• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.193-206
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• 1993

An analytical model of undertow is presented in the surf zone. Each term of the derived governing equation is evaluated by the ordering methods. Then the turbulent normal stresses and the streaming velocity terms are neglected. The driving force of undertow is derived from the wave profile which is approximated by the 4th order Chebyshev polynomials. The three types of vertical distribution of eddy viscosity are assumed and the coefficient of eddy viscosity is decided from the new boundary condition. So the input parameters for the calculation of undertow become very simple. The theoretical solutions of the present model are compared with the various experimental results. This model shows a good agreement with the experimental results in the case of mild slope and linear type eddy viscosity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.198-205
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• 2017

Two-dimensional hydraulic model experiments on rubble mound structure armoring with the tetrapods and the superstructure were conducted to investigate wave transmission characteristics under irregular wave conditions. The previous studies about the wave transmission coefficients dealt with the low crested structures, therefore the rock was the main armor units and the superstructure was not constructed. In this study, the new empirical design formula for the wave transmission coefficient about rubble mound structure with the tetrapods and the superstructure was suggested and the effects of wave steepness and the row of the tetrapods in front of the superstructure could be considered.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.138-142
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• 2013

As an early warning system to reduce the damage of aquacultured mollusks due to low salinity water, we investigated the possibility of a biomonitoring system measuring the shell valve movement (SVM) of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) by using the Hall element sensor. In high salinity water of 27 psu, SVMs of Pacific oyster showed spikes which mean a relatively fast closing condition after opened condition of average 10-15 mm, and then the SVM showed back to opening condition slower than closing speed. In water salinity of 20-27 psu, the SVMs were similar to that of 27 psu. However, below 17 psu, it showed abnormal valve movements such as spending more time for shell closure. In 10 psu, we could not detected SVMs due to closed condition during experiment periods. Thus, if we quickly detect abnormal environmental variations like low salinity using bio-monitoring of SVM, it may be contribute to increased productivity by dramatically reducing damages in aquaculture.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.107-115
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• 2007

In this paper, the damping ratios of two methods, namely the half-power bandwidth method and random decrement method from the vibration measurement were examined. Ambient vibration tests were conducted on two steel-framed and one composite tall building ranging from 27 to 36 stories. The performance of the half-power bandwidth method was investigated using four sample sizes, such as 1024, 2048, 4096 and 8192. Damping by the half-power bandwidth method is slightly more overestimated than the random decrement method due to insufficient record length. Damping evaluation by the half-power bandwidth method was found to be enhanced when using the narrower bandwidth with long recorded data.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.32-32
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• 2009

Electric Resistance Welding (ERW) process is the most efficient process to manufacture the linepipe. To develop the high performance ERW linepipe using the high strength and the high alloy steels, the modulation of input power waveform such as sinusoidal waveform is introduced because the conventional ERW technology is not sufficient enough to produce the high quality linepipe due to its strength and high alloy contents (high Ceq). In this article, the material used for the experiment was API X60 with 8.2mm thickness, and ERW simulator at POSCO was used to develop a waveform control system for the power modulation. The frequency of power modulation was varied from 50Hz to 150Hz with the fixed amplitude of ${\pm}2%$ power. The non-modulated power input and the modulated power input cases are conducted to demonstrate the variation of the narrow gap length and the arcing frequency due to power modulation. From results of the non-modulated power input case, the excessive power causes the longer narrow gap length and the low arcing frequency due to the large heat input and the strong electro magnetic force that increase the weld defect. On the contrary, the small narrow gap length and the high arcing frequency reduce the weld defect. After modulating the power input with 50Hz and 100Hz at the fixed power, the arcing frequency increases, but the narrow gap length does not change much. The high arcing frequency prevents the formation of weld defect because the sweeping frequently cleans the oxides on the narrow gap edges. As a result, the manufacturing window can be expanded by the power modulation that provides the stable ERW process for the quality improvement of the linepipe made from the high strength/high alloy steels.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.21-21
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• 2009

현장의 GMA 용접기는 일반적으로 용접기 본체로부터 와이어 송급장치까지의 거리가 약 50m 정도 떨어져 있고 송급장치로부터 토치까지의 거리는 약 3~5m 정도이다. 특히 국산 GMA 용접기의 와이어 송급장치는 DC 모터의 일종인 프린트모터를 사용하고 있으며 제어기는 오픈루프 제어를 하고 있다. 따라서 와이어 송급속도의 변동을 보상할 수 있는 어떤 수단도 장착되어 있지 않다. 또한 송급장치와 토치간 와이어를 안내하는 케이블 도관의 마찰 때문에 토치 끝단에서의 와이어 송급속도가 불규칙해질 수밖에 없다. 용접 시 와이어 송급속도의 순간적인 변동 때문에 용접부의 전류 파형이 매우 불규칙해지고 이 때문에 용융된 용적이 용융풀로 이행하지 못하고 스패터로 비산하는 현상을 발생시킨다. 본 연구에서는 이를 해결하고자 국산 SCR 용접기 및 인버터 용접기와 호환 가능한 디지털 제어형 와이어 송급장치와 Push-Pull 용접 토치를 개발하였다. 또한, 개발된 시스템을 이용하여 정 역 방향 제어기술을 적용하였고 아크 발생 시의 스패터 최소화 공정을 제안하였다. 실험은 SM490A 강재를 사용하여 BOP(Bead On Plate) 용접을 실행하였다. 용접 중 LabVIEW를 이용하여 아크 발생 초기 전류, 전압 그리고 와이어 송급속도를 측정하였고, 고속 카메라를 이용하여 용접현상을 분석하였다. 본 연구를 통해 아크 발생 초기의 스패터를 최소화하는 공정을 도출할 수 있었다. 용접공정 변수인 아크 발생 초기의 와이어 송급속도, 와이어의 역송급 진행거리 그리고 역송급 판단 시점의 용접 전류 값은 실험을 통해 얻을 수 있었다. 또한, 이 연구를 통해 개발된 시스템의 성능을 평가하였다.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.118-118
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• 2009

자동차의 경량화, 안전성 그리고 내식성 향상을 위하여 고강도 강판 및 도금 강판의 적용이 증가하면서 자동차 산업의 많은 부분에서 적용되는 저항 점용접에서도 고강도 강판과 도금강판의 적용이 증가하는 추세이다. 이에 따라 고강도 강판과 도금 강판의 낮은 용접성을 개선하기 위하여 기존의 단상 AC 용접기에서 전류 파형의 형태를 개선한 인버터 DC 용접기가 차체 조립라인에서 많이 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 고강도 강판의 저항 점용접의 연속타점 시 단상 AC용접기와 인버터 DC용접기의 전극의 연속타점 수명의 차이를 비교하고 분석하기 위해 590MPa 급 전기아연도금강판을 이용하여 AWS 규격에 연속타점실험을 기준으로 단상 AC 와 인버터 DC 용접기의 연속타점 실험을 실시하였다. 연속타점실험 중에 전극의 형상관찰을 위해 100타점 간격으로 carbon paper를 이용해 전극 직경 변화를 관찰 하였으며, 100 타점간격으로 동저항을 측정하고 인장 전단 시편과 Peel test 시편을 제작하여 연속타점 시 단상 AC와 인버터 DC 용접기의 저항 점용접 연속타점 수명을 비교 분석하였다. 그리고 연속타점 실험 후 사용된 전극의 표면과 단면 형상을 각각 OM, SEM, EDX로 분석하여 전극 표면의 Zn과 합금화 된 전극의 합금층을 분석하였다. 그 결과 590MPa급 전기아연도금강판의 저항 점용점 연속타점 수명평가에서 인버터 DC 용접기가 단상 AC 용접기보다 200타점 더 우수한 연속타점 수명을 보유하였다. 특히 인장강도 기준 측면에서는 인버터 DC 용접기의 전극 연속타점수명은 매우 우수하다.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.31-38
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• 2013

The transition of serrated grain boundary and its effect on liquation behavior in the simulated weld heat-affected zone (HAZ) have been investigated in a wrought Ni-based superalloy Alloy 263. Recently, the present authors have found that grain boundary serration occurs in the absence of adjacent coarse ${\gamma}^{\prime}$ particles or $M_{23}C_6$ carbides when a specimen is direct-aged with a combination of slow cooling from solution treatment temperature to aging temperature. The present study was initiated to determine the interdependence of the serration and HAZ property with a consideration of this serration as a potential for the use of a hot-cracking resistant microstructure. A crystallographic study indicated that the serration led to a change in grain boundary character as special boundary with a lower interfacial energy as those terminated by low-index {111} boundary planes. It was found that the serrated grain boundaries are highly resistant to boron enrichment, and suppress effectively grain coarsening in HAZ. Furthermore, the serrated grain boundaries showed a higher resistance to susceptibility of liquation cracking. These results was discussed in terms of a significant decrease in interfacial energy of grain boundary by the serration.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.581-589
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• 2004

In this study, the capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer(cMUT) was developed based on the previous research results. The cross sectional image of the developed cMUT was characterized. To measure the membrane displacement of the cMUT, the Michelson phase modulation fiber interferometer was constructed. The measured membrane displacement was in good agreement with the result of the finite element analysis. To estimate the ultrasonic wave generated by the cMUT, an ultrasonic system including a pulser, receiver and charge amplifier was used. The cMUT developed in this study shows a good performance and hence will be widely used in the non-contact ultrasonic applications.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 1989

The impact stress and wave propagation of graphite/epoxy and glass/epoxy laminates subjected to the transverse low-velocity impact of steel balls are investigated theoretically. A plate finite element model based on Whitney and Pagano's theory for the analysis of heterogeneous and anisotropic plates taking into account of the transverse shear deformation is used for the theoretical investigation. This model is in conjuction with static contact laws. The basic element is a four-node quadrilateral with the five degrees-of-freedom per node. The reduced integration technique is used for shear locking associated with low-order function in application to thin plates. These two materials are composed of [0.deg./45.deg./0.deg./-45.deg./0.deg.]$_{2S}$ and [90.deg./45.deg./90.deg./-45.deg./90.deg.]$_{2S}$ stacking sequences and have clamped-clamped boundary conditions. Finally, the present results are compared with an existing solution and wave propagation theory and then impact stress and wave propagation phenomena are investigated.gated.