• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.70-78
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• 1988

To obtain basic information for the genetic analysis and breeding of Flammulina velutipes, some factors affecting the release of protoplasts from the fungus were studied. Potato Dextrose peptone Agar medium was suitable for the growth of the mycelium and the protoplast formation of F. velutipes. The culture age for the high yields of protoplast was 5 days on PDPA. Few protoplasts were formed from the mycelium cultured on Mushroom minimum Media. The highest yield of protoplasts was obtained in enzyme solution containing Novozyme 234 plus cellulase CP at 10 mg $ml^{-1}$ concentration, while a half amount of protoplasts was obtained in enzyme solution containing Novozyme 234 only. The optimal reaction time of the mycelium in the Iytic enzyme mixtures was 3 hours. The best osmotic stabilizer for the protoplast formation of the mycelium was 0.6M sucrose without buffer at pH 6.2.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 2003

This experiment were conducted to select cheaper and more favorable compost among several kinds of composts which were produced by companies, farmers etc. instead of Yakto. Yakto was similar to Standard Yakto in the content of inorganic salts, but PL and HJ composts contained more P$_2$O$\_$5/, K$_2$O, CaO and MgO content compared with Standard Yakto and EC in Yakto was also higher than Standard Yakto did, but the phosphorus, magnesium content and EC of Mushroom compost was higher than that of Standard Yakto. On the other hands, Rice straw compost contained higher contents of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium than Yakto did. Germination rate and early growth of lettuce and C/N ratio were tested for checking decomposed degree. The compost of HJ, Mushroom and Rice straw revealed higher C/N ratio, lower germination rate and shorter shoot length than Yakto showed. It was guessed that these composts were not decomposed enough. Emergence and survival rate of ginseng seeds in Yakto were the highest, but its germination in the composts of Mushroom, PL, HJ and Rice straw, in order, was decreased, and its survival rate in the composts of PL, Mushroom, HJ and Rice straw, in order, was decreased. It was concluded that fully decomposed manure should be used and it needs to Investigate perfect decomposed composts of PL and Mushroom instead of Yakto.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.160-166
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• 2013

Recovery of ${\alpha}$-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1), lignin peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.14), laccase (EC 1.10.3.2), xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8), ${\beta}$-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.37), ${\beta}$-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) and cellulase (EC 3.2.1.4) from spent mushroom composts (SMCs) of Pleurotus cornucopiae, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, Hericium erinaceum, Lyophyllum ulmarium, Agrocybe cylindracea, Lentinus lepideus, and Flammulina velvtipes were investigated using different extraction buffers. The maximum recovery of the enzymes was mostly detected in SMC extracts with tap water and 0.25% Triton X-100 by shaking incubation (200 rpm) for 2 h at $4^{\circ}C$. The xylanase (152 U/g) and laccase (8.1 U/g) activities were the highest in SMC extracts from F. velvtipes and P. eryngii. In addition, high enzymatic activities of ${\alpha}$-amylase (3.6 U/g) and cellulase (3.4 U/g) was detected in SMC extract of A. cylindracea. Futhermore, cellulase and laccase activities of SMCE from P. eryngii were compared to commercial enzymes.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.179-185
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• 2009

To develop an Enoki mushroom packaging method, mushrooms were stored at $1^{\circ}C$ for 12 days after passive MAP packaging(PM), vacuum packaging(VM), and gas flushing packaging(AM), after investigation of film thickness influences on respiration rates and gas compositions(LDPE films 20, 40, and 60 m in thickness were tested). Enoki mushrooms had respiration rates of 26.4 mL $CO_2/kg/hour$ at $0^{\circ}C$, 80.0 mL $CO_2/kg/hour$ at $10^{\circ}C$, 130.9 mL $CO_2/kg/hour$ at $20^{\circ}C$, and 130.9 mL $CO_2/kg/hour$ at $30^{\circ}C$. A film thickness of 20 m was chosen for further tests to maintain the oxygen concentration above the minimum growth level; the thinnest film offered a higher gas transmittance rate than did the thicker films. No anaerobic respiration was evident over 12 days of storage using any packaging method, with the exception of VM. AM, using a high concentration of $CO_2$, restricted respiration rate. Mushrooms packaged using the VM method showed the greatest weight loss and extent of discoloration among the packaging methods tested, followed by AM mushrooms using 50% $CO_2/10%\;O_2/40%\;N_2$. Mushrooms packaged by the VM and PM methods developed a serious off-flavor after 2 days of storage, and a high stipe elongation rate after 5 days of storage, respectively. However, AM using 50% $CO_2/10%\;O_2/40%\;N_2$ of various gas ratios tested, allowed Enoki mushrooms to be maintained for up to 12 days without development of off-flavor, discoloration, or moldiness.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.65-69
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• 2002

The objective of this study was to determine mushrooms yields using ozone. The results of this study showed as follows; 1. According to ozone treatment on the Pleurotus ostreatus growth length of stipe became short, diameter of stipe and pileus yields of fruiting body increase 7% than the control treatments. 2. According to ozone treatment on the Agaricus bisporus growth, length of stipe became short, diameter of stipe and pileus became large, yields of fruiting body had increase 4% than the contol treatment. 3. According to ozone treatment on the Flamulina velutipes growth, day required for primordial formation after inoculation(DPI) became late for 2 days.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1481-1486
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• 2011

Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is a by-product remained after a crop of mushrooms. About seven thermophilic strains were isolated from SMS (Flammulina velvtipes). Among them, one isolate, designated UJ03, showed the antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceous producing mycotoxin on PDA medium, potentially. The strain UJ03 produced cellulase and xylanase as extracellular hydrolases. The strain UJ03 was identified as a member of the genus Bacillus by biochemical characteristics using Bacillus ID kit and VITEK 2 system. Comparative 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain UJ03 formed a distinct phylogenetic tree within the genus Bacillus and was most closely related to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens with sequence similarity of 98.9%. On the basis of its physiological properties, biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain UJ03 was classified within the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus sp. UJ03 is proposed. The antifungal compound from Bacillus sp. UJ03 was similar to lipopeptide iturin A of Bacillus sp.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.55-59
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• 2009

The mushroom takes in charge of decomposer in ecosystem and its production is important indicator for sounded ecosystem function. To determine standing crop of basidiocarps(fruit body of mushroom), a weight must be measured by harvesting mushroom individual in the field. But this method has profound affection on the basidiocarps population or its surrounding condition due to habitat destruction. Thus, in this study, without harvesting any mushroom in the field, we developed allometric equation using some morphological parameters to estimate standing crop biomass of basidiocarps. Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Flammulina velutipes and Conocybe tenera were used for allometry. Morphological variables of the mushroom were pileus diameter, pileus area, stipe length and stipe thickness. Consequently, all the experimental mushrooms species showed significantly correlation in biomass estimation of basidiocarps from allometric equation (p<0.05). As a result of this research, the standing biomass of the basidiocarps could be indirectly estimated with proportional expression, allometric equation drived from morphological characters.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.316-323
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• 2014

We analyzed saccharide by dividing and comparing Monosaccharide, Disaccharide and sugar Alcohol. At first, Glucose had outstanding contained quantity of ASI 7114 with 81.11 g/l even comparing with other mushrooms for medical use and edibility. And 119.98 g/l of Fructose was observed at Hericium erinaceum that was more contained quantity than Flammulina velutipes and Lentinus edodes. But, the most contained quantity observed in Ganoderma lucidum was ASI 7015 with 15.70 g/l that was the level of 1/8 approximately against Hericium erinaceum. Ribose was found at low level generally that was hardly contained. Xylose was also observed low level. ASI 7004 was detected at 0.96g/l that was the most content with imperceptible difference by comparing with other mushrooms for medical use and edibility. Next, 35.21 g/l of Trehalose, disaccharide was observed at Agaricus bisporus that was around 11 times of content than ASI 3.09 g/l that was the most content of Ganoderma lucidum. For ${\alpha}$-Lactose, Sparassis crispa has the most amount of 3.38 g/l that was around 12.5 times of ASI 7060 0.27 g/l that was the most content of Ganoderma lucidum. For Glycerol, sugar alcohol, 64.74 g/l was observed at Pleurotus eryngii. We knew it was around 8 times of ASI 7004 8.61 g/l that was the most content of Ganoderma lucidum. 0.72 g/l of Solbitol was observed at Flammulina velutipes. We knew it was around 2times of ASI 7003 0.31 g/l that was the most content of Ganoderma lucidum. Moreover most of Ganoderma lucidum didn't contain Solbitol. 2.96 g/l of Mannitol was observed at Agaricus bisporus. that was the most content among other mushrooms. Also Mannitol was contained in Lentinus edodes and leurotus cornucopiae only. Even Ganoderma lucidum didn't have Mannitol. At last, as a result of myo-Inosito content analysis, it was seemed not to be involved in any of mushrooms.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.279-284
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• 2021

Flammulina velutipes is the representative edible mushroom in Korea. It makes up around 18% of the total mushroom production and accounts for about 36% of the total mushroom export. Despite being one of the most industrially important mushroom in Korea, the distribution rate of domestic cultivar was low (~31.6%) in 2020. Therefore, we need a new domestic cultivar with high quality as the main export mushroom. We developed a new white domestic cultivar, 'Seolhan', bred by mating two monokaryotic strains isolated from Baekseung and Woori-1ho. The optimum mycelial growth temperature was 25℃ and Seolhan had higher mycelial growth than the control at 20 and 25℃. In bottle cultivation, the optimum temperature of incubation was from 15℃ to 17℃ and the growth temperature of Seolhan was 7-8℃, which was slightly higher than that of the control. The yield of Seolan was 226.5±8.0 g, an increase of 18.4% compared to the control. The period of primodia formation also was a couple of days ahead. In morphological traits, the pileus of Seolhan was smaller than that of the control, the stipe was thicker, and the color brighter. As the results of replacement culture and genetic diversity test, it was confirmed that Seolhan was genetically different from other white varieties.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.120-124
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• 2020

This study was conducted to provide basic data for setting a standard medium for winter mushroom cultivation. Investigation of medium composition in winter mushroom farms in Korea revealed that the types of medium used for each farm were slightly different and that the mixing ratio of the medium also varied. All farmers used corncob, rice bran, and beet pulp as the main media, and calcium carbonate and ground oyster shells were used at 1.0~3.8% to adjust the pH of the medium. Analysis of the physicochemical properties of the mixed media showed nitrogen content of 1.28~1.52%, carbon content of 45.7~48.5%, and C/N ratio of 30.7~37.9. The content of inorganic components was significantly different in each farm, depending on the type and amount of minerals in the mixed medium. Mycelial growth was the fastest at Farm 2, reaching 6.5 cm within 34 days of culture, followed by Farm 4 at 5.7 cm, whereas Farm 1, 3, and 5 showed similar growth. Mycelial density was high without any significant difference between farms. Survey of yield according to medium composition in each farm showed the highest yield in Farm 2 at 173.4 g/bottle, followed by Farm 1 at 168.4 g/bottle, whereas Farm 3 and 4 showed similar yield. However, Farm 4 had the lowest yield at 145.4 g/bottle. Therefore, mushroom yield was different depending on the medium composition in the farm, and thus selection of a medium that can be used universally in multiple mushroom farms was considered possible.