• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.381-389
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• 2023

Vibrio vulnificus, the most fatal waterborne and foodborne pathogens of 50% fatality rate in the world, is common in seawater and occurs particularly in warmer months. In this study, we investigated the toxin genes using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), antibiotic resistance status using Vitek, and genetic characteristics using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of different V. vulnificus strains isolated from the Jeju Island seawater, distribution fishery products, and fish tanks. We examined a total of 487 samples and isolated a total of 46 strains (including overlapping strains) of V. vulnificus, 44 strains from seawater and 1 strain each from fishery products and fish tank. We detected toxin gene vvhA in all 46 strains and rtxA, viu in 8 strains (17.4%) and 9 strains (19.6%) strains, respectively. Antibiotic resistance tests indicated 100% resistance to cefoxitin antibiotics. The PFGE analysis of the 46 strains identified a total of 6 types showed 100% homology and the degree of similarity was 81.3-98.0%; however, there were no similarity between the regions and samples. These results indicate that V. vulnificus isolated from the seawater, fishery products, and fish tanks should be continuously monitored as cases of food poisoning caused by V. vulnificus with toxin genes have been reported in Jeju Island.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.217-219
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• 2001

비브리오균은 현재까지 약 30여종이 알려져 있는 그람음성의 종속영양세균으로, 이 중 12종이 사람에게 질병을 일으킨다고 보고되고 있으며, 우리 나라에서 문제가 종종 발생하는 비브리오균은 패혈증 비브리오, 장염 비브리오 그리고 V.cholerae non-O1을 들 수가 있다. V. cholerae O1과 형태학적, 생화학적, 생물학적 성상은 일치하지만, 콜레라균의 항혈청에는 응집하지 않는 일군의 세균을 V. cholerae non-O1이라고 부른다. (중략)

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
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• 2002.09a
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• pp.84-84
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• 2002

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.89-93
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• 2020

Vibrio vulnificus, an opportunistic pathogen, causes septicaemia when raw shellfish and fish are eaten by patients with hepatic diseases or reduced immunity. In this study, we evaluated inhibitory effects of some natural products on V. vulnificus growth using 96-well microplate assay. We found that Phyllanthus emblica L., Rosa chinensis Jacq., Rosa rugose Thub., and Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss. significantly inhibited V. vulnificus growth in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth. Among these four extracts, the inhibition diameter of Chukrasia tabularis was 16.00 ± 0.58 mm in disc diffusion assay on V. vulnificus growth. In addition, these four natural products protected HeLa cells from V. vulnificus-induced cytotoxicity. A cocktail containing these four products showed an inhibitory effect on V. vulnificus growth in seawater and shellfish by reducing its growth by 75.7% and 97%, respectively. These results suggest that these four natural products are safe and effective natural antimicrobial candidates to prevent V. vulnificus infection.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.213-217
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• 2006

The halophilic bacterium Vibrio vulnificus is known to be a foodborne pathogen that causes septicemia in human. V. vulnificus infection is characterized by the high fatality rates and the primary attack against a person who have underlying diseases such as liver cirrhosis. However, there is no effective treatment for V. vulnificus septicemia except for classical treatments such as antibiotics. Recently, it has been known that lipoprotein (LDL) plays a major role in the protection against infection and inflammation. Consequently in this paper we analyzed the effects of LDL on V. vulnificus septicemia. We purified V. vulnificus cytolysin, a major virulent factor of V. vulnificus infection and measured inhibitory effects of mouse serum, cholesterol, and LDL on its hemolytic activity. Next experiments were performed to investigate whether LDL has a protective role against septicemia induced by V. vulnificus in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of LDL (1mg as protein) into mice 3hr before V. vulnificus $(1\times10^6\;CFU)$ injection, and V. vulnificus -induced lethality was determined. For the determination the relationship between LDL or cholesterol and prognosis, we determined serum levels of cholesterol and lipoprotein from V. vulnificus septicemia patients (n=15) who had visited the Chonbuk National University Hospital in Chonju. V. vulnificus cytolysin -induced hemolysis of mice erythrocytes was completely inhibited by serum, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein. V. vulnificus- induced lethality of mice injected with LDL showed only 40% compared to 100% of control. In survival groups (n=4) of V. vulnificus septicemia patients (n=15), their serum LDL and cholesterol revealed normal levels ($153.3{\pm}40.7,\;LDL;\;190.8{\pm}16.3$, Total cholesterol). However, in death groups (n=11) showed very low levels ($35.6{\pm}13.9,\;LDL;\;59.2{\pm}15.1$, Total cholesterol). Our study indicates that cholesterol and LDL are a prognosis indicator of V. vulnificus septicemia as well as an inhibitor of virulent action of V. vulnificus cytolysin. We suggested that the serum levels of cholesterol or LDL would be major index in the treatment and prevention of V. vulnificus septicemia.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.79-87
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• 1997

To determine the cause of Vibrio septicemia by understanding the characteristics endotoxin from Vibrio vulnificus, lethal dose, heat resistance and vascular permeability enhancing activity were svaluated using vegestative cell and cell homogenate and the result is as follows: 1. Vibrio vulnificus CDC B3547 of patient origin did not exihibit any significant difference in toxicity compared to Vibrio vulnificus B57 of enviroment origin. 2. Strong toxicity was observed when viable cell count of Vibrio vulnificus CDC B3547 was more than 10$^{7}$/ml. 3. Toxicity of cell homogenate was completely inactivited upon geating at 80$^{\circ}$C for 20min. 4. Cell homogenate did not show hemolyic activity but was acknowleged to have cytotoxicity. 5. Major lethal toxin against mouse was existed in Vibrio vulnificus CDC B3547; however, separation of LPS and LPS-protein complex was not successful using the current technique.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.163-169
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to estimate the antimicrobial activity of Maesil (Japanese apricot, Prunus mume) extract against Vibrio vulnificus. The strains tested in the study were 28 V. vulnificus isolates originated from fish, seawater, mud flat and seawater in fish restaurant. The vvhA gene was detected using real-time PCR and biochemical identification expressed above good identification in 28 isolates of V. vulnificus. All of V. vulnificus used in this study was susceptible to tetracycline and chloramphenicol antibiotics. These two antibiotics were considered to be useful for the treatment of patients. Maesil extracts 2.5% and 5% showed antimicrobial activity against V. cholerae NCCP 13589 and V. parahemolyticus NCCP 11143. V. vulnificus isolate and V. vulnificus NCCP 11135 showed growth inhibition at 1.25%, 2.5% and 5% of Maesil extract, respectively. Compared with V. cholerae and V. parahemolyticus, the antibacterial activity of Maesil extract against V. vulnificus was high. The minimum bactericidal concentration of Maesil extract for V. vulnificus was 1.6%. These results revealed that Maesil extract was found to be very useful for inhibiting the growth of V. vulnificus and can be expected to prevent food poisoning caused by V. vulnificus.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.107-113
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• 1994

Among the currently recognized pathogenic vibrios, V. vulnificus and V. cholerae non O1 are the most serious bacteria from the point of view of sea food hygiene in Korea. In this paper, the authors compared the hemolytic activities of the crude hemolysin produced by V. vulnificus and V. cholerae non O1 isolated from shellfish collected in Chungmoo, Korea. The authors also attempted to improve the purification method of V. vulnificus hemolysin(VVH) and tried to make antiserum with the purified hemolysin. VVH was produced in abundance in heart infusion broth containing $2\%$ NaCl in a shaking cultivation process(140rpm) at $37^{\circ}C$ for 15 hours. While hemolysin production patterns of V. cholerae non O1 were quite different by the strain during the culture times compared with the V. vulnificus. Hemolytic activity of the VVH on sheep erythrocytes was stronger than those of rabbit, but hemolytic activities of the hemolysin produced by V. cholerae non O1 on rabbit erythrocytes were as much as twice as strong as on those of sheep and horse. VVH was purified by two steps of hydrophobic column chromatography on Phenyl-Sepharose HP with Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography(FPLC). Purification fold and yield of VVH was much improved by changing the elution buffer's pH from 6.0 to 9.8 and adding $1\%$ CHAPS(a zwitter ionic detergent) and $50\%$ ethylene glycol to the 10mM glycine buffer during the repeated hydrophobic column chromatography. Homogeneity of the purified hemolysin was shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. According to the five times repeated purification results, the specific activity was increased 27500 times and the yield was improved by $23.4\%$ on average. About $250{\mu}g$ of purified hemolysin was harvested from the 2400ml of culture supernatant of V. vulnificus. Molecular weight of VVH was estimated to be 50KDa by the SDS-PAGE and the neutralization scores of the obtained antiserum acting against VVH were $2000{\sim}8500$.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.13-21
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• 1993

Vibrio septicemia,, resulting in high mortality, has been caused by Vibrio vulnificus. Ingestion of marine products or contact with sea water contaminated with Vibrio vulnificus can cause septicemia. Vibrio vulnificus has been detected world wide and west sea area of Korea, Kum river estuary in particular, showed high detection rate. Higher detection rate of Vibrio vulnificus were reported in the bottom deposit with low depth of water, low salinity, and high COD. Man with the liver disease can easily come down with Vibrio septicemia and the main source is the sliced raw fish dish. The preventive measure for this disease is to wash raw fish material thoroughly with tap water and handle in sanitary conditions. Washing with sea water is strictly prohibited . It may be necessary to forbid the small-scale businessmen from selling the sliced ray fish dish in the vicinity of seashore. Man with the liver disease of diabetes should not swim or consume the raw fish dish in the contaminated area during summer.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.114-120
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• 2019

In the case of being contaminated with pathogenic Vibrio, shellfish pose a serious threat for public health. This study was conducted to investigate the presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus in the seawater, bottom deposit and shellfish samples collected from the Gomso Bay, west coast of Korea. V. parahaemolyticus (30-80 CFU/g) was detected from seawater Jul. to Oct. and highest at Sep. V. parahaemolyticus was detected less than 10 CFU/g from seawater at Nov. with $14.6^{\circ}C$ of seawater temperature. V. parahaemolyticus (180-1,850 CFU/g) was detected more than 100 CFU/g from 3 kinds of shellfish, Short-necked clam Ruditapes philippinarum, Corb shell Cyclina sinensis, and Surf clam Mactra veneriformis, Jul. to Oct. and was highest in Surf clam at Oct. V. parahaemolyticus was detected less than 20 CFU/g from all tested shellfish at Nov. V. vulnificus (1.8-2.7 MPN/100 mL) was detected from seawater Jul. to Oct. and was not detected at Nov. V. vulnificus (18-236.7 MPN/100 g) was also detected from 3 kinds of shellfish Jul. to Oct. and was highest in Corb shell at Jul. V. vulnificus was not detected from all tested shellfish at Nov.