• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.265-278
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• 2011

Effects of the open level of the side window were studied to control the temperature and relative humidity in the fog cooling greenhouse. The greenhouse was cooled by air atomizing spray nozzles of the air and water two-fluid process. The control process includes the measuring of environmental variables, setting and coding of the water balance equations and heat balance in greenhouse, calculating of the roof window open and spray water, and operating of the motor and pump. The target temperature and relative humidity were set at $28^{\circ}C$, 75%, respectively. The three modes of the side window open level were 0%, 50% and 100%. The average dry bulb temperatures of the inside air were 28.2, 27.2 and $26.3^{\circ}C$, respectively and their standard deviation was ranged from $0.4^{\circ}C$to $0.8^{\circ}C$. Also the relative humidity of the 0% mode was the best controlled one with the average of 76.3% and the standard deviation of 2.1%.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.265-274
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• 2006

Extracting ground points is the kernel of DTM generation being considered as one of the most popular LIDAR applications. The previous extraction approaches can be mostly characterized as a point based approach, which sequentially examines every individual point to determine whether it is measured from ground surfaces. The number of examinations to be performed is then equivalent to the number of points. Particularly in a large set, the heavy computational requirement associated with the examinations is obviously an obstacle to employing more sophisticated criteria for the examination. To reduce the number of entities to be examined and produce more robust results, we developed an approach based on features rather than points, where a feature indicates an entity constructed by grouping some points. In the proposed approach, we first generate a set of features by organizing points into surface patches and grouping the patches into surface clusters. Among these features, we then attempt to identify the ground features with the criteria based on the attributes of the features. The points grouped into these identified features are labeled ground points, being used for DTM generation afterward. The Proposed approach was applied to many real airborne LIDAR data sets. The analysis on the results strongly supports the prominent performance of the proposed approach in terms of not only the computational requirement but also the quality of the DTM.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.593-603
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• 2010

Most spatial data acquisition systems employing a set of frame cameras may have suffered from their small fields of view and poor base-distance ratio. These limitations can be significantly reduced by employing an omni-directional camera that is capable of acquiring images in every direction. Bundle Block Adjustment (BBA) is one of the existing georeferencing methods to determine the exterior orientation parameters of two or more images. In this study, by extending the concept of the traditional BBA method, we attempt to develop a mathematical model of BBA for omni-directional images. The proposed mathematical model includes three main parts; observation equations based on the collinearity equations newly derived for omni-directional images, stochastic constraints imposed from GPS/INS data and GCPs. We also report the experimental results from the application of our proposed BBA to the real data obtained mainly in urban areas. With the different combinations of the constraints, we applied four different types of mathematical models. With the type where only GCPs are used as the constraints, the proposed BBA can provide the most accurate results, ${\pm}5cm$ of RMSE in the estimated ground point coordinates. In future, we plan to perform more sophisticated lens calibration for the omni-directional camera to improve the georeferencing accuracy of omni-directional images. These georeferenced omni-directional images can be effectively utilized for city modelling, particularly autonomous texture mapping for realistic street view.

• Review of Culture and Economy
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.81-102
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• 2014

As carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, is generally emitted by vehicles, the development and distribution of electric cars is important for the sustainability of environmentally-friendly tourism, especially in national parks. National parks in Korea, however, still see the use of traditional vehicles powered by internal combustion engines in the handling of visitors and the transportation of goods and staff. Such engines being the cause of environmental problems such as exhaust emission and noise pollution, the introduction of electric cars in national parks is needed. This study aims to analyze the economic value of electric cars in national parks as well as contribute to the development of the Green Transportation model in tourism destinations. The study used a logit model to estimate the willingness to pay for the introduction of electric cars in national parks. Adults over the age of twenty, with gender and age apportioned equally, were surveyed using questionnaires that included dichotomous as well as demographic questions. The findings show that the amount an individual is willing to pay for the purpose of environmental conservation is 3,948 won, while the value the national parks would derive from the use of electric cars is 56,138,130,000 won. The introduction of electric cars in national parks is expected to offer both direct and indirect benefits while helping to improving the environment of the national parks by eliminating exhaust emission and noise. This introduction would also be a response to climate change that can be taken by society as a whole.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.81-98
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• 2012

This research aims 1) to analyse the spatial occurrence of red soils, in Korea 2) to predict their spatial distribution using terrain analyses, and 3) to interpret results from the perspective of pedogeomorphological processes. Red soils (often called red-yellow soils) in Korea are frequently found on welldrained plains and gently sloping areas. These soils are widely believed paleo-soils that were formed under hot and humid climatic conditions in the past. The spatial distribution of red soils was derived from the soil map of Korea, and a DEM based soil prediction was developed, based on a continuity equation to depict water and material flows over the landscape. About 64.5% of the red soil occurrence can be explained by the prediction. Close examinations between surveyed and predicted red soil maps show few distinctive spatial features. Granitic erosional plains at the inland of Korea show comparatively low occurrence of red soils, which might indicate active geomorphological processes within the basins. The occurrence of red soils at limestone areas is more abundant than that of the predicted, indicating the influence of parent materials on the formation of red soils. At and around lava plateau at Cheulwon and Youncheon, the occurrence of red soils is underestimated, which might partly be explained by the existence of loess-like surface deposits. There are also distinctive difference of prediction results between northern and southern parts of Korea (divided by a line between Seosan and Pohang). The results of this research calls for more detailed field-based investigations to understand forming processes of red soils, focusing on the spatial heterogeneity of pedological processes, the influence of parent materials, and difference in uplift patterns of the Korean peninsula.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.315-321
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• 2019

Background: There have been no studies to date on rhizome development and optimal harvest timing for Rehmannia glutinosa. We therefore, undertook this investigation. Methods and Results: R. glutinosa 'Jihwang 1' was sown in early May and harvested in early November. Growth investigations were carried out at intervals of 10 days between 90 and 180 days after sowing (DAS). Leaf length, leaf width, and number of leaves increased until 150 DAS but decreased after 160 DAS. Rhizome length increased until 120 DAS subsequently, rhizome diameter increased rapidly between 130 and 150 DAS. Thus, the key period for rhizome enlargement in R. glutinosa is thought to be 130 to 150 DAS. Fresh root yield increased sharply from 916 kg/10a to 1,914 kg/10a between 4 and 5 months after sowing (MAS). Dry matter ratio increased gradually from 19.2% at 4 MAS to 24.4% at 6 MAS. Finally, the level of catalpol, a key active ingredient, increased sharply from 0.41% to 4.21% between 5 and 6 MAS. Given the dry matter ratio, catalpol content and yield measured, we suggest that optimal R. glutinosa harvest time is 6 MAS. Conclusions: Based on our results, the key period for rhizome enlargement is 130 to 150 DAS and optimal harvest timing is 6 MAS. We anticipate that these and other results of this study can be used to inform cultivation of R. glutinosa.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.332-345
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• 2019

Maximum dip vector of individual joint plane, which can be uniquely defined on the hemispherical projection plane, has been established by considering its dip and dip direction. A new stereographic projection method for the rock slope analysis which employs the maximum dip vector can intuitively predict the failure modes of rock slope. Since the maximum dip vector is uniquely projected on the maximum dip point of the great circle, the sliding direction of discontinuity plane can be recognized directly. By utilizing the maximum dip vector of discontinuity both the plane sliding and toppling directions of corresponding blocks can be discerned intuitively. Especially, by allocating the area of high dip maximum dip vector which can form the flanks of sliding block the potentiality for the formation of virtual sliding block has been estimated. Also, the potentiality of forming the triangular-sectioned sliding block has been determined by considering the dip angle of joint plane the dip direction of which is nearly opposite to that of the slope face. Safety factors of the different-shaped blocks of triangular section has been estimated and compared to the safety factor of the most hazardous block of rectangular section. For the wedge analysis the direction of crossline of two intersecting joint planes, which has same attribute of the maximum dip vector, is used so that wedge failures zone can be superimposed on the stereographic projection surface in which plane and toppling failure areas are already lineated. In addition the maximum dip vector zone of wedge top face has been delineated to extract the wedge top face-forming joint planes the orientation of which provides the vital information for the analysis of mechanical behavior of wedge block.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.252-260
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• 2002

Introduction Urticaria is widely spread disease. About 15-20 $\%$ of population has experienced at least once in a life time. The etiology of urticaria is uncertain till now, and the affcting factors are various chemical material, physical factors, alcohol, fever, exercise, and hormone, etc. The symptoms of urticaria are small or large wheal-erythema reaction and itching or tingling sense. Cause there is no probe to detect the urticaria clearly, the treatment of urticaria is symptomatic. And mostly urticaria can be chronic and very hard to treat it fundamentally. Nowadays, many trials to treat the urticaria in oriental medical way show good curability. In this paper I'd like to report the treatment rate and degree of urticaria patients mostly using anti-histamine medication. Subjects From the outpatients who visited Korean Hospital of Kyunghee Kangnam during 2000-4 and 2002-1, the 36 chronic urticaria patients, at least more than 4 weeks from onset and 2weeks of treatment period, were chosen. Methods I evaluated the results of treatment with the following scale. Very Good: The all symptoms are clearly disappeared or one third of symptoms remain and sometimes eruption is appeared. Good: Half of the symptoms are improved but most of symptoms remain. No Change: No change appears before and after treatment. Worse: The degree and duration of eruption get worse than pre-treatment state. Results For Acupuncture treatment, I chose the several Acu points like Hapgok(합곡), Taichung(대충), Gokji(곡지), Yanggok(양곡), Yanggea(양계), and lmeup(족임읍), and usually lasted it 15 minutes. With the acupuncture treatment and herb medicine, 2-3 times a week, the patients whose treatment period was 2 to 4 weeks were 17(47.2$\%$), 4 to 8 weeks were 11(30.5$\%$), 8 to 12 weeks were 3(8.3$\%$), 12 to 16 weeks were 3(8.3$\%$), longer than 16 weeks were 2(5.5$\%$) Collecting the statistics of the frequency of prescripted herb medicine, Hyangsosan(향소산) was prescripted 21 times(58.3$\%$), Hyangsapyungwisan(향사평위산) was 15 times(41.6$\%$), Hwapisan(화피산) was 9 times(25$\%$), Yangwitang(양위탕) was 6 times(16.6$\%$), Bojungikkitang(보중익기탕가미) was 4 times(11.1$\%$), Yongdamsagantang (용담사간탕가미) was 4 times(11.1$\%$). The result of the treatments, evaluating with mentioned rate scale, was 11 cases(30.5$\%$) were Very Good degree, 19 cases(52.7$\%$) were Good , 6 cases(16.6$\%$) were No Change. No cases were Worse degree. Conclusion According to this research, we could say that chronic urticaria can be treated with Oriental medical methods. But more precise probes in both Oriental and Western medicine to diagnose the chronic urticaria should be established and we need to make standards for testing and diagnosing the chronic urticaria.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.175-181
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the change of soil physical properties in long-term fertilized paddy soils with a Fine silty family of Typic Halpaqueps (Pyeongtaeg series). Treatments fertilized consisted of no fertilizer, compost, NPK, NPK+compost for thirty one years and of NPK+silicate for seventeen years. Water stable aggregate and degree of aggregate stability, which were higher in surface-soil than sub-soil, were high in order of NPK + compost > NPK + silicate > compost > NPK > no fertilizer plot. The ratio of aggregate larger than 0.5mm was high at compost and silicate plots but that smaller than 0.5mm was high at no fertilizer and NPK plots. And this aggregate stability showed negative correlation with soil hardness and bulk density ; positive correlation with sedimentation volume of soils in water. Sedimentation volume of soils in water was a little higher in surface-soil than sub-soil and in wet soil than dry soil, respectively. Pore space ratio and water retention capacity of soils were the most increased by the application of compost and not affected by silicate as in cases of liquid limit and plastic limit. Ignition loss of soils was high in order of NPK + compost > compost > NPK + silicate > NPK > no fertilizer plot. And field shattering ratio of soil mass smaller than 25.4mm was relatively high in NPK + compost, compost, and silicate plots.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.583-598
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• 2022

As human-based tunnel inspections are affected by the subjective judgment of the inspector, making continuous history management difficult. There is a lot of deep learning-based automatic crack detection research recently. However, the large public crack datasets used in most studies differ significantly from those in tunnels. Also, additional work is required to build sophisticated crack labels in current tunnel evaluation. Therefore, we present a method to improve crack detection performance by inputting existing datasets into a deep learning model. We evaluate and compare the performance of deep learning models trained by combining existing tunnel datasets, high-quality tunnel datasets, and public crack datasets. As a result, DeepLabv3+ with Cross-Entropy loss function performed best when trained on both public datasets, patchwise classification, and oversampled tunnel datasets. In the future, we expect to contribute to establishing a plan to efficiently utilize the tunnel image acquisition system's data for deep learning model learning.