it was confirmed that WB-EMS training can be an exercise therapy that has a positive effect on the body composition change and cardiac circulatory system in women with a high level of obesity.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.933-941
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• 2006

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of soybean intake on bone mineral density and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal rural Korean women. Method: This study was carried out during nine months from Oct. 25 2004 to Aug. 31 2005. The subjects of this study were female patients over 50 living in rural areas diagnosed with osteoporosis. There were 18 women in the experimental group and 20 in the control group. In this study, the experimental group received 100 mg of isoflavone (soybean) and calcium 1,500 mg for nine months while the control group received 1,500mg of calcium only. Results: After the soybean intake, the change of bone mineral density between the experimental group and control group was statistically significant. However, the bone turnover markers of osteocalcin and deoxypyridinoline between the experimental group and control group were not significantly different statistically. In the Pearson Correlation between bone mineral density and bone turnover markers, the osteocalcin and deoxypyridinoline of the experimental group had a positive correlation, and osteocalcin and DPD/osteocalcin ratio had anegative correlation. In the control group, osteocalcin and DPD/osteocalcin ratio had a negative correlation. Conclusions: This result showed that soybean intake changed bone mineral density in postmenopausal woman.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.713-725
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• 1999

Women have a greater incidence of coronary heart disease(CHD) after menopause. It relates to hormone imbalance-induced changes in known CHD risk factors, especially hyperlipidemia. Accordingly, once women are diagnosed, the rate of morbidity and mortality is greater than for men. Thus, preventive strategies are critical to improve the quality oflife in the later years for women. The purpose of ths study was to explore the difference of anthropometric, environmental factors and food behaviors between normocholesterolemia and hypercholesterolemia within postmenopausal women. The subjects were classified as normocholesterolemia and hypercholesterolemia based on the Guideline for Korean Hyperlipidemia. The results obtained are summarized as follows. The distributions of general characteristics such as age, family income, occupation status, age at menarche, and menopausal period were not significantly different between the normocholesterolemia group and hypercholesterolemia group. The anthropometric factors such as body mass index(BMI) and waist hip ratio(WHR) were not significantly different between the normocholesteroemia group and the hypercholesterolemia group but odds ratio of hypercholesterolemia group was higher than that of normocholesterolemia but not significant. Aerobic activity more than 1hours/day was significantly related to low serum cholesterol concentration. Eating behaviors related to regular meal time, regular breakfast habit, and slow meal speed were related to low serum cholesterol concentration. Eating the chicken without skin was significantly related to low serum cholesterol concentration. Our data indicate that desirable eating habit, aerobic activity more than 1hr/day are important factors of serum cholesterol concentrations in postmenopausal women. The result of this study provide information that is important in designing appropriate dietary guidelines for hypercholesterolemia in postmenopausal women.